-
Represented West Germany until 1990; East Germany never competed. Presented on all occasions as 'Germany', except in 196
-
Represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 1991, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.
-
Presented as the 'Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia' before 2019.
-
Presented as 'Czech Republic' before 2023.
-
Represented by an EBU associate member broadcaster; initially announced as a one-off participant to commemorate the cont
-
However, its Eastern European counterpart, the Intervision Song Contest, organised by the International Radio and Televi
-
Namely France Télévisions, ARD, Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI), Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE), and the British Broadc
-
With the exception of 2023, when the United Kingdom hosted the contest on behalf of Ukraine, which went first.
-
This belief is mentioned in Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga (2020) and a plot point in the Father Ted ep
-
Serbia and Montenegro participated twice (in 2004 and 2005) but did not win. However, this country ceased to exist since
-
Namely "Un jour, un enfant" performed by Frida Boccara for France, "Vivo cantando" by Salomé for Spain, "De troubadour"
-
Entries from Serbia had previously participated representing now-defunct countries Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro.
-
The developments in the voting was cited as among the reasons for the resignation of Terry Wogan as commentator for the
-
Roxburgh 2012, pp. 93–96.
-
"Eurovision's Golden Jubilee"
https://web.archive.org/web/20040811033906/http://www.ebu.ch/en/union/diffusion_on_line/television/tcm_6-8971.php -
Evening Standard
https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-standard-and-now-eurovision/168903073/ -
"Eurovision: About us – who we are"
https://www.eurovision.net/about/whoweare -
The Independent
https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/eurovision-2019-song-contest-what-is-the-point-purpose-pop-history-a8916801.html -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 8–9.
-
The Eurovision Song Contest: an academic phenomenon
-
Eurovision Song Contest
https://eurovision.tv/history/origins-of-eurovision -
The Eurovision Song Contest: an academic phenomenon
-
"Règlement du Grand Prix Eurovision 1956 de la Chanson Européenne (version définitive)"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160620231134/http://www.eurovision.tv/upload/history/1956/56_rules.pdf -
"Eurovision Song Contest: In a Nutshell"
https://eurovision.tv/history/in-a-nutshell -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Facts & Figures"
https://eurovision.tv/about/facts-and-figures -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Winners"
https://web.archive.org/web/20180512231240/https://eurovision.tv/winners -
Roxburgh 2012, p. 152.
-
O'Connor 2010, pp. 12–13.
-
Roxburgh 2012, p. 160.
-
"Eurovision Song Contest: London 1968"
https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1968 -
"Webcasting and the Eurovision Song Contest"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080528091401/http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_291-editorial.html -
The Day
https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/culture/eurovision-be-broadcast-widescreen-new-hosts -
"The end of a decade: Helsinki 2007"
https://eurovision.tv/story/the-end-of-a-decade-helsinki-2007 -
Eurofestival News
https://www.eurofestivalnews.com/2022/04/23/eurovision-song-contest-2022-rai-4k/ -
"Eurovision Song Contest: History by events"
https://web.archive.org/web/20170825083217/https://eurovision.tv/events -
"Eurovision Song Contest 1993"
https://eurovision.tv/event/millstreet-1993 -
"Eurovision recognised by Guinness World Records as the longest-running annual TV music competition (international)"
https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/5/eurovision-recognised-by-guinness-world-records-as-the-longest-running-annual-tv-379520 -
"Eurovision Song Contest awarded Guinness world record"
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-song-contest-awarded-guinness-world-record -
"Culture & Entertainment | Eurovision"
http://www.brandeu.eu/eu-powerhouse/culture-and-entertainment/eurovision/ -
"Press Release: 60th Eurovision Song Contest Seen by Nearly 200 Million Viewers"
https://www.ebu.ch/news/2015/06/press-release-60th-eurovision-so -
Billboard
https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6583366/eurovision-song-contest-draws-almost-200-million-viewers -
"Official EBU statement & FAQ on Eurovision 2020 cancellation"
https://eurovision.tv/official-ebu-statement-and-faq-eurovision-song-contest-2020-cancellation -
"Eurovision: Europe Shine A Light"
https://eurovision.tv/eurovision-europe-shine-a-light -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/may/17/eurovision-still-shines-despite-cancelled-final -
Radio Times
https://web.archive.org/web/20220811084616/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/8550f816c7ad447fbfccbf0903ad4814?page=38 -
Music & Media
https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1996/MM-1996-05-11.pdf -
"Palmarès du Concours Eurovision de la Chanson"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080528174029/http://www.ebu.ch/departments/television/pdf/Winners-Palmares_56-02.pdf -
"Rules of the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest"
http://www.myledbury.co.uk/eurovision/pdf/esc2004.pdf -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Brand"
https://web.archive.org/web/20210201075740/https://eurovision.tv/about/brand -
"How it works – Eurovision Song Contest"
https://eurovision.tv/about/how-it-works -
"Rotterdam to host Eurovision 2020!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/rotterdam-to-host-eurovision-2020 -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-48325868 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: National Selections"
https://eurovision.tv/about/in-depth/national-selections/ -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-51749312 -
"Looking back: the Grand Final"
https://eurovision.tv/story/grand-final-story -
"The Most Iconic Opening & Interval Acts of the Eurovision Song Contest"
https://eurovision.tv/video/the-most-iconic-opening-interval-acts-of-the-eurovision-song-contest -
"Presenters – Eurovision Song Contest"
https://eurovision.tv/presenters -
"Behind the scenes with the hosts of the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest"
https://web.archive.org/web/20200928064139/https://eurovision.tv/story/behind-the-scenes-with-the-hosts -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Rules"
https://eurovision.tv/about/rules/ -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Voting"
https://eurovision.tv/about/voting -
ESCUnited
https://www.escunited.com/jury-voting-order-revealed-for-eurovision-2023/ -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Trophy"
https://eurovision.tv/about/trophy/ -
"EBU – Admission"
https://web.archive.org/web/20190913022313/https://www.ebu.ch/about/members/admission -
"Regulation on Detailed Membership Criteria under Article 3.6 of the EBU Statutes"
https://www.ebu.ch/files/live/sites/ebu/files/About/Governance/Regulation%202013_EN.pdf -
"Which countries can take part?"
https://web.archive.org/web/20170317083448/https://eurovision.tv/page/about/which-countries-can-take-part#Which%20countries? -
"ITU-R Radio Regulations 2012–15"
https://web.archive.org/web/20130816092114/http://sma.gov.jm/sites/default/files/publication_files/ITU-R_Radio_Regulations_2012_%202015_%20Article_5_Table%20of%20Frequencies.pdf -
"ITU-R Radio Regulations – Articles edition of 2004 (valid in 2004–07)"
https://web.archive.org/web/20171010235726/https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S020200001A4501PDFE.pdf -
"Australia to compete in the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest"
https://eurovision.tv/story/australia-to-compete-in-the-2015-eurovision-song-contest -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/feb/10/eurovision-song-contest-invites-australia-to-join-worlds-biggest-party -
"Australia to return to the Eurovision Song Contest!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/australia-to-return-to-the-eurovision-song-contest -
"Australia secures spot in Eurovision for the next five years"
https://eurovision.tv/story/australia-secures-spot-in-eurovision-until-2023 -
"Eurovision 2024: 37 broadcasters head to Malmö"
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2024-37-broadcasters-head-malmo -
"FAQ – Eurovision Song Contest"
https://web.archive.org/web/20200623153206/https://eurovision.tv/about/faq/ -
"Historical Milestones"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060526065558/http://www.eurovision.tv/english/611.htm -
"The cost of winning the Eurovision Song Contest"
https://web.archive.org/web/20220821193101/https://www.rbs.com/rbs/news/2016/05/the-cost-of-winning-the-eurovision-song-contest.html -
SWI swissinfo
https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/democracy/swiss-direct-democracy-is-eurovisions-latest-challenge/84198908 -
"Winner's Press Conference with Portugal's Salvador Sobral"
https://eurovision.tv/story/2017-winners-press-conference -
"Winner's Press Conference with the Netherlands' Duncan Laurence"
https://eurovision.tv/story/winners-press-conference-with-netherlands-duncan-laurence -
"What does it take to become a Eurovision host city?"
https://eurovision.tv/story/what-does-it-take-to-become-a-eurovision-host-city -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Copenhagen 2001"
https://eurovision.tv/event/copenhagen-2001 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Millstreet 1993"
https://eurovision.tv/event/millstreet-1993 -
millstreet.ie
http://www.millstreet.ie/green%20glens/greenglens.htm -
insidethegames.biz
https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1021853/from-eurovision-to-the-european-games-the-baku-crystal-hall -
Oxford Economics
https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/resource/eurovision-does-the-winner-take-it-all/ -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Logos and Artwork"
https://eurovision.tv/mediacentre/logos-and-artwork -
"Eurovision Song Contest logo evolves"
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-song-contest-logo-evolves -
Eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/mediacentre/release/eurovision-song-contest-brand-refresh-70 -
Creative Boom
https://www.creativeboom.com/news/eurovision-unveils-new-global-identity-for-70th-anniversary-designed-by-a-one-woman-agency-in-sheffield/ -
"Tel Aviv 2019: Dare to Dream"
https://eurovision.tv/story/slogan-tel-aviv-2019-dare-to-dream -
"The making of 'Open Up'"
https://eurovision.tv/story/the-making-of-open-up -
"2020 postcard concept revealed as Dutch people can join in on the fun"
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2020-postcards-concept-revealed -
Dawn Creative
https://www.dawncreative.co.uk/insight/eurovision-branding/ -
"Happy 50th Anniversary, Eurovision 1970!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/happy-50th-anniversary-1970-eurovision -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 40–43.
-
"'United By Music' chosen as permanent Eurovision slogan"
https://eurovision.tv/story/united-by-music-permanent-slogan -
"Anforderungsprofil an die Austragungsstätte des Eurovision Song Contest 2015"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140531162001/http://kundendienst.orf.at/aktuelles/anforderungsprofl_austragungsstaette.pdf -
"Rules of the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060210010517/http://www.eurovision.tv/searchfiles_english/574.htm -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Heads of Delegation"
https://eurovision.tv/about/organisers/heads-of-delegation/ -
"Commentator's guide to the commentators"
https://eurovision.tv/story/commentator-s-guide-to-the-commentators -
"Commentators: The national hosts of Eurovision"
https://eurovision.tv/story/commentators-sweden-mans-zelmerlow-edward-af-sillen -
"Eurovision Song Contest 2008: Rehearsal schedule"
https://web.archive.org/web/20081221010818/http://www.eurovision.tv/upload/media/ESC2008_rehearsals.pdf -
Eurovoix
https://eurovoix.com/2023/05/10/eurovision-2023-ebu-bbc-conference/ -
"Your ultimate guide to the Eurovision 2018 event weeks"
https://eurovision.tv/story/guide-to-eurovision-2018-event-weeks-rehearal-schedule -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Event weeks"
https://eurovision.tv/about/in-depth/event-weeks -
"Tickets for Eurovision 2024 in Malmö"
https://eurovision.tv/tickets -
"Time now for the all important Jury Final"
https://eurovision.tv/story/time-now-for-the-all-important-jury-final -
ESC Insight
https://escinsight.com/2025/05/11/impact-smallest-media-centre-this-century/ -
"Welcome Reception: Pink champagne for the stars"
https://eurovision.tv/story/welcome-reception-pink-champagne-for-the-stars -
"Tel Aviv prepares for glamorous Orange Carpet"
https://eurovision.tv/story/tel-aviv-prepares-for-glamorous-orange-carpet-tune-in-at-18-00-cest -
"Eurovision Song Contest: EuroClub"
https://eurovision.tv/fans/euroclub -
"'Big Five' meet to take a trip down the Rhine"
https://eurovision.tv/story/big-five-meet-to-take-a-trip-down-the-rhine -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Eurovision Village"
https://eurovision.tv/fans/eurovision-village -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Organisers"
https://eurovision.tv/about/organisers -
"Martin Österdahl announced as new Eurovision Song Contest Executive Supervisor"
https://www.ebu.ch/news/2020/01/martin-osterdahl-announced-as-new-eurovision-song-contest-executive-supervisor -
ebu.ch
https://www.ebu.ch/news/2025/06/martin-osterdahl-to-step-down-as-executive-supervisor-of-the-eurovision-song-contest-this-summer -
wiwibloggs.com
https://wiwibloggs.com/2018/03/30/italy-ermal-meta-fabrizio-moro-release-three-minute-eurovision-2018-version-non-mi-avete-fatto-niente/220657/ -
The Scotsman
https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/eurovision-rules-facts-and-controversies-1586799 -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 28–29.
-
"Eurovision Song Contest: Naples 1965"
https://eurovision.tv/event/naples-1965 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Luxembourg 1966"
https://eurovision.tv/event/luxembourg-1966 -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 68–71.
-
"Eurovision Song Contest: Luxembourg 1973"
https://eurovision.tv/event/luxembourg-1973 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: London 1977"
https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1977 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Jerusalem 1999"
https://eurovision.tv/event/jerusalem-1999 -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 156–159.
-
Aussievision
https://www.aussievision.net/post/best-eurovision-songwriters-of-the-decade -
eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/he-holds-the-record-meet-ralph-siegel -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Lugano 1956"
https://eurovision.tv/event/lugano-1956 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Frankfurt 1957"
https://eurovision.tv/event/frankfurt-1957 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1971"
https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1971 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Lausanne 1989"
https://eurovision.tv/event/lausanne-1989 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Bergen 1986"
https://eurovision.tv/event/bergen-1986 -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 104–107.
-
Roxburgh 2012, pp. 387–396.
-
"Frankfurt 1957 – Participants"
https://eurovision.tv/event/frankfurt-1957/participants -
Deutsche Welle
https://www.dw.com/en/its-time-for-a-vacation-lena-tells-dw/a-6525745 -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-65585413 -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 148–151.
-
"Rules of the 44th Eurovision Song Contest, 1999"
http://www.eurosong.net/archive/esc1999.pdf -
"Changes announced to ensure Eurovision comes 'back for good'"
https://eurovision.tv/story/changes-announced-to-ensure-eurovision-comes-back-for-good -
"Running order Malmö 2013 to be determined by producers"
https://eurovision.tv/story/running-order-malmoe-2013-to-be-determined-by-producers -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Semi-Final Allocation Draw"
https://eurovision.tv/about/in-depth/semi-final-allocation-draw/ -
"All you need to know for Monday's draw!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/all-you-need-to-know-for-monday-s-draw -
"Which countries will perform in which Semi-Final at Eurovision 2018?"
https://eurovision.tv/story/results-of-the-semi-final-allocation-draw-2018 -
"Eurovision 2013: Semi-Final running order revealed"
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2013-semi-final-running-order-revealed -
"Portugal and 'Big Five' rehearse for the second time"
https://eurovision.tv/story/portugal-france-spain-italy-united-kingdom-second-rehearsal-2018 -
Eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/malmo-2024-producers-choice-running-order -
"How is the Running Order being decided?"
https://eurovision.tv/story/exclusive-running-order-producers-decide-2017 -
ebu.ch
https://www.ebu.ch/news/2025/11/ebu-announces-changes-to-eurovision-song-contest-voting-rules-to-strengthen-trust-and-transparency -
"Voting changes announced for Eurovision Song Contest 2023"
https://eurovision.tv/story/voting-changes-announced-eurovision-song-contest-2023 -
"Voting changes (2023) FAQ"
https://eurovision.tv/voting-changes-2023-faq -
Eurovisionworld
https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/eurovision-2023-votes-from-144-countries -
"Biggest change to Eurovision Song Contest voting since 1975"
https://eurovision.tv/story/biggest-change-to-eurovision-song-contest-voting-since-1975 -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35602473 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Birmingham 1998"
https://eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998 -
"Rules of the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest"
http://www.myledbury.co.uk/eurovision/pdf/esc2004.pdf -
"Eurovision scraps jury voting in semi-finals"
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-63716398 -
"Televoting/jury mix in 2009 Final voting"
https://eurovision.tv/story/televoting-jury-mix-in-2009-final-voting -
"Juries also get 50% stake in Semi-Final result"
https://eurovision.tv/story/juries-also-get-50-stake-in-semi-final-result -
"Public rules of the 60th Eurovision Song Contest"
https://web.archive.org/web/20150430201605/http://www.eurovision.tv/upload/press-downloads/2015/2014-09-02_2015_ESC_rules_EN_PUBLIC_RULES.pdf -
"The 42 spokespersons for the 2016 Grand Final"
https://eurovision.tv/story/the-42-spokespersons-for-the-2016-grand-final -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1994"
https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1994 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1988"
https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1988 -
"Milestone Moments: 1988 – When Celine was crowned Queen"
https://eurovision.tv/story/milestone-moments-1988-when-celine-was-crowned-queen -
"Public Rules of the 60th Eurovision Song Contest"
https://web.archive.org/web/20150430201605/http://www.eurovision.tv/upload/press-downloads/2015/2014-09-02_2015_ESC_rules_EN_PUBLIC_RULES.pdf -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Broadcasting Rights"
https://eurovision.tv/about/broadcasting-rights -
"The end of a decade: Stockholm 2000"
https://eurovision.tv/story/the-end-of-a-decade-stockholm-2000 -
"Albania to broadcast tonight's Semi-Final deferred"
https://eurovision.tv/story/albania-to-broadcast-tonight-s-semi-final-deferred -
esctoday.com
http://esctoday.com/14060/spain_to_face_sanctions_over_late_broadcast/ -
ABC
https://www.abc.es/play/abci-problemas-soraya-eurovision-200905150300-92916354130_noticia.html -
"Here's where to watch Eurovision: Europe Shine A Light"
https://eurovision.tv/story/heres-where-to-watch-eurovision-europe-shine-a-light -
BBC UKTV
https://www.bbcnewzealand.com/shows/eurovision/ -
Deadline Hollywood
https://deadline.com/2019/07/netflix-eurovision-song-contest-2019-2020-picks-up-us-vod-rights-1202648894/ -
"Stage Set for Animated Eurovision Logo"
https://www.ebu.ch/news/2012/11/stage-set-for-animatedeurovision -
EUROVISION Animated logo on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stZDkX2Xzow -
"How Eurovision Again came to your screens"
https://eurovision.tv/story/how-eurovisionagain-was-brought-to-your-screens -
Roxburgh 2012, pp. 348–358.
-
"BT afslører: Her er DRs største grandprix-brøler"
https://www.bt.dk/melodi-grand-prix/bt-afsloerer-her-er-drs-stoerste-grandprix-broeler -
"Billeder: I denne uge er det 55 år siden, Danmark holdt sit første Eurovision i Tivoli"
https://www.dr.dk/om-dr/nyheder/billeder-i-denne-uge-er-det-55-aar-siden-danmark-holdt-sit-foerste-eurovision-i-tivoli -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Copenhagen 1964"
https://eurovision.tv/event/copenhagen-1964 -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 24–25.
-
"Eurovision Song Contest: Zagreb 1990"
https://eurovision.tv/event/zagreb-1990 -
50 Years of Eurovision
https://web.archive.org/web/20050129162217/https://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/dossiers_1_04_eurovision50_ve_tcm6-13890.pdf -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 132–135, 219.
-
O'Connor 2010, pp. 136–139.
-
"Eurovision Song Contest: Oslo 1996"
https://eurovision.tv/event/oslo-1996 -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 144–147.
-
"Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1997"
https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1997 -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 164–167.
-
"43 nations on 2011 participants list!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/43-nations-on-2011-participants-list -
"The end of a decade: Istanbul 2004"
https://eurovision.tv/story/the-end-of-a-decade-istanbul-2004 -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 176–180.
-
The Euro Trip Podcast
https://eurotrippodcast.com/2023/09/26/svt-presenter-urging-martin-osterdahl-about-big-five-change/ -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-48334089 -
Eurofestival News
https://www.eurofestivalnews.com/2021/06/02/eurovision-2022-cambiamenti-in-vista-per-germania-spagna-e-regno-unito/ -
Hürriyet Daily News
https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-to-return-eurovision-if-no-more-bearded-divas-135427 -
"Major changes for Malmö: Big Five & Sweden perform LIVE in Semi-Finals and you can vote for longer"
https://eurovision.tv/story/big-five-sweden-perform-semi-finals -
esctoday.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20201029133229/http://esctoday.com/1192/ebu_confirms_new_eurovision_song_contest_format/ -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 172–175.
-
O'Connor 2010, pp. 177–179.
-
"Countdown to Baku – Helsinki 2007"
https://eurovision.tv/story/countdown-to-baku-helsinki-2007 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Two Semi-Finals in 2008"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120928062242/http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/PR_ESC%20Semi-Finals_01.10.07_EN_tcm6-54154.pdf -
"Two Semi-Finals Eurovision Song Contest in 2008"
https://eurovision.tv/story/two-semi-finals-eurovision-song-contest-in-2008 -
"All you need to know for Monday's draw!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/all-you-need-to-know-for-monday-s-draw -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 192–195.
-
BBC Culture
https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140415-why-are-abba-so-popular -
The Book of Golden Discs
https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr -
Irish Independent
https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/celine-dion-and-james-corden-recreate-famous-titanic-scene-for-carpool-karaoke-38132381.html -
"Iglesias praises Eurovision as a learning moment"
https://eurovision.tv/story/iglesias-praises-eurovision-as-a-learning-moment -
"Julio Iglesias pulls out of NZ tour"
https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/86012722/julio-iglesias-pulls-out-of-nz-tour -
"Milestone Moments: 1974 – The arrival of ABBA"
https://eurovision.tv/story/milestone-moments-1974-the-arrival-of-abba -
"Olivia Newton-John displays movie memorabilia in Newbridge"
https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/living/2019/0723/1064799-olivia-newton-john-visits-newbridge/ -
eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/country/united-kingdom -
Belfast Telegraph
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/lulu-at-70-singer-celebrates-landmark-birthday-37488096.html -
Italy Magazine
https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/music-maestros-top-10-best-selling-italian-music-artists-and-acts -
italiani.it
https://www.italiani.it/en/happy-birthday-toto-cutugno-the-most-loved-italian-singer-abroad/ -
Metro
https://metro.co.uk/2020/09/07/katrina-and-the-waves-reckon-eurovision-winner-love-shine-a-light-didnt-get-a-look-in-in-the-uk-13233379/ -
Billboard
https://books.google.com/books?id=LhYEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22One+Million%22+%22Nana+Mouskouri%22 -
Neo Magazine
https://www.neomagazine.com/2018/07/forever-young-with-nana-mouskouri-the-biggest-selling-female-artist-of-all-time/ -
NME
https://www.nme.com/news/music/cliff-richard-26-1328736 -
"Luxembourg: Small in size, big in Eurovision"
https://eurovision.tv/story/top-10-entries-from-luxembourg -
"How Scotland's football team has given Baccara's 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie' a sudden chart comeback"
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La Stampa
https://www.lastampa.it/spettacoli/musica/2017/04/06/news/tozzi-ti-amo-ha-40-anni-merita-una-festa-1.34643232 -
La Gazzetta Italiana
https://www.lagazzettaitaliana.com/entertainment/8532-italy-s-music-charts-then-and-now -
The Sydney Morning Herald
https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/eurovisions-honour-roll-from-domenico-modugno-to-abba-and-celine-dion-20150519-gh4lgl.html -
"The end of a decade: Riga 2003"
https://eurovision.tv/story/the-end-of-a-decade-riga-2003 -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/may/30/russia.arts -
Wiwibloggs
https://wiwibloggs.com/2017/07/21/las-ketchup-didnt-choose-eurovision/193062/ -
Le Parisien
https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/patricia-kaas-representera-la-france-a-l-eurovision-30-01-2009-392630.php -
"Battle of the Eurovision ballads"
https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8002018.stm -
"Engelbert Humperdinck is United Kingdom entrant!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/engelbert-humperdinck-is-united-kingdom-entrant -
"Bonnie Tyler to represent United Kingdom"
https://eurovision.tv/story/bonnie-tyler-to-represent-united-kingdom -
San Francisco Examiner
https://www.sfexaminer.com/entertainment/total-eclipse-singer-bonnie-tyler-survived-eurovision/ -
eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/its-gabry-pontes-party -
Eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/flo-rida-to-join-senhit-for-san-marino -
Eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/melody-wins-benidorm-fest-and-spain-basel -
"France Gall, Luxembourg's Eurovision 1965 winner, dies at 70"
https://eurovision.tv/story/france-gall-passed-away-at-70-luxembourg-1965 -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/07/french-singer-and-eurovision-winner-france-gall-dies-age-70 -
"Bregović to compose Serbian entry; picks from three artists"
https://eurovision.tv/story/bregovic-to-compose-serbian-entry-picks-from-three-artists -
"Diane Warren: Legendary songwriter"
https://eurovision.tv/story/diane-warren-legendary-songwriter -
"Andrew Lloyd Webber to compose the UK entry"
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Metro
https://metro.co.uk/2020/05/14/andrew-lloyd-webber-was-almost-replaced-body-double-eurovision-was-nervous-12702228/ -
"Pete Waterman to write UK entry for Eurovision"
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Coventry Telegraph
https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/pete-watermans-eurovision-entry-finishes-3064178 -
"Sabbath star Tony Iommi writes Eurovision entry"
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BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-foyle-west-14985227 -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15488067 -
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"Eurovision Song Contest: Norway"
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"Eurovision Song Contest: Ireland"
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"Justin Timberlake makes world premiere live performance in the Eurovision Song Contest!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/justin-timberlake-makes-world-premiere-live-performance-in-the-eurovision-song-contest -
"Eurovision: Madonna mixes politics with a classic hit during performance"
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The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/may/19/madonna-was-excruciating-eurovision-2019 -
"Cirque du Soleil!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/cirque-du-soleil-opener-for-the-final -
"Cirque du Soleil: opener for the final!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/cirque-du-soleil-opener-for-the-final -
"The end of a decade: Kyiv 2005"
https://eurovision.tv/story/the-end-of-a-decade-kyiv-2005 -
"Russian singer wins 2008 Eurovision Song Contest"
https://web.archive.org/web/20190607021911/https://www.ctvnews.ca/russian-singer-wins-2008-eurovision-song-contest-1.297954 -
The New Yorker
https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/eurovisions-sanitized-vision-of-israel -
"Jerusalem 1999"
https://eurovision.tv/event/jerusalem-1999 -
"Stockholm Revisited Part Five: Interval Acts"
https://eurovision.tv/story/stockholm-revisited-part-five-interval-acts -
Aftonbladet
https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/a/zLk891/mellanakten-hyllas-av-eurovision-tittarna -
"The Grey People (Interval act Semi – Final 1 of the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest)"
https://eurovision.tv/video/the-grey-people-interval-act-semi-final-1-of-the-2016-eurovision-song-contest -
Eurovoix
https://eurovoix.com/2022/05/11/live-from-turin-semi-final-two-jury-show/ -
Eurovisionworld
https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/eurovision-2022-all-about-the-grand-final -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/12/arts/music/eurovision-liverpool-ukraine.html -
inews.co.uk
https://inews.co.uk/culture/eurovision-2023-behind-scenes-ukraine-planned-bunkers-2335543 -
Politico
https://www.politico.eu/article/13-times-eurovision-song-contest-got-political/ -
Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
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The Economist
https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/05/16/how-to-win-the-eurovision-song-contest -
lifehacker.com.au
https://www.lifehacker.com.au/2018/05/the-six-types-of-eurovision-contestant/ -
Reuters
https://web.archive.org/web/20171010235342/http://uk.reuters.com/article/stage-arts-edinburgh-eurovision-dc/edinburgh-fringe-show-celebrates-eurovision-kitsch-idUKL1142844820070811 -
Radio Times
https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-05-11/what-makes-the-perfect-eurovision-song/ -
"Want to win Eurovision? Write a nice, slow song about love"
https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/eurovision-winners-analysis-scli-intl-style/index.html -
"Eurovision: What is it and what time is it on?"
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/18/europe/eurovision-explainer-2019-intl/index.html -
Culture, Theory and Critique
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knoxnews.com
https://eu.knoxnews.com/story/entertainment/columnists/chuck-campbell/2020/07/05/eurovision-soundtrack-will-ferrell-rachel-mcadams-6-lack-jessie-ware-dream-wife-peter-manos-review/5378820002/ -
loudersound.com
https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-most-metal-moments-in-eurovision -
"Eurovision and all that jazz!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/history-of-jazz-in-eurovision -
BBC News
https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4900892.stm -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-57331991 -
Classic FM
https://www.classicfm.com/composers/allegri/in-corpore-sano-konstrakta-eurovision-miserere-serbia/ -
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Ararat
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Eurasianet
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wiwibloggs.co.uk
https://wiwibloggs.com/2016/05/11/ebu-sanctions-armenian-broadcaster-nagorno-karabakh-flag-incident/141783/ -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35630395 -
The Independent
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eurovision-song-contest-2016-winner-ukraine-jamala-russia-threat-boycott-next-year-a7030591.html -
BBC News
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Eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/russia-unable-to-participate-2017-ebu-statement -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/apr/01/eurovision-threatens-to-ban-ukraine-over-russian-singer-row -
Eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/mediacentre/release/ebu-statement-russia-2022 -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60530513 -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/may/15/ukraine-wins-2022-eurovision-song-contest-as-uk-finishes-second-in-turin -
BBC News
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West 2020, pp. 253–257.
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Ynet
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The Observer
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"Ísland tekur ekki þátt í Eurovision 2026 - RÚV.is"
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BBC News
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BBC News
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SBS Your Language
https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/eurovision-gets-first-transgender-host-in-youtube-star-nikkie-de-jager_1 -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jul/06/conchita-interview-sensitive-insecure-eurovision-gay-pin-up-austrian -
"I Am A Lesbian! – Marija Serifovic Opens Up in Her Film 'Confession'"
http://inserbia.info/today/2013/11/i-am-a-lesbian-marija-serifovic-opens-herself-completely-in-her-film-confession/ -
Gay Times
https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/122298/dutch-eurovision-contestant-duncan-laurence-comes-out-as-bisexual/ -
Gay.it
https://www.gay.it/sanremo-2021-maneskin-nudo-bisessualita-gallery-social -
rts.ch
https://www.rts.ch/info/culture/dossiers/2024/eurovision/2024/article/nemo-offre-a-la-suisse-un-triomphe-a-l-eurovision-avec-son-titre-the-code-28499524.html -
La Première
https://www.rtbf.be/lapremiere/article/detail_nous-les-amoureux-de-jean-claude-pascal-une-chanson-qui-annonce-la-revolution-du-mouvement-gay?id=10221083 -
"Eurovision 2013 final underway amid lesbian kiss controversy"
https://www.dw.com/en/eurovision-2013-final-underway-amid-lesbian-kiss-controversy/a-16822230 -
advocate.com
https://www.advocate.com/world/2018/5/09/irelands-gay-dance-eurovision-shows-world-love-love -
eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/life-s-a-drag-eurovision-queens-past-and-present -
bbc.co.uk
https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1855726.stm -
politico.eu
https://www.politico.eu/article/transvestite-eurosong-win-sparks-slovenia-accession-doubts/ -
O'Connor 2010, pp. 152–155.
-
BBC News
https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/eurovision/90279.stm -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/arts/music/eurovision-canceled-coronavirus.html -
"Turkey cancels Eurovision Song Contest over lesbian kiss"
https://web.archive.org/web/20220528122038/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/turkey-cancels-eurovision-song-contest-over-lesbian-kiss160513/ -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/27/hungary-pulls-out-of-eurovision-amid-rise-in-anti-lgbt-rhetoric -
Billboard
https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8545072/hungary-exits-2020-eurovision-song-contest-over-lgbt-friendly-policies-report -
West 2020, pp. 283–286.
-
The Spectator
https://web.archive.org/web/20150504080615/http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/culturehousedaily/2014/05/eurovision-2014-the-booing-of-russia-was-a-disgrace/ -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/may/11/conchita-wurst-pledges-to-promote-tolerance -
"China banned from broadcasting Eurovision after cutting same-sex dance and tattooed singer"
https://metro.co.uk/2018/05/10/china-banned-from-broadcasting-eurovision-after-cutting-same-sex-dance-and-tattooed-singer-7536787/ -
"EBU terminates this year's partnership with Mango TV"
https://eurovision.tv/story/ebu-terminates-this-year-s-partnership-with-mango-tv -
Eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2010-ratings-follow-trend-of-2007-2008 -
"Finland wins Eurovision contest"
https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/05/2008410141723346664.html -
Eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-song-contest-attracts-204-million-viewers -
"Eurovision Song Contest – International Music Program"
https://web.archive.org/web/20050113034609/http://www.museum.tv/Archives/Etv/E/htmlE/eurovisionso/eurovisionso.htm -
Eurofestival News
https://www.eurofestivalnews.com/ascolti-tv-eurovision-song-contest/ -
Raykoff & Tobin 2016, p. 9.
-
Melbourne International Comedy Festival: Eurowision
https://www.comedyfestival.com.au/2020/shows/eurowision -
Radio y Televisión de Andalucía
https://www.canalsur.es/rtva/karina-protagonista-de-en-un-mundo-nuevo/1843415.html -
hollywoodreporter.com
https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/cupcakes-film-review-784623 -
"Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga – out now!"
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-movie-the-story-of-fire-saga -
Forbes
https://www.forbes.com/sites/sheenascott/2020/06/26/eurovision-song-contest-the-story-of-fire-saga-on-netflix-celebrates-a-very-european-show -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/03/arts/music/eurovision-news-media-fans.html -
"Eurovision Song Contest: Fans"
https://web.archive.org/web/20201125225630/https://eurovision.tv/fans -
eurovisioninconcert.nl
https://eurovisioninconcert.nl/en/about-eurovision-in-concert/ -
"This was Eurovision in Concert 2019 in Amsterdam"
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-in-concert-2019-in-review -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-48023500 -
"Over 20 acts to appear at Madrid's ESPreParty this weekend"
https://eurovision.tv/story/espreparty-madrid-spain-2018 -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-52381023 -
Algemeen Dagblad
https://www.ad.nl/show/eurovision-again-wordt-maandelijks-initiatief~ac29e875/ -
"Eurovision Live Events"
https://events.eurovision.tv/ -
svt.se
https://blogg.svt.se/melodifestivalen-expertbloggen/klart-for-eurovision-vecka-i-svt/ -
"May means Eurovision on the BBC"
https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Feurovision%2Fentries%2F990f7787-04ae-4b49-b62f-7303d1898a06 -
"Songs of Europe – BBC Two "Radio Times" listing"
https://web.archive.org/web/20141029070701/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d80d6106cc8a4d1199c991955cd18b8d -
O'Connor 2010, p. 87.
-
"Congratulations Show – Eurovision History"
https://web.archive.org/web/20150905232704/http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/congratulations-show -
The Independent
https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/abbas-waterloo-is-voted-best-song-of-50-eurovision-years-321745.html -
"Official: London to host Eurovision's 60th Anniversary Event"
https://eurovision.tv/story/official-london-to-host-eurovision-s-60th-anniversary-event -
"Eurovision's Greatest Hits – line-up"
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/36KjTqPHSdTCqkv93SsGvJd/line-up -
"Eurovision: Europe Shine A Light"
https://eurovision.tv/eurovision-europe-shine-a-light -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/may/17/eurovision-still-shines-despite-cancelled-final -
"Live Event: Eurovision Young Musicians"
https://www.ebu.ch/projects/tv/music/eurovision-young-musicians -
"Live Event: Eurovision Young Dancers"
https://www.ebu.ch/projects/tv/dance/eurovision-young-dancers -
"Eurovision Choir"
https://www.ebu.ch/eurovision-choir -
"Eurovision Events: Junior Eurovision Song Contest"
https://web.archive.org/web/20211206224858/https://events.eurovision.tv/junior-eurovision-song-contest -
"Eurovision Dance Contest"
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dp4cf/episodes/guide -
theculturetrip.com
https://theculturetrip.com/europe/articles/intervision-the-communist-counterpart-to-eurovision-that-didnt-quite-work/ -
bbc.co.uk
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18006446 -
eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/spain-top-ten-entries -
elespanol.com
https://www.elespanol.com/bluper/television/20200122/festival-oti-olvidado-eurovision-americas/460954581_0.html -
"After snubbing the Eurovision Song Contest, Turkey officially launches 'Turkvision'"
https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/after-snubbing-the-eurovision-song-contest-turkey-officially-launches-turkvision-54886 -
eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/the-eurovision-song-contest-travels-to-america -
eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/american-song-contest-2022 -
Deadline Hollywood
https://deadline.com/2021/05/american-song-contest-u-s-version-of-eurovision-nbc-1234756361/ -
Eurovoix World
https://eurovoix-world.com/2023/05/10/partners-looking-at-options-for-american-song-contest/ -
eurovision.tv
https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-canada-2023 -
"Eurovision Song Contest to launch in Latin America"
https://www.ebu.ch/news/2022/07/eurovision-song-contest-to-be-launched-in-latin-america -
"La UER y RTVE se reunirán para explorar vías de colaboración en un proyecto de música en Latinoamérica"
https://www.rtve.es/television/20220712/uer-rtve-reunion-madrid-explorar-vias-colaboracion-proyecto-musica-latinoamerica/2388215.shtml -
Eurovoix World
https://eurovoix-world.com/2023/05/10/🇨🇦-eurovision-canada-has-taken-a-step-back/ -
Eurovoix
http://eurovoix.com/2016/03/21/asia-sbs-create-eurovision-song-contest-asia/ -
ebu.ch
https://www.ebu.ch/files/live/sites/ebu/files/Publications/MIS/login_only/ebu_events_audience/EBU-MIS-Eurovision_Song_Contest_Brand_Impact_Report_2025.pdf
