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Ferdinand Marcos

Updated: Wikipedia source

Ferdinand Marcos

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, and kleptocrat who served as the tenth and longest serving president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Ruling the country as a dictator under martial law from 1972 to 1981, he granted himself expanded powers under the 1973 Constitution, describing his philosophy as "constitutional authoritarianism". He was eventually deposed in 1986 by the People Power Revolution and was succeeded as president by Corazon Aquino. Marcos gained political success by exaggerating his actions in World War II, claiming to have been the "most decorated war hero in the Philippines"; United States Army documents described his claims as "fraudulent" and "absurd". After the war, he became a lawyer. He served in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965. He was elected president in 1965. He presided over an economy that grew during the beginning of his 20-year rule, but ended in the loss of livelihood and extreme poverty for almost half the Philippine population, combined with a debt crisis. He pursued infrastructure development funded by foreign debt, making him popular during his first term, although the aid triggered an inflation crisis that led to social unrest in his second term. Marcos placed the Philippines under martial law on September 23, 1972, shortly before the end of his second term. Martial law was ratified in 1973 through a fraudulent referendum. He ruled the country under martial law from 1972 to 1981. During this period, the constitution was revised and media outlets were silenced. Marcos also oversaw a violent crackdown against the political opposition, Muslims, suspected communists, and ordinary citizens. After his election to a third term in the 1981 presidential election and referendum, Marcos's popularity suffered due to the economic collapse that began in 1983 and the public outrage over the assassination of public opposition leader Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. that year. This discontent, the resulting resurgence of the opposition in the 1984 parliamentary election, and the discovery of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records led Marcos to call a snap election in 1986. Allegations of mass electoral fraud, political turmoil, and human rights abuses led to the People Power Revolution of February 1986, which ultimately removed him from power. To avoid what could have been a military confrontation in Manila between pro- and anti-Marcos troops, Marcos was advised by US president Ronald Reagan through Senator Paul Laxalt to "cut and cut cleanly". Marcos then fled with his family to Hawaii, where he died in 1989. He was succeeded as president by Aquino's widow, Corazon "Cory" Aquino. Many people who rose to power during the Marcos era remained in power after his exile, including Fidel Ramos, a general who would later become the 12th president of the Philippines.

According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), the Marcos family stole US$5 billion–$10 billion from the Central Bank of the Philippines. The PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle, taking billions of dollars from the Philippines between 1965 and 1986. Marcos is widely regarded as among the most controversial figures in the Philippines, with its governmental rule – widely characterized as a kleptocracy – being widely condemned, and his far-right dictatorial regime being infamous for corruption, extravagance, and brutality. His wife, Imelda Marcos, was made infamous in her own right by excesses that characterized her and her husband's "conjugal dictatorship", and constitutes the source of the term Imeldific. Two of their children, Imee and Bongbong, became active in Philippine politics, with Bongbong being elected president in 2022, and with both of them shifting their political stances towards the centre to distance themselves from their father's views.

Infobox

Prime Minister
mw- Himself (1978–81) Cesar Virata (1981–86)
Vice President
Fernando Lopez (1965–72) Abolished (1972–84) Vacant (1984–86)
Preceded by
Diosdado Macapagal
Succeeded by
Cornelio Villareal
President
Diosdado Macapagal
1949–65
1949–65 11th President of the Senate of the PhilippinesIn officeApril 5, 1963 – December 30, 1965PresidentDiosdado MacapagalPreceded byEulogio RodriguezSucceeded byArturo TolentinoSenate Minority LeaderIn officeJanuary 25, 1960 – January 22, 1962Preceded byAmbrosio PadillaSucceeded byEstanislao FernandezSenator of the PhilippinesIn officeDecember 30, 1959 – December 30, 1965Member of the House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's 2nd districtIn officeDecember 30, 1949 – December 30, 1959Preceded byPedro AlbanoSucceeded bySimeon M. Valdez6th President of the Liberal PartyIn officeJanuary 21, 1961 – April 1964Preceded byDiosdado MacapagalSucceeded byCornelio Villareal
Born
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos(1917-09-11)September 11, 1917Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Philippines[a]
Died
September 28, 1989(1989-09-28) (aged 72)Honolulu, Hawaii, US
Resting place
Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Center, Batac, Ilocos Norte (1993–2016) Libingan ng mga Bayani, Taguig, Metro Manila (since 2016; disputed)
Political party
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–1989)
Other politicalaffiliations
Liberal (1946–1964) Nacionalista (1964–1978)
Spouses
mw- Carmen Ortega (common‑law) (before 1954) Imelda Romualdez (m. 1954)
Children
9, including Imee, Bongbong, Irene, and Aimee
Parents
Mariano Marcos (father)Josefa Edralin (mother)
Relatives
Marcos family
Alma mater
University of the Philippines Manila (LL.B)
Occupation
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Juristlawyerpolitician
Nicknames
Apo LakayFerdieMacoy
Allegiance
Philippines United States[b]
Years of service
1942–1945
Rank
First lieutenant Major
Unit
21st Infantry Division (USAFFE) 14th Infantry Regiment (USAFIP-NL)
Battles/wars
World War II
Criminal charges
mw- li , li Murdercontempt of court (1939)
Criminal penalty
10–17 years imprisonment (1940)
Criminal status
Acquitted on appeal (1940)
Party
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–1989)

Tables

Number of "salvage" cases (TFDP)[149][354] · Legacy › Human rights abuses › Killings
1980
1980
Year
1980
No. of cases
139
1981
1981
Year
1981
No. of cases
218
1982
1982
Year
1982
No. of cases
210
1983
1983
Year
1983
No. of cases
368
1984
1984
Year
1984
No. of cases
538
Total
Total
Year
Total
No. of cases
1,473
Year
No. of cases
1980
139
1981
218
1982
210
1983
368
1984
538
Total
1,473
Civilian massacres · Legacy › Human rights abuses › Killings › Civilian massacres
Guinayangan, Quezon
Guinayangan, Quezon
Location
Guinayangan, Quezon
Date
February 1, 1981
Group
coconut farmers marched against the coco levy fund scam.
Perpetrator
The military opened fire on a group of 3000
Casualties
2 dead and 27 wounded.
Tudela, Misamis Occidental
Tudela, Misamis Occidental
Location
Tudela, Misamis Occidental
Date
August 24, 1981
Group
The Gumapons Subanon family
Perpetrator
Paramilitary members of the "Rock Christ", a fanatical pseudo-religious sect
Casualties
10 of the 12 persons in the house were killed, including an infant.
Las Navas, Northern Samar
Las Navas, Northern Samar
Location
Las Navas, Northern Samar
Date
September 15, 1981
Group
(Sag-od massacre) residents of Barrio Sag-od
Perpetrator
18 heavily armed security men of the San Jose Timber Corp. (owned by Enrile) who were also members of the Special Forces of the Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF) and allied with the Lost Command (a paramilitary group pursuing insurgents)
Casualties
45 men, women and children killed. 13 inhabitants survived.
Culasi, Antique
Culasi, Antique
Location
Culasi, Antique
Date
December 19, 1981
Group
400+ Culasi's mountain barangays protest a Philippine Constabulary company in their area and the reduction of taxes on farm products.
Perpetrator
Military
Casualties
Five dead and several injured
Talugtug, Nueva Ecija
Talugtug, Nueva Ecija
Location
Talugtug, Nueva Ecija
Date
January 3, 1982
Group
Five men rounded up were killed
Perpetrator
Military
Casualties
The military suspected them to be communist supporters.
Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur
Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur
Location
Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur
Date
February 12, 1982
Group
Possible NPA members
Perpetrator
Ilaga
Casualties
12 dead.
Hinunangan, Southern Leyte
Hinunangan, Southern Leyte
Location
Hinunangan, Southern Leyte
Date
March 23, 1982
Group
Masaymon barrio
Perpetrator
357th PC company
Casualties
8 dead. Six were 3–18 years of age
Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur
Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur
Location
Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur
Date
May 25, 1982
Group
Barangay Dimalinao
Perpetrator
Airplanes bombed the community because communist rebels killed 23 soldiers two days earlier.
Casualties
Initially 3 dead, 8 injured. Later 2 more dead.
Daet, Camarines Norte
Daet, Camarines Norte
Location
Daet, Camarines Norte
Date
June 14, 1982
Group
People from different barrios marched to denounce "fake elections", Cocofed, and to demand an increase in copra prices.
Perpetrator
Military
Casualties
6 dead, 50+ injured
Pulilan, Bulacan
Pulilan, Bulacan
Location
Pulilan, Bulacan
Date
June 21, 1982
Group
Peasant organizers
Perpetrator
Military - 175th PC Company
Casualties
5 dead
Labo, Camarines Norte
Labo, Camarines Norte
Location
Labo, Camarines Norte
Date
June 23, 1982
Group
Unidentified men
Perpetrator
45th Infantry Battalion's Mabilo detachment
Casualties
5 dead.
Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte
Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte
Location
Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte
Group
Family members
Perpetrator
Military/militia
Casualties
8 dead
Gapan, Nueva Ecija
Gapan, Nueva Ecija
Location
Gapan, Nueva Ecija
Group
Bautista family
Perpetrator
Unidentified men in camouflaged uniforms
Casualties
5 dead
Escalante, Negros Occidental
Escalante, Negros Occidental
Location
Escalante, Negros Occidental
Date
September 20, 1985
Group
Escalante massacre 5000 farmers, students, fisherfolk, and religious clergy
Perpetrator
About 50 firemen, Regional Special Action Forces (RSAF) and Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF)
Casualties
20-30 dead 30 wounded.
Location
Date
Group
Perpetrator
Casualties
Guinayangan, Quezon
February 1, 1981
coconut farmers marched against the coco levy fund scam.
The military opened fire on a group of 3000
2 dead and 27 wounded.
Tudela, Misamis Occidental
August 24, 1981
The Gumapons Subanon family
Paramilitary members of the "Rock Christ", a fanatical pseudo-religious sect
10 of the 12 persons in the house were killed, including an infant.
Las Navas, Northern Samar
September 15, 1981
(Sag-od massacre) residents of Barrio Sag-od
18 heavily armed security men of the San Jose Timber Corp. (owned by Enrile) who were also members of the Special Forces of the Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF) and allied with the Lost Command (a paramilitary group pursuing insurgents)
45 men, women and children killed. 13 inhabitants survived.
Culasi, Antique
December 19, 1981
400+ Culasi's mountain barangays protest a Philippine Constabulary company in their area and the reduction of taxes on farm products.
Military
Five dead and several injured
Talugtug, Nueva Ecija
January 3, 1982
Five men rounded up were killed
Military
The military suspected them to be communist supporters.
Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur
February 12, 1982
Possible NPA members
Ilaga
12 dead.
Hinunangan, Southern Leyte
March 23, 1982
Masaymon barrio
357th PC company
8 dead. Six were 3–18 years of age
Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur
May 25, 1982
Barangay Dimalinao
Airplanes bombed the community because communist rebels killed 23 soldiers two days earlier.
Initially 3 dead, 8 injured. Later 2 more dead.
Daet, Camarines Norte
June 14, 1982
People from different barrios marched to denounce "fake elections", Cocofed, and to demand an increase in copra prices.
Military
6 dead, 50+ injured
Pulilan, Bulacan
June 21, 1982
Peasant organizers
Military - 175th PC Company
5 dead
Labo, Camarines Norte
June 23, 1982
Unidentified men
45th Infantry Battalion's Mabilo detachment
5 dead.
Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte
Family members
Military/militia
8 dead
Gapan, Nueva Ecija
Bautista family
Unidentified men in camouflaged uniforms
5 dead
Escalante, Negros Occidental
September 20, 1985
Escalante massacre 5000 farmers, students, fisherfolk, and religious clergy
About 50 firemen, Regional Special Action Forces (RSAF) and Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF)
20-30 dead 30 wounded.
Known massacres of Moros · Legacy › Human rights abuses › Killings › Muslim massacres
Jabidah Massacre
Jabidah Massacre
Name
Jabidah Massacre
Date
March 1968
Casualties
11 to 68 killed
Context
Aftermath of an aborted operation to destabilize Sabah, Operation Merdeka.
Multiple
Multiple
Name
Multiple
Date
1970-1971
Perpetrator
pro-government militias such as the Ilaga
Casualties
21 massacres 518 dead, 184 injured and 243 houses burned down.
Tacub Massacre in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte
Tacub Massacre in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte
Name
Tacub Massacre in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte
Date
1971
Perpetrator
Dozens dead
Casualties
Military
Context
five truckloads of displaced resident voters were stopped at a checkpoint. Summary execution.
Manili massacre
Manili massacre
Name
Manili massacre
Date
June 1971
Perpetrator
suspected Ilaga and Philippine Constabulary
Casualties
70-79 dead
Context
including women and children, killed inside a mosque.
The Burning of Jolo, Sulu
The Burning of Jolo, Sulu
Name
The Burning of Jolo, Sulu
Date
February 7–8, 1974
Perpetrator
1,000 and possibly up to 20,000 dead
Casualties
Military
Context
fires and destruction in Jolo . "the worst single atrocity to be recorded in 16 years of the Mindanao conflict" by the April 1986 issue of the Philippines Dispatch.
Malisbong Massacre
Malisbong Massacre
Name
Malisbong Massacre
Date
September 1974
Perpetrator
1,500 men were killed inside a mosque, 3,000 women and children were detained, and about 300 women raped
Casualties
Philippine Constabulary
Pata Island massacre
Pata Island massacre
Name
Pata Island massacre
Date
1982
Perpetrator
3,000 Tausug civilians, including women and children dead
Casualties
Military
Tong Umapoy Massacre
Tong Umapoy Massacre
Name
Tong Umapoy Massacre
Date
1983
Perpetrator
57 dead
Casualties
Navy
Context
attacked a passenger boat en route to an athletic event in Bongao, Tawi-Tawi.
Name
Date
Perpetrator
Casualties
Context
Jabidah Massacre
March 1968
11 to 68 killed
Aftermath of an aborted operation to destabilize Sabah, Operation Merdeka.
Multiple
1970-1971
pro-government militias such as the Ilaga
21 massacres 518 dead, 184 injured and 243 houses burned down.
Tacub Massacre in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte
1971
Dozens dead
Military
five truckloads of displaced resident voters were stopped at a checkpoint. Summary execution.
Manili massacre
June 1971
suspected Ilaga and Philippine Constabulary
70-79 dead
including women and children, killed inside a mosque.
The Burning of Jolo, Sulu
February 7–8, 1974
1,000 and possibly up to 20,000 dead
Military
fires and destruction in Jolo . "the worst single atrocity to be recorded in 16 years of the Mindanao conflict" by the April 1986 issue of the Philippines Dispatch.
Malisbong Massacre
September 1974
1,500 men were killed inside a mosque, 3,000 women and children were detained, and about 300 women raped
Philippine Constabulary
Pata Island massacre
1982
3,000 Tausug civilians, including women and children dead
Military
Tong Umapoy Massacre
1983
57 dead
Navy
attacked a passenger boat en route to an athletic event in Bongao, Tawi-Tawi.
Electoral history of Ferdinand Marcos · Electoral history
Total
Total
Year
Total
Office
%
Party
P.
Party
Swing
1949
1949
Year
1949
Office
Representative (Ilocos Norte–2nd)
Party
Liberal
Votes received
—
Votes received
1st
Votes received
—
Result
Won
1953
1953
Year
1953
Party
—
Party
1st
Votes received
—
Votes received
Won
1957
1957
Year
1957
Party
—
Party
1st
Votes received
—
Votes received
Won
1959
1959
Year
1959
Office
Senator of the Philippines
Party
2,661,153
Party
41.62%
Votes received
1st
Votes received
—
Votes received
Won
1965
1965
Year
1965
Office
President of the Philippines
Party
Nacionalista
Votes received
3,861,324
Votes received
51.94%
Votes received
1st
Votes received
—
Result
Won
1969
1969
Year
1969
Office
5,017,343
Party
62.24%
Party
1st
Votes received
—
Votes received
Won
1981
1981
Year
1981
Party
KBL
Party
18,309,360
Votes received
88.02%
Votes received
1st
Votes received
—
Votes received
Won
1986
1986
Year
1986
Office
7,376,599
Party
48.26%
Party
2nd
Votes received
—
Votes received
Lost
Year
Office
Party
Votes received
Result
Total
%
P.
Swing
1949
Representative (Ilocos Norte–2nd)
Liberal
—
1st
—
Won
1953
—
1st
—
Won
1957
—
1st
—
Won
1959
Senator of the Philippines
2,661,153
41.62%
1st
—
Won
1965
President of the Philippines
Nacionalista
3,861,324
51.94%
1st
—
Won
1969
5,017,343
62.24%
1st
—
Won
1981
KBL
18,309,360
88.02%
1st
—
Won
1986
7,376,599
48.26%
2nd
—
Lost

References

  1. The Philippines was an unincorporated territory of the United States known as the Philippine Islands at the time of Marc
  2. During the Commonwealth era, the US controlled the Philippines as a protectorate.
  3. mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- UK: /ˈmɑːrkɒs/ MAR-koss, US: /-koʊs, -kɔːs/ -⁠kohss, -⁠kawss; Tagalog
  4. There is some disagreement between sources about whether President Bush said principle or principles
  5. ABS-CBN News
    https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/19/16/dlsu-law-dean-was-marcos-body-really-buried-at-lnmb
  6. "Are we really burying Marcos' 'body'"
    https://www.rappler.com/moveph/144664-marcos-necropolitics-bury/
  7. ABS-CBN News
    https://www.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/07/04/11/marcos-mausoleum-wax-or-real
  8. "Ferdie and Meldy's House of love, lies, and loot"
    https://verafiles.org/articles/ferdie-and-meldys-house-love-lies-and-loot
  9. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
  10. The New Websters Dictionary of the English Language
  11. Corruption and Money Laundering: A Symbiotic Relationship
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230622456_7
  12. Philippine Daily Inquirer
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  13. Building Inclusive Democracies In ASEAN
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  14. Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy
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  15. Fighting from a Distance: How Filipino Exiles Helped Topple a Dictator
    https://books.google.com/books?id=EYJDsNK_7PUC&pg=PA2
  16. Philippine Daily Inquirer
    http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/845784/marcos-rise-and-fall-of-a-dictator
  17. Rappler
    http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/143592-ferdinand-marcos-world-war-ii-medals-explained
  18. Philippine Daily Inquirer
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  19. "Marcos fake medals redux (Part II)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025238/http://asianjournalusa.com/marcos-fake-medals-redux-part-ii-p10766-168.htm
  20. The Philippine Star
    http://www.philstar.com/opinion/673841/suspicions-resurface-about-marcos-heroism
  21. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/23/world/marcos-s-wartime-role-discredited-in-us-files.html?pagewanted=all
  22. "Marcos fake medals redux (Part I)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170208013943/http://asianjournalusa.com/marcos-fake-medals-redux-part-i-p10722-168.htm
  23. data.worldbank.org
    http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KN?end=1985&locations=PH&start=1964
  24. IBON Foundation
    https://www.ibon.org/under-marcos-employment-fell-prices-soared-poverty-persisted/
  25. Business World
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200506183245/https://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Opinion&title=the-truth-about-the-economy-under-the-marcos-regime&id=118661
  26. Philippine Daily Inquirer
    http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/109377/open-records-of-marcos%27-spy-agency-enrile-urges
  27. "Ferdinand Marcos' economic disaster"
    https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/marcos-economic-disaster
  28. GMA News
    http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/213564/opinion/the-economic-decline-that-led-to-marcos-fall/
  29. Journal of Philippine Development
  30. DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05
  31. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
    https://web.archive.org/web/20231015111908/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/
  32. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220925141914/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/fm-declares-martial-law/
  33. The Philippines Reader: A history of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship and Resistance
    https://archive.org/details/philippinesreade00schi
  34. Philippine History and Government
  35. "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime"
    http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html
  36. The Age
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19730313&id=GckQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4744,2971270
  37. "The Political Economy of the Philippines Under Marcos – Property Rights in the Philippines from 1965 to 1986"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140801034500/https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/geasia2.pdf
  38. GMA News
    https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/671410/imee-done-with-apologizing-for-atrocities-during-marcos-regime/story/
  39. UCA News
    https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1987/02/11/philippine-church-leaders-fear-filure-of-governmentmuslim-negotiations&post_id=34970
  40. "Martial Law veterans recall fighting dark days of dictatorship"
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  41. Human Rights Watch
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/11/08/why-late-philippine-dictator-was-no-hero
  42. "From Aquino's Assassination to People's Power"
    http://countrystudies.us/philippines/29.htm
  43. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/02/26/in-crucial-call-laxalt-told-marcos-cut-cleanly/9329b85d-f7b0-4021-884d-5e5e659a4cb0/
  44. Chicago Tribune
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/02/26/marcos-flees-aquino-rules-2/
  45. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
    https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1983/08/21/the-undelivered-speech-of-senator-benigno-s-aquino-jr-upon-his-return-from-the-u-s-august-21-1983/
  46. Laurie, Jim
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vADEDZpetY
  47. The New York Times Magazine
    https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/16/magazine/aquino-s-final-journey.html?pagewanted=all
  48. www.hartford-hwp.com
    http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html
  49. Philippine Daily Inquirer
    http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/577304/philippines-recovers-29m-from-marcos-accounts
  50. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21710015-philippine-government-offers-heros-burial-murderous-kleptocrat-hail-thief
  51. "Chronology of the Marcos Plunder"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151023074523/http://asianjournalusa.com/chronology-of-the-marcos-plunder-p10909-67.htm
  52. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-marcos-idUSKCN0VX0U5
  53. "Political Will guides Marcos case in Philippines"
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  63. ABC News
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  406. On My Terms
    http://raissarobles.com/2014/11/29/just-before-dying-vicente-paterno-called-dictator-ferdinand-marcos-a-thief/
  407. ICIJ
    http://www.icij.org/offshore/secret-files-expose-offshores-global-impact
  408. "BIR chief ready to investigate Pinoys with offshore accounts"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151204112407/http://pcij.org/stories/bir-chief-ready-to-investigate-pinoys-with-offshore-accounts/
  409. Philippine Daily Inquirer
    http://usa.inquirer.net/8530/imelda-marcos-ex-secretary-sentenced-theft-masterpieces
  410. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/14/nyregion/aide-to-imelda-marcos-is-sentenced-in-sale-of-masterpieces.html
  411. icij.org
    https://panamapapers.icij.org/blog/20160509-offshore-database-release.html
  412. icij.org
    https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/search?c=PHL&cat=2&e=&q=marcos&utf8=%E2%9C%93
  413. icij.org
    https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=araneta&c=PHL&e=&commit=Search
  414. icij.org
    https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=kalaw&c=PHL&e=&commit=Search
  415. CNN Philippines
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170903011355/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/09/03/president-rodrigo-duterte-marcos-settle-family-wealth.html
  416. CNN Philippines
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180104213945/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/01/ferdinand-marcos-oliver-lozano-deal-wealth.html
  417. "Facebook Gallery: Draft Bill on Compromise Deal Between Marcos and Duterte Government"
    https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/172552851213/10156047759436214
  418. The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR) Corruption Cases Database
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140722172913/https://star.worldbank.org/corruption-cases/sites/corruption-cases/files/Marcos_US_PCGG_-100-day-report-and-plan-of-action1.pdf
  419. Through the Years, PCGG at 30: Recovering Integrity –A Milestone Report
  420. Reuters.Com
    https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN17350538
  421. Some are smarter than others : the history of Marcos' crony capitalism
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28428684
  422. The Philippine Star
    https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/01/28/771660/marcos-mansions-rotting
  423. The Philippine Star
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170627021736/http://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/never-convicted
  424. The transnational dynamics of the Marcos Plunder
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/760665486
  425. South China Morning Post
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181117124314/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2173729/how-law-caught-philippines-imelda-marcos-and-her-stolen-millions
  426. New York Post
    https://nypost.com/2019/11/09/imelda-marcos-rises-again-in-the-philippines-through-her-son-bongbong/
  427. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/03/23/marcos-confidant-cant-be-found/02e07d33-1d1e-4715-8646-3795a25e7bf8/
  428. "Speculation Grows: Marcos May Stay at Luxurious Hawaii Estate"
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-28-mn-12789-story.html
  429. "Marcos Crony Agrees to Surrender L.A. Bank : Philippines: In return, the U.S. will drop charges. Prosecutors say firm was created to launder money"
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-22-mn-384-story.html
  430. Ateneo de Manila University Press
    http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneopress/product/some-are-smarter-others-history-marcos-crony-capitalism-1
  431. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/03/30/the-philippines-anatomy-of-a-looting/620251dc-cffe-46f3-be40-a248f501882c/
  432. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/03/28/marcos-circle-said-to-skim-1-billion-from-sugar-sales/b0ae096b-12a5-44b1-94ac-27ec0a9452c5/
  433. Some are smarter than others: the history of Marcos' crony capitalism
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28428684
  434. Philippine Daily Inquirer
    http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/442575/what-went-before-how-cojuangco-acquired-his-ucpb-shares
  435. TheGuardian.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160508114514/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/07/10bn-dollar-question-marcos-millions-nick-davies
  436. "Regime of Marcoses, cronies, kleptocracy"
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  437. Discussion Paper
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160408140742/http://www.econ.upd.edu.ph/dp/index.php/dp/article/viewFile/679/144
  438. Philippine Daily Inquirer
    http://opinion.inquirer.net/99481/the-marcos-debt
  439. The Edifice Complex: How the Rich and Powerful Shape the World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dkMWqPgjvFIC&pg=PA139
  440. GMA News
    http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/274389/lifestyle/healthandwellness/masagana-99-nutribun-and-imelda-s-edifice-complex-of-hospitals
  441. Philippine Political Economy Volume 2: The Marcos Years (1965–1986)
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  442. BusinessMirror
    http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/marcoss-unmatched-legacy-hospitals-schools-and-other-infrastructures/
  443. www.pncc.ph
    http://www.pncc.ph/projects_slex.htm
  444. Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn
  445. The Philippine Star
    https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/building-spree
  446. PEA
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210121071019/http://www.pea.gov.ph/13-bay-city/24-cultural-center-of-the-philippines
  447. Philippine Daily Inquirer
    https://business.inquirer.net/236962/imelda-marcos-edifice-complex
  448. Philippine Information Agency
    https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1006186
  449. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
    https://web.archive.org/web/20091012170044/http://pcij.org/stories/7-in-10-oda-projects-fail-to-deliver-touted-benefits/
  450. rogue.ph
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092239/http://rogue.ph/enduring-nightmare-manila-film-center/
  451. ABS-CBN News
    https://www.abs-cbn.com/video/news/10/26/16/farmers-oppose-revival-of-marcos-masagana-99
  452. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
    https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/10/21/presidential-decree-no-27/
  453. "'Success' of Masagana 99 all in Imee's head – UP researchers"
    https://www.verafiles.org/articles/success-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers
  454. Philippine Journal of Public Administration
  455. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38156350
  456. An Adventure in Applied Science: A History of the International Rice Research Institute
    http://books.irri.org/9711040638_content.pdf
  457. Wessels Living History Farm
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  458. "Rice paddies"
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  459. Time
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  460. Liberation theology in the Philippines: faith in a revolution
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  461. The Manila Times
    https://www.manilatimes.net/marcos-green-revolution/246377/
  462. Philippine Agriculture over the Years: Performance, Policies and Pitfalls
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  463. States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC&pg=PA85
  464. Shadows in the Forest: Japan and the Politics of Timber in Southeast Asia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC&pg=PA134
  465. The State of the Environment in Asia: 2002/2003
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107
  466. Chicago Tribune
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/03/23/marcos-graft-staggering/
  467. The political economy of the environment
    https://books.google.com/books?id=izGVtg8KE-YC&pg=PA43
  468. GMA News
    https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/275014/scitech/science/greener-on-the-other-side-deforestation-in-the-wake-of-martial-law/
  469. Christian Science Monitor
    https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0919/091972.html
  470. PASAR
    http://www.pasar.com.ph/content/our-story/our-story/
  471. PNOC
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121327/http://www.pnoc.com.ph/aboutpnoc.php?sectionid=ac587724-1514-11df-a7de-92d1637a39b1&menuid=b9077b2f-154e-11df-93b0-42bae035655c
  472. www.snaboitiz.com
    https://www.snaboitiz.com/?page_id=4727
  473. www.firstgen.com.ph
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  474. www.energy.com.ph
    http://www.energy.com.ph/edc-at-a-glance/who-we-are/
  475. "APRI Plants"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220911/https://aboitizpower.com/generation/geothermal/apri/plants/
  476. BusinessMirror
    http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/marcoss-unmatched-legacy-energy/
  477. lopezlink.ph
    http://lopezlink.ph/employee-news/milestones/7002-energy-development-corporation-milestones.html
  478. World Information Service on Energy
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200731071554/https://wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor/397/bataan-plant-sequel
  479. Fortune
    https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/09/01/67989/index.htm
  480. BusinessMirror
    http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/marcoss-unmatched-legacy-education/
  481. Journal of International and Comparative Education
    https://doi.org/10.14425%2Fjice.2018.7.1.1
  482. Marcos and Martial Law in the Philippines
  483. New History of Southeast Asia
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965712524
  484. The LawPhil Project
    http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_824_1975.html
  485. Philstar.com
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  486. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/24/archives/governorship-of-manila-is-increasing-powers-of-imelda-marcos.html
  487. Official Gazette
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5RAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3579-IA5
  488. Foreign Policy
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1148755
  489. Pacific Affairs
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2756162
  490. Presidential Speeches
  491. University of the Philippines Integrated Library System
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171212014057/http://ilib.upd.edu.ph/servlet/action/IntegratedSearch
  492. Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints
    https://muse.jhu.edu/article/697640
  493. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180325001851/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/presidential-communications/
  494. Power and knowledge in Southeast Asia : state and scholars in Indonesia and the Philippines
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uV61DwAAQBAJ
  495. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
    https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/briefer-on-the-philippine-legion-of-honor/
  496. The Philippine Free Press
    https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1966/01/11/ferdinand-e-marcos-man-of-the-year-1965/
  497. Knights of Rizal
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210615010658/https://www.knights-of-rizal.org/our-story/
  498. Stars and Stripes
    https://www.stripes.com/news/marcos-arrives-for-japan-visit-1.18414
  499. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210606152717/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1975/05/05/presidents-week-in-review-april-7-april-13-1975/
  500. National Archives of Singapore
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235742/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/def3a639-1161-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad
  501. BOE
    https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1969-54275
  502. The Journal of the Orders and Medals Society of America
    http://www.omsa.org/files/jomsa_arch/Splits/2000/180108_JOMSA_Vol51_1_19.pdf
  503. Video Kunjungan Presiden Filipina Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr. di Indonesia Tahun 1968
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sO-SlHyHC4g
  504. The Guinness Book of World Records 1989
    https://archive.org/details/1989guinnessbook00mcfa/page/400
  505. Guinness World Records
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220221215510/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/65607-greatest-robbery-of-a-government
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