| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1975–1979 | King of Kensington | Bernie / Freddie Cohen | 2 episodes |
| 1976 | The Sunshine Hour | Various | |
| 1976–1977 | Stay Tuned | Various | |
| 1976–1984 | SCTV | Various | Also writer |
| 1985 | The Last Polka | Stan Shmenge | Television film; also writer |
| George Burns Comedy Week | Robert | Episode: "Home for Dinner" |
| Martin Short: Concert for the North Americas | Stupid Eddie / Buddy | Voice, television special |
| 1986 | Billy Crystal: Don't Get Me Started | Morty Arnold | Television special |
| 1987 | The Disney Sunday Movie | Tom Lynch | Episode: "Bride of Boogedy" |
| 1988 | The Ray Bradbury Theater | Bert Harris | Episode: "Skeleton" |
| 1990–1993 | Maniac Mansion | Doc Ellis | Episode: "Freddie Had a Little Lamb"Also co-creator, writer, director, and executive producer |
| 1992 | I, Martin Short, Goes Hollywood | Studio Head | Voice, television special |
| Partners 'N' Love | David Grodin | Television film |
| Camp Candy | Pete, Shmenge, Bruno, Stan Bobby Bittman | Voice, 4 episodes |
| 1994 | The Martin Short Show | — | Directed two episodes |
| 1995 | Harrison Bergeron | President McCloskey | Television film |
| 1996 | Road to Avonlea | Rudy Blaine | Episode: "King of the Great White Way" |
| 1996–1997 | Duckman | Dr. Craig Ehrlich | Voice, 2 episodes |
| 1997 | Nightmare Ned | Mr. Nickels | Voice, episode: "Magic Bus" |
| 1997–1998 | Hiller and Diller | Gordon Schermerhorn | 13 episodes |
| 1998 | Mad About You | Doctor | Episode: "Nat & Arley" |
| Hercules | King Midas | Voice, episode: "Hercules and the Golden Touch" |
| The Drew Carey Show | Dr. Rider | Episode: "The Engagement" |
| 1999 | The Wonderful World of Disney | Larry | Episode: "Dogmatic" |
| 2000 | Dilbert | Plug Guard | Voice, episode: "The Return" |
| 2002 | Off Centre | Dr. Barry Wasserman | 2 episodes |
| 2002–2004 | Greg the Bunny | Gil Bender | 13 episodes |
| 2012 | I, Martin Short, Goes Home | Mr. Mortimer Rickards | Television special |
| 2013–2014 | Package Deal | McKenzie | 3 episodes |
| 2014 | Working the Engels | Arthur Horowitz | Episode: "Meet Irene Horowitz" |
| 2015–2020 | Schitt's Creek | Johnny Rose | 80 episodes; also co-creator, writer, and executive producer |
| 2020 | The Ellen DeGeneres Show | Himself / Guest Host | January 10, 2020; standing in for Ellen DeGeneres |
| 2021 | Saturday Night Live | Himself | Episode: "Dan Levy/Phoebe Bridgers" |
| 2023–present | The Reluctant Traveler | Himself | Apple TV+ travel series |
| 2023 | Human Resources | Paul Crumbhorn | Voice, 6 episodes |
| 2024 | Only Murders in the Building | Himself portraying Charles | Recurring role (Season 4) |
| 76th Primetime Emmy Awards | Himself (co-host) | Television special |
