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Evo Morales

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Evo Morales

Juan Evo Morales Ayma (Spanish: [xwan ˈeβo moˈɾales ˈajma]; born 26 October 1959) is a Bolivian politician, trade union organizer, and former cocalero coca farmer who served as the 65th president of Bolivia from 2006 to 2019. Widely regarded as the country's first president to come from its indigenous population, his administration worked towards the implementation of left-wing policies, focusing on safeguarding the legal rights and improving the socioeconomic conditions of Bolivia's previously marginalized indigenous majority and combating the political influence of the United States and resource-extracting multinational corporations. Ideologically a socialist, he led the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party from 1998 to 2024. Born to an Aymara family of subsistence farmers in Isallawi, Orinoca Canton, Morales undertook a basic education and mandatory military service before moving to the Chapare in 1978. Growing coca and becoming a trade unionist, he rose to prominence in the campesino ("rural laborer") union. In that capacity, he campaigned against joint U.S.–Bolivian attempts to eradicate coca as part of the war on drugs, denouncing these as an imperialist violation of indigenous Andean culture. His involvement in anti-government direct action protests resulted in multiple arrests. Morales entered electoral politics in 1995, was elected to Congress in 1997 and became leader of MAS in 1998. Coupled with populist rhetoric, he campaigned on issues affecting indigenous and poor communities, advocating land reform and more equal redistribution of money from Bolivian gas extraction. He gained increased visibility through the Cochabamba Water War and the Gas War. In 2002, he was expelled from Congress for encouraging anti-government protests, although he came second in that year's presidential election. Once elected president in 2005, Morales increased taxation on the hydrocarbon industry to bolster social spending and emphasized projects to combat illiteracy, poverty, and racial and gender discrimination. Vocally criticizing neoliberalism, Morales' government moved Bolivia towards a mixed economy, reduced its dependence on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), and oversaw strong economic growth. Scaling back United States influence in the country, he built relationships with leftist governments in the South American pink tide, especially Hugo Chávez's Venezuela and Fidel Castro's Cuba, and signed Bolivia into the ALBA. His administration opposed the autonomist demands of Bolivia's eastern provinces, won a 2008 recall referendum, and instituted a new constitution that established Bolivia as a plurinational state. Re-elected in 2009 and 2014, he oversaw Bolivia's admission to the Bank of the South and CELAC. Morales' popularity was dented by attempts to abolish presidential term limits and disregard for a referendum rejecting a fourth term for Morales. Morales won the disputed 2019 election, but amid allegations of electoral fraud and the ensuing unrest, Morales agreed to calls for his resignation. He left Bolivia and was granted political asylum in Mexico initially and then Argentina during the presidency of Jeanine Áñez. He returned to Bolivia in November 2020, following the return of MAS to power upon the election of his former economic minister Luis Arce. During Arce's presidency, their relations deteriorated in the run up to the 2025 election in a power struggle for party influence and candidacy. Morales has blamed Arce for the 2024 Bolivian coup attempt (claiming it was a self-coup) and for an assassination attempt in October 2024, both of which Arce has denied. In February 2025, after MAS barred him from candidacy, Morales left the party to briefly join Front for Victory, before his membership was voided by the party and disqualified from participation in the election. The MAS would go on to face a historic defeat in the 2025 elections. Morales is permanently banned from running for presidency in future elections and also faces an arrest warrant in a statutory rape investigation on allegations of inappropriate relationships with minors. Morales' supporters point to his championing of indigenous rights, anti-imperialism, and environmentalism, and credit him with overseeing significant economic growth and poverty reduction as well as increased investment in schools, hospitals, and infrastructure. Critics point to democratic backsliding during his tenure, argue that his policies sometimes failed to reflect his environmentalist and indigenous rights rhetoric, and that his defence of coca contributed to illegal cocaine production.

Infobox

Vice President
Álvaro García Linera
Preceded by
Seat established
Succeeded by
Asterio Villarroel
Alternate
Valentín Gutiérrez
Born
Juan Evo Morales Ayma (1959-10-26) 26 October 1959 (age 66)Isallavi, Bolivia
Political party
EVO Pueblo (since 2025)
Other politicalaffiliations
Movement for Socialism (1997–2025)Front for Victory (2025)
Children
2
Parents
mw- Dionisio Morales Choque (father)María Ayma Mamani (mother)
Relatives
Esther Morales (sister)
Allegiance
Bolivia
Branch/service
Bolivian Army
Years of service
1977–1978
Unit
Fourth Ingavi Cavalry Regiment
Party
EVO Pueblo (since 2025)

Tables

· Electoral history
Total
Total
Year
Total
Office
%
Party or alliance
P.
1989
1989
Year
1989
Office
Deputy
Party or alliance
United Left
Votes
32,870
Votes
14.43%
Votes
4th
Result
Lost
1993
1993
Year
1993
Party or alliance
Pachakuti Axis
Party or alliance
1,604
Votes
0.67%
Votes
11th
Votes
Lost
1997
1997
Year
1997
Party or alliance
United Left
Party or alliance
14,024
Votes
70.13%
Votes
1st
Votes
Won
2002
2002
Year
2002
Party or alliance
Movement for Socialism
Party or alliance
18,890
Votes
83.16%
Votes
1st
Votes
Won
President
President
Year
President
Party or alliance
Movement for Socialism
Party or alliance
581,884
Votes
20.94%
Votes
2nd
Votes
Lost
2005
2005
Year
2005
Party or alliance
Movement for Socialism
Party or alliance
1,544,374
Votes
53.74%
Votes
1st
Votes
Won
2009
2009
Year
2009
Party or alliance
Movement for Socialism
Party or alliance
2,943,209
Votes
64.22%
Votes
1st
Votes
Won
2014
2014
Year
2014
Party or alliance
Movement for Socialism
Party or alliance
3,173,304
Votes
61.36%
Votes
1st
Votes
Won
2019
2019
Year
2019
Party or alliance
Movement for Socialism
Party or alliance
2,889,359
Votes
47.08%
Votes
1st
Votes
Annulled
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas
Year
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas
Year
Office
Party or alliance
Votes
Result
Ref.
Total
%
P.
1989
Deputy
United Left
32,870
14.43%
4th
Lost
1993
Pachakuti Axis
1,604
0.67%
11th
Lost
1997
United Left
14,024
70.13%
1st
Won
2002
Movement for Socialism
18,890
83.16%
1st
Won
President
Movement for Socialism
581,884
20.94%
2nd
Lost
2005
Movement for Socialism
1,544,374
53.74%
1st
Won
2009
Movement for Socialism
2,943,209
64.22%
1st
Won
2014
Movement for Socialism
3,173,304
61.36%
1st
Won
2019
Movement for Socialism
2,889,359
47.08%
1st
Annulled
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas
· Honors and awards
Award or decoration
Country
Date
Place
Note
Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator
Venezuela
5 July 2006
Caracas
Venezuelan highest distinction.
Order of Augusto César Sandino
Nicaragua
11 January 2007
Managua
Nicaraguan highest distinction.
Grand Collar of the Order of the Sun of Peru
Peru
19 October 2010
Ilo
Peruvian highest distinction.
Order of the Star of Carabobo, First Class
Venezuela
25 June 2014
La Paz
Order of José Martí
Cuba
21 May 2016
Havana
Cuban highest distinction.
Knight of the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star
Suriname
10 July 2019
Paramaribo

References

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  2. Morales is described as the first indigenous president of Bolivia in academic studies of his presidency, such as those o
  3. Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represent the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in tha
  4. Infobae
    https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2025/04/01/evo-morales-y-sus-seguidores-crearon-el-partido-evo-pueblo-pero-quedan-fuera-del-plazo-para-las-elecciones-de-agosto-en-bolivia/
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  497. "Evo Morales será nombrado doctor honoris causa por la universidad argentina de Salta"
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