Farmer–Citizen Movement

References

1. www.kiesraad.nl
   https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/tweede-kamer/partijnamen-en-logos/register
2. University of Groningen
   https://www.rug.nl/research/dnpp/themas/ledentallen/ledental-2025
3. Each water board holds two seats for agricultural and nature reserve stakeholders respectively, which are not elected
4. "Een beetje links, een beetje rechts én agrarisch populisme: Dit is waar de BoerBurgerBeweging voor staat"
   https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/item/een-beetje-links-een-beetje-rechts-en-agrarisch-populisme-dit-is-waar-de-boerburgerbeweging-voor-staat/
5. "Farmers' protest party win shock Dutch vote victory"
   https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64967513
6. Parties and Elections in Europe
   http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html
7. BoerBurgerBeweging
   https://boerburgerbeweging.nl/boerburgerbeweging/bestuur/
8. Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen
   https://dnpp.nl/pp/bbb/geschied
9. ReMarkAble
   https://web.archive.org/web/20220616074521/https://remarkable.nl/opmerkelijk-nieuws/remarkable-maakt-opmerkelijke-boerburgerbeweging
10. BoerBurgerBeweging
    https://boerburgerbeweging.nl/kandidaten/
11. "Populist Farmer Citizen Movement wins big in Dutch election"
    https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-farmers-bbb-mark-rutte-cc59032d926a1585002ce9e10aee0886
12. Politico
    https://www.politico.eu/article/dutch-farmers-party-bbb-mark-rutte-netherlands-big-winner-in-provincial-elections/
13. "Farmers' protest party win shock Dutch vote victory"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64967513
14. "Dutch farmers' protest party scores big election win, shaking up Senate"
    https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/farmers-protest-party-set-shake-up-dutch-political-landscape-2023-03-15/
15. omroepvenlo.nl
    https://omroepvenlo.nl/nieuws/artikel/lilian-helder-direct-van-pvv-naar-bbb
16. nos.nl
    https://nos.nl/collectie/13944/artikel/2488823-bbb-schuift-mona-keijzer-naar-voren-als-premierskandidaat
17. "Nitrogen crisis has paralyzed Dutch economy"
    https://www.science.org/content/article/nitrogen-crisis-jam-packed-livestock-operations-has-paralyzed-dutch-economy
18. "Nitrogen wars: the Dutch farmers' revolt that turned a nation upside-down"
    https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/16/nitrogen-wars-the-dutch-farmers-revolt-that-turned-a-nation-upside-down
19. Methodology for the calculation of emissions from agriculture
    https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2025-0003.pdf
20. "State of Agriculture"
    https://www.wur.nl/en/research-results/research-institutes/social-economic-research/show-ser/state-of-agriculture-nature-and-food-agricultural-businesses-increasingly-finding-additional-sources-of-income.htm
21. "Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2025 - BBB"
    https://boerburgerbeweging.nl/tweede-kamerverkiezingen-2025/
22. "Schoof government sworn in"
    https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2024/07/02/schoof-government-sworn-in
23. "Netherlands government collapse"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0r1x5yyd5wo
24. "Schoof patches up Dutch cabinet after NSC leave nine empty seats"
    https://www.dutchnews.nl/2025/08/schoof-patches-up-dutch-cabinet-after-nsc-leave-nine-empty-seats/
25. "Far-right parties on the rise across Europe"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66056375
26. "Column (Maarten van Nieuw Amerongen): Het populisme van van der Plas en Boswijk"
    https://www.rd.nl/artikel/940912-column-maarten-van-nieuw-amerongen-het-populisme-van-van-der-plas-en-boswijk
27. "Dutch farmers turn protests into vote victory"
    https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230315-protesting-dutch-farmers-eye-gains-in-elections
28. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/25/farmers-on-frontline-as-dutch-divided-by-war-on-nitrogen-pollution
29. "BoerBurgerBeweging"
    https://www.uni-muenster.de/NiederlandeNet/nl-wissen/politik/bbb.html
30. "Politiek met Sjoerd – Wie is de BBB-stemmer?"
    https://www.ipsos.com/nl-nl/politiek-met-sjoerd-wie-de-bbb-stemmer
31. Populist Parties and Democratic Resilience
32. nltimes.nl
    https://nltimes.nl/2023/03/15/exit-poll-shows-dutch-coalition-will-lose-8-seats-senate-bbb-becomes-biggest-party
33. "Populist Farmer Citizen Movement wins big in Dutch election"
    https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-farmers-bbb-mark-rutte-cc59032d926a1585002ce9e10aee0886
34. "Analyse: BBB moet rechtsaf slaan voor nieuwe coalitie"
    https://www.rtvnoord.nl/nieuws/1006142/analyse-bbb-moet-rechtsaf-slaan-voor-nieuwe-coalitie
35. NRC
    https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2023/03/19/politicologen-bbb-wakkert-de-competitie-op-rechts-aan-a4159931
36. https://www.euractiv.com/news/farmers-party-holds-on-in-dutch-election-after-brief-spell-in-government/
    https://www.euractiv.com/news/farmers-party-holds-on-in-dutch-election-after-brief-spell-in-government/
37. NRC
    https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2023/08/25/het-cda-denken-is-springlevend-in-de-partijen-van-omtzigt-en-van-der-plas-a4172823
38. "Anti-institutional Extremism in the Netherlands"
    https://english.aivd.nl/binaries/aivd-en/documenten/publications/2023/11/7/publicatie-anti-institutional-extremism-in-the-netherlands/Publicatie-Anti-institutional-extremism-in-the-Netherlands-ENG.pdf
39. "Trump and Le Pen backed these Dutch farmers – now they've sprung an election shock"
    https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/19/europe/netherlands-farmers-protest-party-intl/index.html
40. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/16/rural-populist-party-farmer-citizen-movement-big-winner-dutch-elections
41. "Maakt BBB een ruk naar rechts met premierskandidaat Mona Keijzer?"
    https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/item/maakt-bbb-een-ruk-naar-rechts-met-premierkandidaat-mona-keijzer-we-zijn-behoudend-op-culturele-zaken/
42. "Hoe lang zal Caroline van der Plas blij zijn met haar nieuwe collega's?"
    https://chrisaalberts.nl/2023/09/06/hoe-lang-zal-caroline-van-der-plas-blij-zijn-met-haar-nieuwe-collegas/
43. "Healthy farmers With each other, for each other!"
    https://boerburgerbeweging.nl/standpunten/gezonde-boeren/
44. "VERKIEZINGSPROGRAMMA"
    https://boerburgerbeweging.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/BBB_Verkiezingsprogramma_Algemene_Programma_2023.pdf
45. "Sander Smit lijsttrekker BBB bij Europese verkiezingen"
    https://www.nieuweoogst.nl/nieuws/2023/12/15/sander-smit-lijsttrekker-bbb-bij-europese-verkiezingen
46. beneluxparl.eu
    https://www.beneluxparl.eu/nl/politieke-fracties/
47. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
    https://pace.coe.int/en/members/8821/oplaat
48. boerburgerbeweging.nl
    https://boerburgerbeweging.nl/fractienieuws/een-jaar-oorlog-in-oekraine-vrijheid-en-veiligheid-waarderen-betekent-voedsel-waarderen/
49. Trouw
    https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/nieuwe-partij-voor-boeren-mikt-op-twee-kamerzetels~ba232e88/
50. BoerBurgerBeweging
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210119115836/https://boerburgerbeweging.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/BBB_Kandidaten_Flyer_Caroline-van-der-Plas.pdf
51. NRC
    https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2019/09/30/het-boerenbedrijf-komt-in-verzet-a3975142
52. De Stentor
    https://www.destentor.nl/deventer/caroline-van-der-plas-52-uit-deventer-verloor-haar-man-als-frontvrouw-van-de-boeren-jeuken-haar-handen~a9145447/
53. "Caroline van der Plas gekozen als lijsttrekker BoerBurgerBeweging"
    https://www.agraaf.nl/artikel/370117-caroline-van-der-plas-gekozen-als-lijsttrekker-boerburgerbeweging/
54. "RIVM: Nitrogen deposition decreasing"
    https://www.rivm.nl/en/news/nitrogen-deposition-in-vulnerable-nature-conservation-areas-is-decreasing-but-legal-standard
55. Agricultural non-CO2 emission reduction potential in the context of the 1.5 °C target
    https://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/agricultural-non-co2-emission-reduction-potential-in-the-context-of-the-1-5-c-target
56. Regeerprogramma: Uitwerking van het hoofdlijnenakkoord door het kabinet
    https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/regeerakkoorden/2024/09/13/regeerprogramma-2024