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Ethanol

Updated: 12/11/2025, 4:11:55 PM Wikipedia source

Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2OH. It is an alcohol, with its formula also written as C2H5OH, C2H6O or EtOH, where Et is the pseudoelement symbol for ethyl. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a pungent taste. As a psychoactive depressant, it is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages, and the second most consumed drug globally behind caffeine. Ethanol is naturally produced by the fermentation process of sugars by yeasts or via petrochemical processes such as ethylene hydration. Historically it was used as a general anesthetic, and has modern medical applications as an antiseptic, disinfectant, solvent for some medications, and antidote for methanol poisoning and ethylene glycol poisoning. It is used as a chemical solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds, and as a fuel source for lamps, stoves, and internal combustion engines. Ethanol also can be dehydrated to make ethylene, an important chemical feedstock. As of 2023, world production of ethanol fuel was 112.0 gigalitres (2.96×1010 US gallons), coming mostly from the U.S. (51%) and Brazil (26%). The term "ethanol", originates from the ethyl group coined in 1834 and was officially adopted in 1892, while "alcohol"—now referring broadly to similar compounds—originally described a powdered cosmetic and only later came to mean ethanol specifically. Ethanol occurs naturally as a byproduct of yeast metabolism in environments like overripe fruit and palm blossoms, during plant germination under anaerobic conditions, in interstellar space, in human breath, and in rare cases, is produced internally due to auto-brewery syndrome. Ethanol has been used since ancient times as an intoxicant. Production through fermentation and distillation evolved over centuries across various cultures. Chemical identification and synthetic production began by the 19th century.

Tables

Energy content (lower heating value) of some fuels compared with ethanol · Uses › Energy source
Dry wood (20% moisture)
Dry wood (20% moisture)
Fuel type
Dry wood (20% moisture)
MJ/kg
~19.5
Methanol
Methanol
Fuel type
Methanol
MJ/L
17.9
MJ/kg
19.9
Researchoctanenumber
108.7
Ethanol
Ethanol
Fuel type
Ethanol
MJ/L
21.2
MJ/kg
26.8
Researchoctanenumber
108.6
E85(85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)
E85(85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)
Fuel type
E85(85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)
MJ/L
25.2
MJ/kg
33.2
Researchoctanenumber
105
Liquefied natural gas
Liquefied natural gas
Fuel type
Liquefied natural gas
MJ/L
25.3
MJ/kg
~55
Autogas (LPG)(60% propane + 40% butane)
Autogas (LPG)(60% propane + 40% butane)
Fuel type
Autogas (LPG)(60% propane + 40% butane)
MJ/L
26.8
MJ/kg
50
Aviation gasoline(high-octane gasoline, not jet fuel)
Aviation gasoline(high-octane gasoline, not jet fuel)
Fuel type
Aviation gasoline(high-octane gasoline, not jet fuel)
MJ/L
33.5
MJ/kg
46.8
Researchoctanenumber
100/130 (lean/rich)
Gasohol(90% gasoline + 10% ethanol)
Gasohol(90% gasoline + 10% ethanol)
Fuel type
Gasohol(90% gasoline + 10% ethanol)
MJ/L
33.7
MJ/kg
47.1
Researchoctanenumber
93/94
Regular gasoline/petrol
Regular gasoline/petrol
Fuel type
Regular gasoline/petrol
MJ/L
34.8
MJ/kg
44.4
Researchoctanenumber
min. 91
Premium gasoline/petrol
Premium gasoline/petrol
Fuel type
Premium gasoline/petrol
Researchoctanenumber
max. 104
Diesel
Diesel
Fuel type
Diesel
MJ/L
38.6
MJ/kg
45.4
Researchoctanenumber
25
Charcoal, extruded
Charcoal, extruded
Fuel type
Charcoal, extruded
MJ/L
50
MJ/kg
23
Fuel type
MJ/L
MJ/kg
Researchoctanenumber
Dry wood (20% moisture)
~19.5
Methanol
17.9
19.9
108.7
Ethanol
21.2
26.8
108.6
E85(85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)
25.2
33.2
105
Liquefied natural gas
25.3
~55
Autogas (LPG)(60% propane + 40% butane)
26.8
50
Aviation gasoline(high-octane gasoline, not jet fuel)
33.5
46.8
100/130 (lean/rich)
Gasohol(90% gasoline + 10% ethanol)
33.7
47.1
93/94
Regular gasoline/petrol
34.8
44.4
min. 91
Premium gasoline/petrol
max. 104
Diesel
38.6
45.4
25
Charcoal, extruded
50
23
Flash points of ethanol–water mixtures[96][94][97] · Chemistry › Flammability
°C
°C
Ethanol mole fraction, %
°C
Temperature
°F
1
1
Ethanol mole fraction, %
1
Temperature
84.5
Temperature
184.1
2
2
Ethanol mole fraction, %
2
Temperature
64
Temperature
147
2.35
2.35
Ethanol mole fraction, %
2.35
Temperature
60
Temperature
140
3
3
Ethanol mole fraction, %
3
Temperature
51.5
Temperature
124.7
5
5
Ethanol mole fraction, %
5
Temperature
43
Temperature
109
6
6
Ethanol mole fraction, %
6
Temperature
39.5
Temperature
103.1
10
10
Ethanol mole fraction, %
10
Temperature
31
Temperature
88
20
20
Ethanol mole fraction, %
20
Temperature
25
Temperature
77
30
30
Ethanol mole fraction, %
30
Temperature
24
Temperature
75
50
50
Ethanol mole fraction, %
50
Temperature
20
Temperature
68
70
70
Ethanol mole fraction, %
70
Temperature
16
Temperature
61
80
80
Ethanol mole fraction, %
80
Temperature
15.8
Temperature
60.4
90
90
Ethanol mole fraction, %
90
Temperature
14
Temperature
57
100
100
Ethanol mole fraction, %
100
Temperature
12.5
Temperature
54.5
Ethanol mole fraction, %
Temperature
°C
°F
1
84.5
184.1
2
64
147
2.35
60
140
3
51.5
124.7
5
43
109
6
39.5
103.1
10
31
88
20
25
77
30
24
75
50
20
68
70
16
61
80
15.8
60.4
90
14
57
100
12.5
54.5

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