-
Although not EU treaties per se, these treaties affected the development of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_V:_General_Provisions_on_the_Union%27s_External_Action_Service_and_Specific_Provisions_on_the_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy#Article_42 -
Plans to establish a European Political Community (EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the Treaty e
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The European Communities obtained common institutions and a shared legal personality (i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties
-
The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's legal basis, and are also referred to as the Treaty on European Union
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Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of three pillars, the first of which we
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The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities' legal personality and that the pillar system was
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Европейски съюз : Evropeĭski sŭyuz
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Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση : Evropaïkí Énosi
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Due to the concentration of key institutions, Brussels and the European Union are often closely associated, and the city
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nominal GDP / population
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With the exception of the Canary Islands and Madeira, the outermost regions observe different time zones not shown: Mart
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eu, .ευ, and .ею are representative of the whole of the EU; member states also have their own TLDs.
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These legislative instruments are dealt with in more detail below.
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On 3 October 1990, the constituent states of the former German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of Ge
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According to the principle of supremacy as established by the ECJ in Case 6/64, Falminio Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585. S
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Official Journal of the European Union
https://web.archive.org/web/20131117094809/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ%253AC%253A2010%253A083%253A0047%253A0200%253AEN%253APDF -
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:NOT -
EUR-Lex
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%253A61973J0034 -
To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal s
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This figure includes the extra-European territories of member states that are part of the EU, and excludes the European
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Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome
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Native language
-
EU citizens able to hold a conversation in this language
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Considered separate from Serbian/Bosnian/Montenegrin
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See Article 2 (7) of the Amsterdam Treaty on eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived 17 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/11997D/htm/11997D.html#0001010001 -
Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective
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And is effectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria. Assembly.coe.int. This is a political and not a legal requ
http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta08/ERES1610.htm -
Treaty Office
https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list -
EUR-Lex
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/ALL/?uri=CELEX%253A61994V0002 -
Special Eurobarometer
https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess -
"Council of the European Union"
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/ -
Current Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union reads: "The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty and on the Tr
-
ec.europa.eu/eurostat
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en -
"Population on 1 January"
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en -
imf.org
https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) -
ec.europa.eu/eurostat
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en -
European Union
https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en -
The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization
https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 -
Sui Generis
https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2012.01136.x -
Central European Labour Studies Institute
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf -
ec.europa.eu
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 -
Eurostat
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma -
"The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities"
https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm -
Europa Glossary
https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092625/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/commercial_policy_en.htm -
"Agriculture and Fisheries Council"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140311075105/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/policies/council-configurations/agriculture-and-fisheries -
"Regional Policy Inforegio"
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_en.cfm -
"Schengen area"
https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm -
Craig & De Burca 2011, p. 15.
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The Quarterly Journal of Economics
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 -
"Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen"
http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit -
the Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 -
Office of the Historian
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods -
"The political consequences"
http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html -
Union of European Federalists (UEF)
https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein -
Zeit Online
http://www.zeit.de/reden/die_historische_rede/200115_hr_churchill1_englisch -
Interventions
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-59237 -
The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe
https://web.archive.org/web/20161228030332/http://www.isbnplus.com/9789080498310 -
"Declaration of 9 May 1950"
http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm -
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html -
"A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation"
http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/1945-1959/index_en.htm -
Treaty of Rome
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome -
"A European Atomic Energy Community"
http://www.cvce.eu/obj/a_european_atomic_energy_community-en-19bc7f11-bea1-49c7-b534-18327c303f41.html -
cvce.eu
http://www.cvce.eu/obj/a_european_customs_union-en-a11a5f17-d744-479e-ba75-2c70b6058608.html -
"Merging the executives"
http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html -
CVCE.EU by UNI.LU
http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html -
ec.europa.eu
http://ec.europa.eu/archives/commission_2004-2009/index_en.htm -
"The first enlargement"
http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html -
"The new European Parliament"
http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html -
BBC News
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm -
"Negotiations for enlargement"
http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html -
"1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall"
http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm -
Wall Street Journal
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB953070920392677459 -
Activities of the European Union
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm -
The World Transformed, 1945 to the Present
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"A decade of further expansion"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070211143505/http://europa.eu/abc/history/2000_today/index_en.htm -
Piris 2010, p. 448.
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"European Parliament announces new President and Foreign Affairs Minister"
http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515055515/http://government.zdnet.com/?p=6266 -
"The Nobel Peace Prize 2012"
https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/ -
New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/13/world/nobel-peace-prize.html -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22218640 -
"EU Referendum Result"
https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/eu_referendum/results -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/world/europe/britain-brexit-european-union-referendum.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/world/europe/brexit-britain-leaves-EU.html -
ec.europa.eu
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"Russia-Ukraine war: humanitarian corridor opened from Sumy; Moscow threatens to cut gas supplies to Europe"
https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/mar/08/ukraine-news-russia-war-vladimir-putin-volodymyr-zelenskiy-kyiv-russian-invasion-live-latest-updates -
"In pictures: Russia invades Ukraine"
https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/14/world/gallery/ukraine-russia-crisis/index.html -
Bloomberg.com
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EUR-Lex
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https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/recovery-plan-europe_en -
Special European Council, 17–21 July 2020 – Main results Retrieved 15 November 2020.
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2020/07/17-21/ -
"Informal meeting of European Council in Grenada to discuss EU enlargement"
https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2023/10/03/informal-meeting-of-european-council-in-grenada-to-discuss-eu-enlargement/ -
"Charles Michel: EU and accession candidates must be ready for enlargement by 2030"
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"EU should be ready to accept 10 new countries: Official – Turkiye Newspaper"
https://web.archive.org/web/20240428203758/https://www.turkiyenewspaper.com/politics/16241 -
"EU countries to start talks on how to make future enlargement work"
https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement-neighbourhood/news/eu-countries-to-start-talks-on-how-to-make-future-enlargement-work/ -
"EU elections: What happens if the far-right parties gain more power?"
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S&P Global
https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/electric-power/052824-climate-debate-intertwined-with-cost-of-living-concerns-as-eu-elections-loom -
Defense One
https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2025/12/make-europe-great-again-and-more-longer-version-national-security-strategy/410038/ -
Encyclopædia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union -
The World Factbook
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/european-union/ -
According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Revi
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Europarl
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf -
Answers.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty -
"EU institutions and other bodies"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm -
"Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria)"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm -
"The European Economic Area (EEA)"
https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ -
"The EU's relations with Switzerland"
http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm -
The euro outside the euro area
http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/world/outside_euro_area/index_en.htm -
"European Commission – Enlargement – Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120408221338/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/index_en.htm -
CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/23/europe/eu-approves-ukraine-candidateship-intl/index.html -
POLITICO
https://www.politico.eu/article/bosnia-and-herzegovina-set-to-receive-eu-candidate-status/ -
"EU to open membership talks with Ukraine and Moldova"
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67722252 -
the Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/14/eu-summit-viktor-orban-aid-ukraine-live-latest-updates -
"Iceland's EU bid is over, commission told"
http://euobserver.com/political/120501 -
Trend.Az
https://en.trend.az/scaucasus/georgia/2264637.html -
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-moldova-eu-applications/31734092.html -
The European Union and Greenland
https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185125/http://eu.nanoq.gl/Emner/EuGl/The%20Greenland%20Treaty.aspx -
The European Union and the Return of the Nation State
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-35005-5 -
European Law Open
https://doi.org/10.1017%2Felo.2023.27 -
"Competences and consumers"
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/consumers/events/2009/index.html -
As outlined in Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_One:_Principles#TITLE_I:_CATEGORIES_AND_AREAS_OF_UNION_COMPETENCE -
How does the EU work
http://europa.eu/abc/12lessons/lesson_4/index_en.htm -
With US Or Against US?: European Trends in American Perspective
https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsWxEnaqrUC&pg=PA146 -
"President of the European Council"
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/111298.pdf -
European Parliament
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/powers-and-procedures/legislative-powers -
Library of the European Parliament
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130619/LDM_BRI(2013)130619_REV2_EN.pdf -
European Commission
https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-making-process/planning-and-proposing-law_en -
CVCE Education Unit
https://www.cvce.eu/en/education/unit-content/-/unit/d5906df5-4f83-4603-85f7-0cabc24b9fe1/28d57ad3-6f5e-4f9c-82a8-be9535febad5 -
European Union
https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/leadership/elections-and-appointments_en -
Treaty on European Union: Article 17:7
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_III:_Provisions_on_the_Institutions#Article_17 -
Citizens Information Ireland
https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/european_government/eu_institutions/european_commission.html -
"Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union"
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT -
www.consilium.europa.eu
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Europa
https://web.archive.org/web/20100112155537/http://europa.eu/pol/inst/index_en.htm -
"Institutions: The Council of the European Union"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070703155822/http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/council/index_en.htm -
"MEPs must be elected on the basis of proportional representation, the threshold must not exceed 5%, and the electoral area may be subdivided in constituencies if this will not generally affect the proportional nature of the voting system"
http://www.fairvote.org/european-parliament-to-be-elected-with-proportional-representation-systems -
"Institutions: The European Parliament"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070624114722/http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/parliament/index_en.htm -
"Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union"
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Consilium
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CURIA
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European Commission
https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/eu-budget/spending/topic/eu-funding-programmes-2014-2020_en -
Will Europe work?
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Studia Diplomatica
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Europa Glossary
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Journal of European Public Policy
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Financial Times on Centre for European Reform
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