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Federal Communications Commission

Updated: Wikipedia source

Federal Communications Commission

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, internet, Wi-Fi, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of broadband access, fair competition, radio frequency use, media responsibility, public safety, and homeland security. The FCC was established pursuant to the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the previous Federal Radio Commission. The FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCC's mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories of the United States. The FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries in North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees. It has an estimated fiscal-2022 budget of $388 million. It employs 1,433 federal personnel as of 2022.

Infobox

Formed
June 19, 1934; 91 years ago (1934-06-19)
Preceding agency
mw- Federal Radio Commission
Jurisdiction
Federal government of the United States
Headquarters
45 L Street NE, Washington, D 38°54′12″N 77°0′26″W / 38.90333°N 77.00722°W / 38.90333; -77.00722
Employees
1,482 (2020)
Annual budget
$388 million (FY 2022, requested)
Agency executives
Brendan Carr, ChairmanAnna M. Gomez, CommissionerOlivia Trusty, Commissioner
Website
fcc.gov

Tables

· Commissioners
Brendan Carr (Chair)
Brendan Carr (Chair)
Name
Brendan Carr (Chair)
Party
Republican
Term started
August 11, 2017
Term expires
June 30, 2028
Max. extended time
Jan. 3, 2030
Anna M. Gomez
Anna M. Gomez
Name
Anna M. Gomez
Party
Democratic
Term started
September 25, 2023
Term expires
June 30, 2026
Max. extended time
Jan. 3, 2028
Olivia Trusty
Olivia Trusty
Name
Olivia Trusty
Party
Republican
Term started
June 23, 2025
Term expires
June 30, 2030
Max. extended time
Jan. 3, 2032
Vacant
Vacant
Name
Vacant
Term expires
June 30, 2027
Max. extended time
Jan. 3, 2029
Vacant
Vacant
Name
Vacant
Term expires
June 30, 2029
Max. extended time
Jan. 3, 2031
Name
Party
Term started
Term expires
Max. extended time
Brendan Carr (Chair)
Republican
August 11, 2017
June 30, 2028
Jan. 3, 2030
Anna M. Gomez
Democratic
September 25, 2023
June 30, 2026
Jan. 3, 2028
Olivia Trusty
Republican
June 23, 2025
June 30, 2030
Jan. 3, 2032
Vacant
June 30, 2027
Jan. 3, 2029
Vacant
June 30, 2029
Jan. 3, 2031
· Commissioners
Eugene O. Sykes
1934
1934–1939
Eugene O. Sykes
Commissioner
Eugene O. Sykes
State
Mississippi
Party
Democratic
Position
Chairman
Term started
July 11, 1934
Term ended
April 5, 1939
Thad H. Brown
Thad H. Brown
Commissioner
Thad H. Brown
State
Ohio
Party
Republican
Position
Commissioner
Position
July 11, 1934
Term started
June 30, 1940
Paul A. Walker
1934
1934–1953
Paul A. Walker
Commissioner
Paul A. Walker
State
Oklahoma
Party
Democratic
Position
Commissioner
Term started
July 11, 1934
Term ended
June 30, 1953
Norman S. Case
Norman S. Case
Commissioner
Norman S. Case
State
Rhode Island
Party
Republican
Position
Commissioner
Position
July 11, 1934
Term started
June 30, 1937
Irvin Stewart
Irvin Stewart
Commissioner
Irvin Stewart
State
Texas
Party
Democratic
Position
Commissioner
Position
July 11, 1934
Term started
June 30, 1937
George Henry Payne
George Henry Payne
Commissioner
George Henry Payne
State
New York
Party
Republican
Position
Commissioner
Position
July 11, 1934
Term started
June 30, 1943
Hampson Gary
Hampson Gary
Commissioner
Hampson Gary
State
Texas
Party
Democratic
Position
Commissioner
Position
July 11, 1934
Term started
January 1, 1935
Commissioner
State
Party
Position
Term started
Term ended
Eugene O. Sykes
Mississippi
Democratic
Chairman
July 11, 1934
April 5, 1939
Thad H. Brown
Ohio
Republican
Commissioner
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1940
Paul A. Walker
Oklahoma
Democratic
Commissioner
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1953
Norman S. Case
Rhode Island
Republican
Commissioner
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1937
Irvin Stewart
Texas
Democratic
Commissioner
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1937
George Henry Payne
New York
Republican
Commissioner
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1943
Hampson Gary
Texas
Democratic
Commissioner
July 11, 1934
January 1, 1935
· Commissioners
Eugene Octave Sykes
Eugene Octave Sykes
Name
Eugene Octave Sykes
Party
Democratic
Term started
July 11, 1934
Term expired
April 5, 1939
Thad H. Brown
Thad H. Brown
Name
Thad H. Brown
Party
Republican
Term started
July 11, 1934
Term expired
June 30, 1940
Paul A. Walker
Paul A. Walker
Name
Paul A. Walker
Party
Democratic
Term started
July 11, 1934
Term expired
June 30, 1953
Norman S. Case
Norman S. Case
Name
Norman S. Case
Party
Republican
Term started
July 11, 1934
Term expired
June 30, 1937
Irvin Stewart
Irvin Stewart
Name
Irvin Stewart
Party
Democratic
Term started
July 11, 1934
Term expired
June 30, 1937
George Henry Payne
George Henry Payne
Name
George Henry Payne
Party
Republican
Term started
July 11, 1934
Term expired
June 30, 1943
Hampson Gary
Hampson Gary
Name
Hampson Gary
Party
Democratic
Term started
July 11, 1934
Term expired
January 1, 1935
Anning Smith Prall
Anning Smith Prall
Name
Anning Smith Prall
Party
January 17, 1935
Term started
July 23, 1937
T.A.M. Craven
T.A.M. Craven
Name
T.A.M. Craven
Party
August 25, 1937
Term started
June 30, 1944
July 2, 1956
July 2, 1956
Name
July 2, 1956
Party
March 25, 1963
Frank R. McNinch
Frank R. McNinch
Name
Frank R. McNinch
Party
October 1, 1937
Term started
August 31, 1939
Frederick I. Thompson
Frederick I. Thompson
Name
Frederick I. Thompson
Party
April 13, 1939
Term started
June 30, 1941
James Lawrence Fly
James Lawrence Fly
Name
James Lawrence Fly
Party
September 1, 1939
Term started
November 13, 1944
Ray C. Wakefield
Ray C. Wakefield
Name
Ray C. Wakefield
Party
Republican
Term started
March 22, 1941
Term expired
June 30, 1947
Clifford Durr
Clifford Durr
Name
Clifford Durr
Party
Democratic
Term started
November 1, 1941
Term expired
June 30, 1948
E. K. Jett
E. K. Jett
Name
E. K. Jett
Party
Independent
Term started
February 15, 1944
Term expired
December 31, 1947
Paul A. Porter
Paul A. Porter
Name
Paul A. Porter
Party
Democratic
Term started
December 21, 1944
Term expired
February 25, 1946
Charles R. Denny
Charles R. Denny
Name
Charles R. Denny
Party
March 30, 1945
Term started
October 31, 1947
William Henry Wills
William Henry Wills
Name
William Henry Wills
Party
Republican
Term started
July 23, 1945
Term expired
March 6, 1946
Rosel H. Hyde
Rosel H. Hyde
Name
Rosel H. Hyde
Party
April 17, 1946
Term started
October 31, 1969
Edward M. Webster
Edward M. Webster
Name
Edward M. Webster
Party
Independent
Term started
April 10, 1947
Term expired
June 30, 1956
Robert Franklin Jones
Robert Franklin Jones
Name
Robert Franklin Jones
Party
Republican
Term started
September 5, 1947
Term expired
September 19, 1952
Wayne Coy
Wayne Coy
Name
Wayne Coy
Party
Democratic
Term started
December 29, 1947
Term expired
February 21, 1952
George E. Sterling
George E. Sterling
Name
George E. Sterling
Party
Republican
Term started
January 2, 1948
Term expired
September 30, 1954
Frieda B. Hennock
Frieda B. Hennock
Name
Frieda B. Hennock
Party
Democratic
Term started
July 6, 1948
Term expired
June 30, 1955
Robert T. Bartley
Robert T. Bartley
Name
Robert T. Bartley
Party
March 6, 1952
Term started
June 30, 1972
Eugene H. Merrill
Eugene H. Merrill
Name
Eugene H. Merrill
Party
October 6, 1952
Term started
April 15, 1953
John C. Doerfer
John C. Doerfer
Name
John C. Doerfer
Party
Republican
Term started
April 15, 1953
Term expired
March 10, 1960
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee
Name
Robert E. Lee
Party
October 6, 1953
Term started
June 30, 1981
George McConnaughey
George McConnaughey
Name
George McConnaughey
Party
October 4, 1954
Term started
June 30, 1957
Frederick W. Ford
Frederick W. Ford
Name
Frederick W. Ford
Party
August 29, 1957
Term started
December 31, 1964
John S. Cross
John S. Cross
Name
John S. Cross
Party
Democratic
Term started
May 23, 1958
Term expired
September 30, 1962
Charles H. King
Charles H. King
Name
Charles H. King
Party
Republican
Term started
July 19, 1960
Term expired
March 2, 1961
Newton N. Minow
Newton N. Minow
Name
Newton N. Minow
Party
Democratic
Term started
March 2, 1961
Term expired
June 1, 1963
E. William Henry
E. William Henry
Name
E. William Henry
Party
October 2, 1962
Term started
May 1, 1966
Kenneth A. Cox
Kenneth A. Cox
Name
Kenneth A. Cox
Party
March 26, 1963
Term started
August 31, 1970
Lee Loevinger
Lee Loevinger
Name
Lee Loevinger
Party
June 11, 1963
Term started
June 30, 1968
James Jeremiah Wadsworth
James Jeremiah Wadsworth
Name
James Jeremiah Wadsworth
Party
Republican
Term started
May 5, 1965
Term expired
October 31, 1969
Nicholas Johnson
Nicholas Johnson
Name
Nicholas Johnson
Party
Democratic
Term started
July 1, 1966
Term expired
December 5, 1973
H. Rex Lee
H. Rex Lee
Name
H. Rex Lee
Party
October 28, 1968
Term started
December 5, 1973
Dean Burch
Dean Burch
Name
Dean Burch
Party
Republican
Term started
October 31, 1969
Term expired
March 8, 1974
Robert Wells
Robert Wells
Name
Robert Wells
Party
November 6, 1969
Term started
November 1, 1971
Thomas J. Houser
Thomas J. Houser
Name
Thomas J. Houser
Party
January 6, 1971
Term started
October 5, 1971
Charlotte Thompson Reid
Charlotte Thompson Reid
Name
Charlotte Thompson Reid
Party
October 8, 1971
Term started
July 1, 1976
Richard E. Wiley
Richard E. Wiley
Name
Richard E. Wiley
Party
January 5, 1972
Term started
October 13, 1977
Benjamin Hooks
Benjamin Hooks
Name
Benjamin Hooks
Party
Democratic
Term started
July 5, 1972
Term expired
July 25, 1977
James Henry Quello
James Henry Quello
Name
James Henry Quello
Party
April 30, 1974
Term started
November 1, 1997
Glen O. Robinson
Glen O. Robinson
Name
Glen O. Robinson
Party
July 10, 1974
Term started
August 30, 1976
Abbott M. Washburn
Abbott M. Washburn
Name
Abbott M. Washburn
Party
Republican
Term started
July 10, 1974
Term expired
October 1, 1982
Joseph R. Fogarty
Joseph R. Fogarty
Name
Joseph R. Fogarty
Party
Democratic
Term started
September 17, 1976
Term expired
June 30, 1983
Margita White
Margita White
Name
Margita White
Party
Republican
Term started
September 23, 1976
Term expired
February 28, 1979
Charles D. Ferris
Charles D. Ferris
Name
Charles D. Ferris
Party
Democratic
Term started
October 17, 1977
Term expired
April 10, 1981
Tyrone Brown
Tyrone Brown
Name
Tyrone Brown
Party
November 15, 1977
Term started
January 31, 1981
Anne P. Jones
Anne P. Jones
Name
Anne P. Jones
Party
Republican
Term started
April 7, 1979
Term expired
May 31, 1983
Mark S. Fowler
Mark S. Fowler
Name
Mark S. Fowler
Party
May 18, 1981
Term started
April 17, 1987
Mimi Weyforth Dawson
Mimi Weyforth Dawson
Name
Mimi Weyforth Dawson
Party
July 6, 1981
Term started
December 3, 1987
Henry M. Rivera
Henry M. Rivera
Name
Henry M. Rivera
Party
Democratic
Term started
August 10, 1981
Term expired
September 15, 1985
Stephen A. Sharp
Stephen A. Sharp
Name
Stephen A. Sharp
Party
Republican
Term started
October 4, 1982
Term expired
June 30, 1983
Dennis R. Patrick
Dennis R. Patrick
Name
Dennis R. Patrick
Party
December 2, 1983
Term started
April 17, 1987
Patricia Diaz Dennis
Patricia Diaz Dennis
Name
Patricia Diaz Dennis
Party
Democratic
Term started
June 25, 1986
Term expired
September 29, 1989
Alfred C. Sikes
Alfred C. Sikes
Name
Alfred C. Sikes
Party
Republican
Term started
August 8, 1989
Term expired
January 19, 1993
Sherrie P. Marshall
Sherrie P. Marshall
Name
Sherrie P. Marshall
Party
August 21, 1989
Term started
April 30, 1993
Andrew C. Barrett
Andrew C. Barrett
Name
Andrew C. Barrett
Party
September 8, 1989
Term started
March 30, 1996
Ervin Duggan
Ervin Duggan
Name
Ervin Duggan
Party
Democratic
Term started
February 28, 1990
Term expired
January 30, 1994
Reed Hundt
Reed Hundt
Name
Reed Hundt
Party
November 29, 1993
Term started
November 3, 1997
Susan Ness
Susan Ness
Name
Susan Ness
Party
May 19, 1994
Term started
May 30, 2001
Rachelle B. Chong
Rachelle B. Chong
Name
Rachelle B. Chong
Party
Republican
Term started
May 23, 1994
Term expired
November 3, 1997
William Kennard
William Kennard
Name
William Kennard
Party
Democratic
Term started
November 3, 1997
Term expired
January 19, 2001
Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth
Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth
Name
Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth
Party
Republican
Term started
November 3, 1997
Term expired
May 30, 2001
Michael Powell
Michael Powell
Name
Michael Powell
Party
November 3, 1997
Term started
March 17, 2005
Gloria Tristani
Gloria Tristani
Name
Gloria Tristani
Party
Democratic
Term started
November 3, 1997
Term expired
September 7, 2001
Kathleen Q. Abernathy
Kathleen Q. Abernathy
Name
Kathleen Q. Abernathy
Party
Republican
Term started
May 31, 2001
Term expired
December 9, 2005
Michael Copps
Michael Copps
Name
Michael Copps
Party
Democratic
Term started
May 31, 2001
Term expired
December 31, 2011
Kevin Martin
Kevin Martin
Name
Kevin Martin
Party
Republican
Term started
July 3, 2001
Term expired
January 19, 2009
Jonathan Adelstein
Jonathan Adelstein
Name
Jonathan Adelstein
Party
Democratic
Term started
December 3, 2002
Term expired
June 29, 2009
Deborah Tate
Deborah Tate
Name
Deborah Tate
Party
Republican
Term started
January 3, 2006
Term expired
January 3, 2009
Robert M. McDowell
Robert M. McDowell
Name
Robert M. McDowell
Party
June 1, 2006
Term started
May 17, 2013
Julius Genachowski
Julius Genachowski
Name
Julius Genachowski
Party
Democratic
Term started
June 29, 2009
Term expired
May 17, 2013
Meredith Attwell Baker
Meredith Attwell Baker
Name
Meredith Attwell Baker
Party
Republican
Term started
July 31, 2009
Term expired
June 3, 2011
Mignon Clyburn
Mignon Clyburn
Name
Mignon Clyburn
Party
Democratic
Term started
August 3, 2009
Term expired
June 6, 2018
Jessica Rosenworcel
Jessica Rosenworcel
Name
Jessica Rosenworcel
Party
May 11, 2012
Term started
January 3, 2017
August 11, 2017
August 11, 2017
Name
August 11, 2017
Party
January 20, 2025
Ajit Pai
Ajit Pai
Name
Ajit Pai
Party
Republican
Term started
May 14, 2012
Term expired
January 20, 2021
Tom Wheeler
Tom Wheeler
Name
Tom Wheeler
Party
Democratic
Term started
November 4, 2013
Term expired
January 20, 2017
Michael O'Rielly
Michael O'Rielly
Name
Michael O'Rielly
Party
Republican
Term started
November 4, 2013
Term expired
December 11, 2020
Brendan Carr
Brendan Carr
Name
Brendan Carr
Party
August 11, 2017
Term started
Present
Geoffrey Starks
Geoffrey Starks
Name
Geoffrey Starks
Party
Democratic
Term started
January 30, 2019
Term expired
June 6, 2025
Nathan Simington
Nathan Simington
Name
Nathan Simington
Party
Republican
Term started
December 14, 2020
Term expired
June 6, 2025
Anna M. Gomez
Anna M. Gomez
Name
Anna M. Gomez
Party
Democratic
Term started
September 25, 2023
Term expired
Present
Olivia Trusty
Olivia Trusty
Name
Olivia Trusty
Party
Republican
Term started
June 23, 2025
Term expired
Present
Name
Party
Term started
Term expired
Eugene Octave Sykes
Democratic
July 11, 1934
April 5, 1939
Thad H. Brown
Republican
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1940
Paul A. Walker
Democratic
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1953
Norman S. Case
Republican
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1937
Irvin Stewart
Democratic
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1937
George Henry Payne
Republican
July 11, 1934
June 30, 1943
Hampson Gary
Democratic
July 11, 1934
January 1, 1935
Anning Smith Prall
January 17, 1935
July 23, 1937
Craven
August 25, 1937
June 30, 1944
July 2, 1956
March 25, 1963
Frank R. McNinch
October 1, 1937
August 31, 1939
Frederick I. Thompson
April 13, 1939
June 30, 1941
James Lawrence Fly
September 1, 1939
November 13, 1944
Ray C. Wakefield
Republican
March 22, 1941
June 30, 1947
Clifford Durr
Democratic
November 1, 1941
June 30, 1948
E. K. Jett
Independent
February 15, 1944
December 31, 1947
Paul A. Porter
Democratic
December 21, 1944
February 25, 1946
Charles R. Denny
March 30, 1945
October 31, 1947
William Henry Wills
Republican
July 23, 1945
March 6, 1946
Rosel H. Hyde
April 17, 1946
October 31, 1969
Edward M. Webster
Independent
April 10, 1947
June 30, 1956
Robert Franklin Jones
Republican
September 5, 1947
September 19, 1952
Wayne Coy
Democratic
December 29, 1947
February 21, 1952
George E. Sterling
Republican
January 2, 1948
September 30, 1954
Frieda B. Hennock
Democratic
July 6, 1948
June 30, 1955
Robert T. Bartley
March 6, 1952
June 30, 1972
Eugene H. Merrill
October 6, 1952
April 15, 1953
John C. Doerfer
Republican
April 15, 1953
March 10, 1960
Robert E. Lee
October 6, 1953
June 30, 1981
George McConnaughey
October 4, 1954
June 30, 1957
Frederick W. Ford
August 29, 1957
December 31, 1964
John S. Cross
Democratic
May 23, 1958
September 30, 1962
Charles H. King
Republican
July 19, 1960
March 2, 1961
Newton N. Minow
Democratic
March 2, 1961
June 1, 1963
E. William Henry
October 2, 1962
May 1, 1966
Kenneth A. Cox
March 26, 1963
August 31, 1970
Lee Loevinger
June 11, 1963
June 30, 1968
James Jeremiah Wadsworth
Republican
May 5, 1965
October 31, 1969
Nicholas Johnson
Democratic
July 1, 1966
December 5, 1973
H. Rex Lee
October 28, 1968
December 5, 1973
Dean Burch
Republican
October 31, 1969
March 8, 1974
Robert Wells
November 6, 1969
November 1, 1971
Thomas J. Houser
January 6, 1971
October 5, 1971
Charlotte Thompson Reid
October 8, 1971
July 1, 1976
Richard E. Wiley
January 5, 1972
October 13, 1977
Benjamin Hooks
Democratic
July 5, 1972
July 25, 1977
James Henry Quello
April 30, 1974
November 1, 1997
Glen O. Robinson
July 10, 1974
August 30, 1976
Abbott M. Washburn
Republican
July 10, 1974
October 1, 1982

References

  1. Federal Communications Commission
    https://www.fcc.gov/general/employee-profile-fcc
  2. 2022 Budget Estimate Archived January 15, 2022, at the Wayback Machine FCC Budget Estimates (PDF). FCC.
    https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-372853A1.pdf
  3. The Washington Post; Post Tech
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-tech/post/obama-names-democrats-rosenworcel-gops-pai-to-fcc/2011/10/31/gIQAKG5raM_blog.html?wpisrc=nl_tech
  4. "2008 Performance and Accountability Report"
    https://www.fcc.gov/Reports/ar2008.pdf
  5. Bureau of Justice Assistance
    https://bja.ojp.gov/program/it/privacy-civil-liberties/authorities/statutes/1288
  6. "FCC Commissioners"
    https://www.fcc.gov/commissioners/
  7. "47 USC 154(c)"
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/154
  8. "FCC Bureaus & Offices"
    https://www.fcc.gov/bureaus-offices
  9. FCC
    https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-space-bureau-office-international-affairs-launches-april-11
  10. PCMAG
    https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2021154,00.asp
  11. "FCC Opens Office of Economics and Analytics"
    https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-opens-office-economics-and-analytics
  12. Rebusinessonline.com
    https://rebusinessonline.com/trammell-crow-inks-473000-sf-lease-for-new-fcc-headquarters-in-d-c/
  13. Radio World
    https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/business-and-law/fcc-officially-moves-into-new-headquarters
  14. FCC Ends Long Fight, Will Move to Southwest D.C. Archived November 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post.
    https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/21835960.html?dids=21835960:21835960&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+24,+1996&author=Maryann+Haggerty&pub=The+Washington+Post+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=FCC+Ends+Long+Fight,+Will+Move+to+Southwest+D.C.&pqatl=google
  15. Encyclopedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/event/Communications-Act-of-1934
  16. www.mtsu.edu
    https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1044/communications-act-of-1934
  17. Telephone Engineer
  18. "Order Containing Regulations" Archived April 7, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Report on Chain Broadcasting: May 1941, pa
    https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026285083;view=1up;seq=101
  19. "WDTV, DuMont Network and The 1948 FCC "Freeze" by Richard Wirth - ProVideo Coalition"
    https://www.provideocoalition.com/dumont-network-wdtv-and-the-1948-fcc-freeze/
  20. Boddy, William. Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics. University of Illinois Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-252-062
  21. Reports and Documents
    https://books.google.com/books?id=adIjAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA21-PA2
  22. Clarke Ingram, "The DuMont Television Network: Historical Web Site" Archived August 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Ret
    http://dumonthistory.com/6.html
  23. South Plains College
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090116040217/http://www.southplainscollege.edu/dub/postfreeze.htm
  24. The Brookings Institution
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071102003149/http://www3.brookings.edu/experts/crandallr.aspx
  25. "Local Community Radio Act of 2009"
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-1147
  26. YouTube
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ4TC9Aqjfc
  27. Rachel M. Stilwell, "Which Public - Whose Interest - How the FCC's Deregulation of Radio Station Ownership Has Harmed th
  28. "Broadcast Law Blog: On the 15th Anniversary of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Effect on Broadcasters is Still Debated"
    http://www.broadcastlawblog.com/2011/02/articles/on-the-15th-anniversary-of-the-telecommunications-act-of-1996-the-effect-on-broadcasters-is-still-debated/
  29. See Rachel M. Stilwell, 26 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 369, supra.
  30. "FCC's CIO started young"
    http://fcw.com/articles/2013/11/08/fcc-cio-david-bray.aspx
  31. "FCC Names New CIO and Acting Director"
    http://fedscoop.com/fcc-names-new-cio-and-acting-managing-director/
  32. Harvard University's Leadership for a Networked World Program
    http://lnwprogram.org/sites/default/files/2015_Leadership_from_Invention_to_Impact.pdf#12
  33. Case in Point: Building an Agile Workforce and Enterprise at the FCC
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092200/http://lnwprogram.org/case-point-building-agile-workforce-and-enterprise-fcc
  34. FedScoop
    https://www.fedscoop.com/christine-calvosa-fcc-cio/
  35. Law360
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  36. Vox
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  37. NextTV
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  38. Deadline Hollywood
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  39. Deadline Hollywood
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  40. "FCC Commissioners 1934-present"
    https://www.fcc.gov/general/commissioners-1934-present
  41. Commissioner from March 9, 1935
  42. Acting Chairman Nov 3, 1947 – Dec 28, 1947, Chairman Feb 28, 1952 – Apr 17, 1953
  43. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/radio#ref301716
  44. FCC Media Bureau, Engineering Division
    https://www.fcc.gov/media/engineering/cable-television
  45. See, e.g., Red Lion Broadcasting Co. vs. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969)
  46. Federal Communications Commission
    https://www.fcc.gov/media/program-content-regulations
  47. Living Room : Interview With Comedian George Carlin
    http://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/pz031546
  48. PZ0624b Radical Comedians Box Set DISC TWO
    https://archive.org/details/Pz0624bRadicalComediansBoxSetDiscTwo
  49. Nekesa Mumbi Moody
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  50. The Washington Post
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  51. Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 (Introduced in Senate) from Congressional THOMAS DB
    https://web.archive.org/web/20050916182346/http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109
  52. "publish.nyc.indymedia.org | FCC Town Hall Meeting Marked by Concerns over Media Consolidation"
    http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/77496.html
  53. See El Diario La Prensas editorial Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine on media diversity.
    http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/detail.aspx?section=25&desc=Editorial&id=1512119
  54. SSRC Archived August 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://mediaresearchhub.ssrc.org/mark-lloyd/person_view
  55. "47 USC 332(c)"
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/332
  56. Celnet
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  57. How We Got Here: The '70s
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  58. "Bell Telephone System"
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  59. Los Angeles Times
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  60. FCC Launches Inquiry For Annual Broadband Progress Report Archived September 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, FCC, Augus
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  61. SSRN
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  62. The FCC Doesn't Need to Be Archived April 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine by Peter Suderman, Reason
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  63. The New York Times
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  64. fcc.gov
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  65. Verizon v. Federal Communications Commission
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  66. President Obama's Statement on Keeping the Internet Open and Free
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKcjQPVwfDk&
  67. The New York Times
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  68. The New York Times
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  69. Wired
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  70. Federal Communications Commission
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  71. The New York Times
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  72. AP News
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  73. Washington Examiner
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  74. The Huffington Post
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  75. Washington Post
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  76. The New York Times
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  77. The New York Times
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  78. Federal Communications Commission
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  79. CNET
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  80. Federal Register
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  81. FCC
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  82. The New York Times
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  83. IT Pro
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  84. Utilities Policy
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  85. Bloomberg Law
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  86. Bloomberg Law
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  87. Justia Law
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  88. FCC Refuses to Investigate NSA Program, Predicting Likely Administration Road Blocks Edward J. Markey. May 23, 2006.
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  89. Business Week
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  90. "FCC Chairman Kevin Martin wants to allow the use of portable devices on white spaces"
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  91. CNET
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  92. FCC opens up wireless 'white spaces;' Assessing winners, losers and wild-cards Archived January 23, 2009, at the Wayback
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  93. www.ncvec.org
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  94. Savannah Morning News
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  95. ASR Registration Search Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
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  96. Duke Law Journal
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  97. Radio World
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  98. The International Journal on Media Management
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  99. CNET
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  100. Ars Technica
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  101. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media
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  102. "Legal Websites and Information"
    https://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/legal-websites-and-information
  103. "Federal Communications Commission Record"
    https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/FCCRD/
  104. Rethinking the role of history in law & economics: the case of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 (working paper)
    https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1220743
  105. Journal of Radio Studies
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  106. Journal of Radio Studies
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  107. The British Journal for the History of Science
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  108. Law and Contemporary Problems
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  109. Federal Communications Law Journal
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  110. "Ask HN: I'm an FCC Commissioner proposing regulation of IoT security updates | Hacker News"
    https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37392676
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