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Ethiopia

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Ethiopia

Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia covers a land area of 1,104,300 square kilometres (426,400 sq mi). As of 2025, it has around 135 million inhabitants, making it the 14th-most populous country. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates. Anatomically modern humans emerged from modern-day Ethiopia. In 980 BC, the Kingdom of D'mt extended its realm over Eritrea and the northern region of Ethiopia, while the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region for 900 years. Christianity was embraced by the kingdom in 330, and Islam arrived by the first Hijra in 615. After the collapse of Aksum in 960, the Zagwe dynasty ruled the north-central parts of Ethiopia until being overthrown by Yekuno Amlak in 1270, inaugurating the Ethiopian Empire and the Solomonic dynasty, claimed descent from the biblical Solomon and Queen of Sheba under their son Menelik I. By the 14th century, the empire had grown in prestige through territorial expansion and fighting against adjacent territories; most notably, the Ethiopian–Adal War (1529–1543) contributed to fragmentation of the empire, which ultimately fell under a decentralization known as Zemene Mesafint in the mid-18th century. Emperor Tewodros II ended Zemene Mesafint at the beginning of his reign in 1855, marking the reunification and modernization of Ethiopia. Since the late 19th century, it resisted from foreign invasions and expanded its territory under Emperor Menelik II, remaining independent during the Scramble for Africa and forming its current borders. In 1936, Ethiopia was occupied by Fascist Italy and annexed with Italian-possessed Eritrea and Somaliland, later forming Italian East Africa. In 1941, during World War II, it was occupied by the British Army, and its full sovereignty was restored in 1944. The Derg, a Soviet-backed military junta, took power in 1974 after deposing Emperor Haile Selassie and the Solomonic dynasty, and ruled the country for nearly 17 years amidst the Ethiopian Civil War. Following the dissolution of the Derg in 1991, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) dominated the country with a new constitution and ethnic-based federalism. Since then, Ethiopia has suffered from prolonged and unsolved inter-ethnic clashes and political instability marked by democratic backsliding. From 2018, regional and ethnically based factions carried out armed attacks in multiple ongoing wars throughout Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic state with over 80 different ethnic groups. Christianity is the most widely professed faith in the country, with the largest denomination being the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, followed by Islam and a small percentage of traditional faiths. The country is a founding member of the UN, the headquarters of the African Union Commission, and many other global non-governmental organizations focused on Africa, also becoming a full member of BRICS in 2024. Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries but is sometimes considered an emerging power, having the fastest economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries because of foreign direct investment in expansion of agricultural and manufacturing industries; agriculture is the country's largest economic sector, accounting for over 37% of the gross domestic product as of 2022. Though the Ethiopian economy has experienced consistent growth, in terms of per capita income and the Human Development Index the country remains among the poorest in Africa. Ethiopia faces numerous challenges, including high rates of poverty, human rights violations, widespread ethnic discrimination, and a literacy rate of 52%.

Infobox

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in other official languages Afar:Itiyoppiya Federalih Demokrasih UmmunoAmharic:የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ[a]Oromo:Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa ItoophiyaaSomali:Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka ItoobiyaTigrinya:ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ[b]
Itiyoppiya Federalih Demokrasih Ummuno
Afar:
Itiyoppiya Federalih Demokrasih Ummuno
Amharic:
የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ[a]
Oromo:
Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itoophiyaa
Somali:
Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya
Tigrinya:
ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ[b]
Capitaland largest city
Addis Ababa 9°1′N 38°45′E / 9.017°N 38.750°E / 9.017; 38.750
Official languages
mw- List [c] Oromo Amharic Somali Tigrinya Afar
Working languages
Amharic
Regional languages
see below
Ethnic groups (2007)
mw- 34.5% Oromo 26.9% Amhara 6.2% Somali 6.1% Tigrayan 4.0% Sidama 2.5% Gurage 2.3% Welayta 1.7% Hadiya 1.7% Afar 1.5% Gamo 12.6% others
Demonym
Ethiopian
Government
Federal parliamentary republic
• President
Taye Atske Selassie
• Prime Minister
Abiy Ahmed
• Deputy Prime Ministers
Temesgen TirunehAdem Farah
• Chief Justice of the Federal Supreme Court
Tewodros Mihret
Legislature
Federal Parliamentary Assembly
• Upper house
House of Federation
• Lower house
House of Peoples' Representatives
• Dʿmt
980 BC
• Kingdom of Aksum
400 BC
• Ethiopian Empire
1270
• Zemene Mesafint
7 May 1769
• Reunification
11 February 1855
• Centralisation
1904
• Occupied and annexed into Italian East Africa
9 May 1936
• Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement
31 January 1942
• Derg
12 September 1974
• People's Democratic Republic
22 February 1987
• Transitional government
28 May 1991
• Current constitution
21 August 1995
• Total
$109.490 billion (69th)
• Water (%)
0.7
• 2024 estimate
109,499,000 (10th)
• Density
92.7/km2 (240.1/sq mi) (123rd)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$994 (170th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2015)
35.0 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.497low (180th)
Currency
Birr (ETB)
Time zone
UTC 3 (EAT)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
Calling code
251
ISO 3166 code
ET
Internet TLD
et
Religion
See Religion in Ethiopia

Tables

· Government and politics › Politics
Taye Atske SelassiePresident(representative head of state)
Taye Atske SelassiePresident(representative head of state)
Col 1
Taye Atske SelassiePresident(representative head of state)
Col 2
Abiy AhmedPrime Minister(head of government)
Taye Atske SelassiePresident(representative head of state)
Abiy AhmedPrime Minister(head of government)

References

  1. Romanized: Ye'Ītyop'iya Fēdēralawī Dēmokrasīyawī Rīpeblīk
  2. Romanized: Nayəʾitəyop̣əya Federalawi Demokərasiyawi Ripsäbəlikə
  3. Through Article 5 of the Constitution of Ethiopia, which recognizes all Ethiopian languages equally, with Afan Oromo, Am
  4. Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ, romanized: Ītyōṗṗyā .mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- pronounced [i.tjo.p'ja]Orom
  5. The inscriptions in Ancient Greek read ΑΞΩΜΙΤΩ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ ("King of Axum") and ΕΝΔΥΒΙϹ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ ("King Endybis"); Greek wa
  6. mw- .mw- Ethiopian federal government and regional allies Eritrean Defence Forces Ethiopian federal government and Eritr
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  323. data.uis.unesco.org
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  324. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences
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  325. www.ethioembassy.org.uk
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  326. ich.unesco.org
    https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ethiopian-epiphany-01491
  327. Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha are traditional trans-national holidays celebrated across the Islam world. Meskel being celebra
    https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-3521
  328. "Legal Pluralism Vs. Human Rights Issues: Sharia Courts and Human Rights Concerns in the Light of the Federal /constitution of Ethiopia"
    https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3160168/file/5874552.pdf
  329. Ramadan is a moveable holiday [1] [2] Good Friday and Easter are included [3] [4] of which all of whom are celebrated ac
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ramadana-moveable-fast-66315554/
  330. U.S Embassy in Ethiopia
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  331. eVISA
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  332. Irrecha celebrated by the Oromo ethnic group is a huge holiday attracting large portions of the population and is given
    https://addisstandard.com/irreecha-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt/#:~:text=Irrecha%20and%20its%20rituals%20are%20performed%20based%20on%20natural%20cycle
  333. The 20th century has resulted in Ethiopia connecting towards the world with students of art learning the styles of weste
  334. Ethiopia has produced many reputable contemporary painters and muralists, most notable among whom is Laureate Afewerk Te
  335. Reality Sandwich
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  336. Lalibela was mainly built as a 'new Jerusalem' for Ethiopian pilgrims set to go to Jerusalem nonetheless barred from by
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-rock-churches-of-lalibela/articleshow/34769471.cms
  337. RTF | Rethinking The Future
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  338. kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au
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  339. "Gondarine Art and Architecture (HaAh 523) – Course Syllabus"
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  340. Ezega
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  341. Cambridge University
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  342. Gazette du livre médiéval
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  346. The Ethiopian Herald
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  348. wendybelcher.com
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  349. Poetry Translation Centre
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  350. Culture and Customs of Somalia
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  351. Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation
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  352. www.styaredcuisine.com
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  356. BBC News
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  359. Inter Press Service News Agency
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  360. There are only a few newspapers with high circulation, these include the Reporter, Addis Fortune, the Capital and the st
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349401
  361. Newsweek
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  362. Internet Live Stats
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  363. BBC News
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  364. Al Jazeera
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  365. Newsweek
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  366. Addis Standard
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  367. www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org
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  368. ethiopianfilminitiative.org
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  369. Tadias Magazine
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  370. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597829
  371. CNN
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  372. "Culture of the people of Tigrai"
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  373. "Ethiopian Olympic Committee"
    http://www.olympic.org/ethiopia
  374. The Guardian
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  375. International Olympic Committee
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  376. "History makers: Ethiopia's role in the creation of CAF, AFCON"
    https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/history-makers-ethiopias-role-in-the-creation-of-caf-afcon
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