Extremes on Earth
Updated: 12/20/2025, 12:36:35 PM Wikipedia source
This article lists extreme locations on Earth that hold geographical records or are otherwise known for their geophysical or meteorological superlatives. All of these locations are Earth-wide extremes; extremes of individual continents or countries are not listed.
Tables
· Elevation › Table of extreme elevations and air temperatures by continent
Highest
Highest
Continent
Highest
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Lowest
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Highest
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Lowest
Africa
Africa
Continent
Africa
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
5,893 m (19,334 feet)Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
−155 m (−509 feet)Lake Assal, Djibouti
Air temperature (recorded)B
55 °C (131 °F) (disputed)Kebili, French Tunisia7 July 1931C
Air temperature (recorded)B
−23.9 °C (−11.0 °F)Ifrane, French Morocco11 February 1935
Antarctica
Antarctica
Continent
Antarctica
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
4,892 m (16,050 feet)Vinson Massif
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
−50 m (−164 feet)Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills(compare the deepest ice section below)
Air temperature (recorded)B
20.75 °C (69.35 °F)Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station9 February 2020
Air temperature (recorded)B
−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)Vostok Station21 July 1983
Asia
Asia
Continent
Asia
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
8,848.86 m (29,032 feet)Mount Everest, Tibet–Nepal Border
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
−424 m (−1,391 feet)Dead Sea, Israel–Jordan–Palestine
Air temperature (recorded)B
54 °C (129 °F) Tirat Zvi, Israel (then in the British Mandate of Palestine)21 June 1942
Air temperature (recorded)B
−67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) MeasuredOymyakon, Siberia, Soviet Union6 February 1933
54 °C (129 °F) Ahvaz Airport, Iran29 June 2017
54 °C (129 °F) Ahvaz Airport, Iran29 June 2017
Continent
54 °C (129 °F) Ahvaz Airport, Iran29 June 2017
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
−71.2 °C (−96.2 °F) ExtrapolatedOymyakon, Siberia, Soviet Union26 January 1926
Europe
Europe
Continent
Europe
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
5,642 m (18,510 feet)Mount Elbrus, Russian Federation
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
−28 m (−92 feet)Caspian Sea shore, Russian Federation
Air temperature (recorded)B
48.8 °C
(119.8 °F)
Floridia, Italy
11 August 2021
Air temperature (recorded)B
−58.1 °C (−72.6 °F)Ust-Shchuger, Soviet Union31 December 1978
North America
North America
Continent
North America
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
6,190.5 m (20,310 feet)Denali (federally designated as Mount McKinley), Alaska, United States
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
−85 m (−279 feet)Badwater Basin, California, United States
Air temperature (recorded)B
56.7 °C (134.1 °F)Furnace Creek (then named Greenland Ranch), Death Valley, California, United States10 July 1913C (disputed while still official, but up to 54.4 °C (129.9 °F) has also been recorded there in 2020 and 2021, not yet verified by WMO; and 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) which is verified.)
Air temperature (recorded)B
-69.6 °C (-93.3 °F)
Summit Camp, Greenland22 December 1991
Oceania
Oceania
Continent
Oceania
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
4,884 m (16,024 feet)Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid), Indonesia(compare Mount Wilhelm, Aoraki / Mount Cook and Mount Kosciuszko)
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
−15 m (−49 feet)Lake Eyre, South Australia, Australia
Air temperature (recorded)B
50.7 °C (123.3 °F)Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia2 January 1960G
50.7 °C (123.3 °F)Onslow, Western Australia, Australia
13 January 2022
Air temperature (recorded)B
−25.6 °C (−14.1 °F)Ranfurly, Otago, New Zealand17 July 1903
South America
South America
Continent
South America
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
6,962 m (22,841 feet)Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
Elevation (height above/below sea level)A
−105 m (−344 feet)Laguna del Carbón, Argentina
Air temperature (recorded)B
48.9 °C (120.0 °F)Rivadavia, Salta Province, Argentina11 December 1905
Air temperature (recorded)B
−32.8 °C (−27.0 °F)Sarmiento, Chubut Province, Argentina 1 June 1907
A..mw- .mw- ^ Height above sea level is the usual choice of definition for elevation. The point farthest away from the centre of the Earth, however, is Chimborazo in Ecuador (6,267 m (20,561 feet)). This is due to the Earth's oblate spheroid shape, with points near the Equator being farther out from the centre than those at the poles. B.^ All temperatures from the World Meteorological Organization unless noted. C.^ The former record of 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) recorded at Al 'Aziziyah, Libya on 13 September 1922 was ruled no longer valid by the WMO due to mistakes made in the recording process. The 1913 reading is, however, itself controversial, and a measurement of 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) at Furnace Creek on 30 June 2013 is undisputed, especially since the same or almost the same temperature has been recorded several times in the 21st century in the same and other places. E.^ Temperatures greater than 50 °C (122 °F) in Spain and Portugal were recorded in 1881, but the standard with which they were measured and the accuracy of the thermometers used are unknown; therefore, they are not considered official. Unconfirmed reports also indicate that a set of Spanish stations may have hit 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) during the 2003 heat wave. F.^ Greenland is considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be part of WMO region 6 (Europe). G.^ A temperature of 53.1 °C (127.6 °F) was recorded in Cloncurry, Queensland on 16 January 1889 under non-standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official.
A..mw- .mw- ^ Height above sea level is the usual choice of definition for elevation. The point farthest away from the centre of the Earth, however, is Chimborazo in Ecuador (6,267 m (20,561 feet)). This is due to the Earth's oblate spheroid shape, with points near the Equator being farther out from the centre than those at the poles. B.^ All temperatures from the World Meteorological Organization unless noted. C.^ The former record of 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) recorded at Al 'Aziziyah, Libya on 13 September 1922 was ruled no longer valid by the WMO due to mistakes made in the recording process. The 1913 reading is, however, itself controversial, and a measurement of 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) at Furnace Creek on 30 June 2013 is undisputed, especially since the same or almost the same temperature has been recorded several times in the 21st century in the same and other places. E.^ Temperatures greater than 50 °C (122 °F) in Spain and Portugal were recorded in 1881, but the standard with which they were measured and the accuracy of the thermometers used are unknown; therefore, they are not considered official. Unconfirmed reports also indicate that a set of Spanish stations may have hit 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) during the 2003 heat wave. F.^ Greenland is considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be part of WMO region 6 (Europe). G.^ A temperature of 53.1 °C (127.6 °F) was recorded in Cloncurry, Queensland on 16 January 1889 under non-standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official.
Continent
A..mw- .mw- ^ Height above sea level is the usual choice of definition for elevation. The point farthest away from the centre of the Earth, however, is Chimborazo in Ecuador (6,267 m (20,561 feet)). This is due to the Earth's oblate spheroid shape, with points near the Equator being farther out from the centre than those at the poles. B.^ All temperatures from the World Meteorological Organization unless noted. C.^ The former record of 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) recorded at Al 'Aziziyah, Libya on 13 September 1922 was ruled no longer valid by the WMO due to mistakes made in the recording process. The 1913 reading is, however, itself controversial, and a measurement of 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) at Furnace Creek on 30 June 2013 is undisputed, especially since the same or almost the same temperature has been recorded several times in the 21st century in the same and other places. E.^ Temperatures greater than 50 °C (122 °F) in Spain and Portugal were recorded in 1881, but the standard with which they were measured and the accuracy of the thermometers used are unknown; therefore, they are not considered official. Unconfirmed reports also indicate that a set of Spanish stations may have hit 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) during the 2003 heat wave. F.^ Greenland is considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be part of WMO region 6 (Europe). G.^ A temperature of 53.1 °C (127.6 °F) was recorded in Cloncurry, Queensland on 16 January 1889 under non-standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official.
| Continent | Elevation (height above/below sea level)A | Air temperature (recorded)B | |||
| Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | ||
| Africa | 5,893 m (19,334 feet)Kilimanjaro, Tanzania | | −155 m (−509 feet)Lake Assal, Djibouti | 55 °C (131 °F) (disputed)Kebili, French Tunisia7 July 1931C | F)Ifrane, French Morocco11 February 1935 |
| Antarctica | 4,892 m (16,050 feet)Vinson Massif | | −50 m (−164 feet)Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills(compare the deepest ice section below) | F)Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station9 February 2020 | F)Vostok Station21 July 1983 |
| Asia | feet)Mount Everest, Tibet–Nepal Border | | −424 m (−1,391 feet)Dead Sea, Israel–Jordan–Palestine | 54 °C (129 °F) Tirat Zvi, Israel (then in the British Mandate of Palestine)21 June 1942 | F) MeasuredOymyakon, Siberia, Soviet Union6 February 1933 |
| 54 °C (129 °F) Ahvaz Airport, Iran29 June 2017 | F) ExtrapolatedOymyakon, Siberia, Soviet Union26 January 1926 | ||||
| Europe | 5,642 m (18,510 feet)Mount Elbrus, Russian Federation | | −28 m (−92 feet)Caspian Sea shore, Russian Federation | Floridia, Italy 11 August 2021 | F)Ust-Shchuger, Soviet Union31 December 1978 |
| North America | feet)Denali (federally designated as Mount McKinley), Alaska, United States | | −85 m (−279 feet)Badwater Basin, California, United States | F)Furnace Creek (then named Greenland Ranch), Death Valley, California, United States10 July 1913C (disputed while still official, but up to 54.4 °C (129.9 °F) has also been recorded there in 2020 and 2021, not yet verified by WMO; and 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) which is verified.) | Summit Camp, Greenland22 December 1991 |
| Oceania | 4,884 m (16,024 feet)Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid), Indonesia(compare Mount Wilhelm, Aoraki / Mount Cook and Mount Kosciuszko) | | −15 m (−49 feet)Lake Eyre, South Australia, Australia | F)Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia2 January 1960G 50.7 °C (123.3 °F)Onslow, Western Australia, Australia 13 January 2022 | F)Ranfurly, Otago, New Zealand17 July 1903 |
| South America | 6,962 m (22,841 feet)Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina | | −105 m (−344 feet)Laguna del Carbón, Argentina | F)Rivadavia, Salta Province, Argentina11 December 1905 | F)Sarmiento, Chubut Province, Argentina 1 June 1907 |
| Height above sea level is the usual choice of definition for elevation. The point farthest away from the centre of the Earth, however, is Chimborazo in Ecuador (6,267 m (20,561 feet)). This is due to the Earth's oblate spheroid shape, with points near the Equator being farther out from the centre than those at the poles. B.^ All temperatures from the World Meteorological Organization unless noted. C.^ The former record of 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) recorded at Al 'Aziziyah, Libya on 13 September 1922 was ruled no longer valid by the WMO due to mistakes made in the recording process. The 1913 reading is, however, itself controversial, and a measurement of 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) at Furnace Creek on 30 June 2013 is undisputed, especially since the same or almost the same temperature has been recorded several times in the 21st century in the same and other places. E.^ Temperatures greater than 50 °C (122 °F) in Spain and Portugal were recorded in 1881, but the standard with which they were measured and the accuracy of the thermometers used are unknown; therefore, they are not considered official. Unconfirmed reports also indicate that a set of Spanish stations may have hit 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) during the 2003 heat wave. F.^ Greenland is considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be part of WMO region 6 (Europe). G.^ A temperature of 53.1 °C (127.6 °F) was recorded in Cloncurry, Queensland on 16 January 1889 under non-standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official. | |||||
· Geophysical extremes › Greatest vertical drop
Greatest nearly vertical drop
Greatest nearly vertical drop
Greatest purely vertical drop
Greatest nearly vertical drop
1,200 m (4,100 ft)Mount Thor, Auyuittuq National Park, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada (summit elevation 1,675 m (5,495 ft))
1,340 m (4,396 ft)Trango Towers, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (summit elevation 6,286 m (20,623 ft))
Col 3
Greatest mountain face
Greatest mountain face
Greatest purely vertical drop
Greatest mountain face
1,200 m (4,100 ft)Mount Thor, Auyuittuq National Park, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada (summit elevation 1,675 m (5,495 ft))
4,600 m (15,092 ft) Nanga Parbat, Rupal Face, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
Col 3
Greatest ocean cliff
Greatest ocean cliff
Greatest purely vertical drop
Greatest ocean cliff
1,200 m (4,100 ft)Mount Thor, Auyuittuq National Park, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada (summit elevation 1,675 m (5,495 ft))
Kermadec Trench, with cliffs around 8,000 m (26,000 ft) tall
Col 3
| Greatest purely vertical drop | 1,200 m (4,100 ft)Mount Thor, Auyuittuq National Park, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada (summit elevation 1,675 m (5,495 ft)) | |
| Greatest nearly vertical drop | 1,340 m (4,396 ft)Trango Towers, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (summit elevation 6,286 m (20,623 ft)) | |
| Greatest mountain face | 4,600 m (15,092 ft) Nanga Parbat, Rupal Face, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan | |
| Greatest ocean cliff | Kermadec Trench, with cliffs around 8,000 m (26,000 ft) tall | |
· Geophysical extremes › Subterranean
Deepest mine below sea level
Deepest mine below sea level
Deepest mine below ground level
Deepest mine below sea level
4,000 m (13,000 ft)Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa
2,733 m (8,967 ft) below sea levelKidd Mine, Ontario, Canada
Deepest open-pit mine below ground level
Deepest open-pit mine below ground level
Deepest mine below ground level
Deepest open-pit mine below ground level
4,000 m (13,000 ft)Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa
1,200 m (3,900 ft)Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah, United States
Deepest open-pit mine below sea level
Deepest open-pit mine below sea level
Deepest mine below ground level
Deepest open-pit mine below sea level
4,000 m (13,000 ft)Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa
293 m (961 ft) below sea levelTagebau Hambach, Germany
Deepest cave (measured from the entrance)
Deepest cave (measured from the entrance)
Deepest mine below ground level
Deepest cave (measured from the entrance)
4,000 m (13,000 ft)Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa
2,204 m (7,231 ft)Veryovkina, Arabika Massif, Abkhazia, Georgia
Deepest pitch (single vertical drop)
Deepest pitch (single vertical drop)
Deepest mine below ground level
Deepest pitch (single vertical drop)
4,000 m (13,000 ft)Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa
1,026 m (3,366 ft)Tian Xing Cave, China
Deepest borehole
Deepest borehole
Deepest mine below ground level
Deepest borehole
4,000 m (13,000 ft)Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa
12,261 m (40,226 ft)Kola Superdeep Borehole, Russia
Deepest borehole by depth below sea level
Deepest borehole by depth below sea level
Deepest mine below ground level
Deepest borehole by depth below sea level
4,000 m (13,000 ft)Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa
11,944 m (39,186 ft) (10,685 m well at 1,259 m deep seabed)The Tiber well, Gulf of Mexico, United States
| Deepest mine below ground level | 4,000 m (13,000 ft)Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa |
| Deepest mine below sea level | 2,733 m (8,967 ft) below sea levelKidd Mine, Ontario, Canada |
| Deepest open-pit mine below ground level | 1,200 m (3,900 ft)Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah, United States |
| Deepest open-pit mine below sea level | 293 m (961 ft) below sea levelTagebau Hambach, Germany |
| Deepest cave (measured from the entrance) | 2,204 m (7,231 ft)Veryovkina, Arabika Massif, Abkhazia, Georgia |
| Deepest pitch (single vertical drop) | 1,026 m (3,366 ft)Tian Xing Cave, China |
| Deepest borehole | 12,261 m (40,226 ft)Kola Superdeep Borehole, Russia |
| Deepest borehole by depth below sea level | 11,944 m (39,186 ft) (10,685 m well at 1,259 m deep seabed)The Tiber well, Gulf of Mexico, United States |
· Geophysical extremes › Greatest oceanic depths
Arctic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
8,376 m (27,480 ft)Milwaukee Deep (within the Brownson Deep), Puerto Rico Trench
5,550 m (18,209 ft)Molloy Deep, Fram Strait
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
8,376 m (27,480 ft)Milwaukee Deep (within the Brownson Deep), Puerto Rico Trench
7,192 m (23,596 ft)Sunda Trench
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
8,376 m (27,480 ft)Milwaukee Deep (within the Brownson Deep), Puerto Rico Trench
5,267 m (17,280 ft)Calypso Deep, Hellenic Trench
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
8,376 m (27,480 ft)Milwaukee Deep (within the Brownson Deep), Puerto Rico Trench
10,928 m (35,853 ft)Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench
Southern Ocean
Southern Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Southern Ocean
8,376 m (27,480 ft)Milwaukee Deep (within the Brownson Deep), Puerto Rico Trench
7,433.6 m (24,388 ft)South Sandwich Trench (southernmost portion, at 60°28.46′S 025°32.32′W / 60.47433°S 25.53867°W / -60.47433; -25.53867)
| Atlantic Ocean | 8,376 m (27,480 ft)Milwaukee Deep (within the Brownson Deep), Puerto Rico Trench |
| Arctic Ocean | 5,550 m (18,209 ft)Molloy Deep, Fram Strait |
| Indian Ocean | 7,192 m (23,596 ft)Sunda Trench |
| Mediterranean Sea | 5,267 m (17,280 ft)Calypso Deep, Hellenic Trench |
| Pacific Ocean | 10,928 m (35,853 ft)Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench |
| Southern Ocean | ft)South Sandwich Trench (southernmost portion, at 60°28.46′S 025°32.32′W / 60.47433°S 25.53867°W / -60.47433; -25.53867) |
· Geophysical extremes › Deepest ice
Trough beneath Jakobshavn Isbræ
Trough beneath Jakobshavn Isbræ
Denman Subglacial Trench
Trough beneath Jakobshavn Isbræ
−3,500 m (−11,500 ft)
−1,512 m (−4,961 ft)
Antarctica
Greenland, Denmark
| Denman Subglacial Trench | −3,500 m (−11,500 ft) | Antarctica |
| Trough beneath Jakobshavn Isbræ | −1,512 m (−4,961 ft) | Greenland, Denmark |
· Meteorological extremes › Coldest and hottest inhabited places on Earth
Coldest inhabited place
Coldest inhabited place
Hottest inhabited place
Coldest inhabited place
Dallol, Ethiopia (Amharic: ዳሎል), whose annual mean temperature was recorded from 1960 to 1966 as 34.4 °C (93.9 °F). The average daily maximum temperature during the same period was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F).
Oymyakon (Russian: Оймяко́н; Yakut: Өймөкөөн), a rural locality (selo) in Oymyakonsky District of the Sakha Republic, the Russian Federation, has the coldest monthly mean, with −45.7 °C (−50.3 °F) the average temperature in January, the coldest month. Eureka, Nunavut, Canada has the lowest annual mean temperature at −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F).
The South Pole and some other places in Antarctica are colder and are populated year-round, but almost everyone stays less than a year and could be considered visitors, not inhabitants.
The South Pole and some other places in Antarctica are colder and are populated year-round, but almost everyone stays less than a year and could be considered visitors, not inhabitants.
Hottest inhabited place
The South Pole and some other places in Antarctica are colder and are populated year-round, but almost everyone stays less than a year and could be considered visitors, not inhabitants.
| Hottest inhabited place | Dallol, Ethiopia (Amharic: ዳሎል), whose annual mean temperature was recorded from 1960 to 1966 as 34.4 °C (93.9 °F). The average daily maximum temperature during the same period was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F). |
| Coldest inhabited place | Oymyakon (Russian: Оймяко́н; Yakut: Өймөкөөн), a rural locality (selo) in Oymyakonsky District of the Sakha Republic, the Russian Federation, has the coldest monthly mean, with −45.7 °C (−50.3 °F) the average temperature in January, the coldest month. Eureka, Nunavut, Canada has the lowest annual mean temperature at −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F). |
| The South Pole and some other places in Antarctica are colder and are populated year-round, but almost everyone stays less than a year and could be considered visitors, not inhabitants. |
References
- A 1995 realignment of the International Date Line Archived 28 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine moved all of Kiribati tohttp://www.trussel.com/kir/dateline.htm
- By comparison, the meridian that passes through the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt (31°08'3.69"E) is 855 km (531 mi) sho
- A geodesic is defined as the shortest route between any two points on the surface of the Earth, as measured along the su
- The "longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction at sea" from Karachi to Kamchatka was originally added thttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extremes_on_Earth&action=edit
- The elevation given here was established by a GPS survey in February 2016. The survey was carried out by a team from the
- Gould Coast US Geographic Survey.https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:5881
- Encyclopædia Britannica Onlinehttps://www.britannica.com/place/Bay-of-Whales
- BBC Newshttps://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4577627.stm
- (Map from gcmap)http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=5%B02%26%238242%3B51.59%26%238243%3BN+9%B07%26%238242%3B23.26%26%238243%3BW+-+28%B017%26%238242%3B7.68%26%238243%3BN+121%B038%26%238242%3B17.31%26%238243%3BE%0D%0A&MS=bm&DU=mi
- (Geoscience Australia)https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance
- (Map from gcmap)http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=25%B025%27N+66%B025%27E+-+59%B038%27S+16%B036%27W+-+25%B025%27S+113%B035%27W+-+59%B038%27N+163%B024%27E%0D%0A
- arXivhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1804.07389
- "This ocean path will take you on the longest straight-line journey on Earth"https://www.science.org/content/article/ocean-path-will-take-you-longest-straight-line-journey-earth
- (Map from gcmap)http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=25%B035%27N+58%B022%27E+-+17%B057%27S+78%B003%27E+-+25%B035%27S+121%B038%27W+-+17%B057%27N+101%B057%27W
- (Map from gcmap)http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=46%B037%27S+168%B059%27E+-+52%B009%27S+173%B026%27E+-+46%B037%27N+11%B001%27W+-+52%B009%27N+6%B034%27W%0D%0A
- nationalgeographib.comhttps://web.archive.org/web/20201208113343/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/
- geology.comhttp://geology.com/records/highest-mountain-in-the-world.shtml
- "Chimborazo, el volcán de Ecuador más alto que el Everest (si se mide desde el centro de la Tierra)"https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160407_por_que_chimborazo_ecuador_mas_lejos_centro_tierra_que_el_everest_dgm
- Summit Posthttps://www.summitpost.org/distance-to-the-center-of-the-earth/849764
- "Andes Website – Information about Ojos del Salado volcano, a high mountain in South America and the world's highest volcano"http://www.andes.org.uk/peak-info-6000/ojos-del-salado-info.asp
- "The Highest Lake in the World"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054810/http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html#Lhagba
- The main Khumbu Glacier is about 17 km long with elevations ranging from 4900m at the terminus to 7600m at the sourcehttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/igsoc/agl/2002/00000034/00000001/art00060?crawler=true
- "The Mystery of World's highest river and largest Canyon"https://web.archive.org/web/20070921032822/http://www.100gogo.com/bigben.htm
- "Island Superlatives"http://www.worldislandinfo.com/SUPERLATIVESV2.html
- National Geographic
- "Battle for the Highest Motorable Road"https://www.motoroids.com/features/battle-for-the-highest-motorable-road-which-pass-takes-you-closest-to-the-stars/
- China Border | Umling La Pass [ World's Highest Motorable Road ] | Ep-26 | Tripura to Ladakh Ridehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpQQdyDU2EI
- viewfinderpanoramas.orghttp://viewfinderpanoramas.org/ICCSemoKhardung.pdf
- "Destination Guides – World's highest railway, Peru – Wanderlust Travel Magazine"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725012753/http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/articles/destinations/a-train-journey-through-the-peruvian-andes
- Reutershttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-airport-idUSBRE98F0AG20130916
- CNNhttp://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/20/siachen.kashmir/
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