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Esperanto

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Esperanto

Esperanto () is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887 to be 'the International Language' (la Lingvo Internacia), it is intended to be a universal second language for international communication. He described the language in Dr. Esperanto's International Language (Unua Libro), which he published under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto. Early adopters of the language liked the name Esperanto and soon used it to describe his language. The word translates into English as 'one who hopes'. Within the range of constructed languages, Esperanto occupies a middle ground between "naturalistic" (imitating existing natural languages) and a priori (where features are not based on existing languages). Esperanto's vocabulary, syntax and semantics derive predominantly from languages of the Indo-European group. A substantial majority of its vocabulary (approximately 80%) derives from Romance languages, but it also contains elements derived from Germanic, Greek, and Slavic languages. One of the language's most notable features is its extensive system of derivation, where prefixes and suffixes may be freely combined with roots to generate words, making it possible to communicate effectively with a smaller set of words. Esperanto is the most successful constructed international auxiliary language, and the only such language with a sizeable population of native speakers (denaskuloj), of which there are an estimated 2,000. Usage estimates are difficult, but two estimates put the number of people who know how to speak Esperanto at around 100,000. Concentration of speakers is highest in Europe, East Asia, and South America. Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, Esperantujo ('Esperanto land') is used as a name for the collection of places where it is spoken. The language has also gained a noticeable presence on the Internet. It is becoming increasingly accessible on platforms such as Wikipedia, Amikumu, Google Translate and Duolingo. Esperanto speakers are often called Esperantists (Esperantistoj). A number of reforms, known as Esperantidos, have been proposed over the years.

Infobox

Pronunciation
[espeˈranto] ⓘ
Created by
L. L. Zamenhof
Date
1887
Setting and usage
International: most parts of the world
Users
Native: c. 1,000 (2022)L2: estimated 30,000 to 2 million Sidney Culbert: Around 2 million Amri Wandel: Above 2 million Svend Vendelbo: 30,000–180,000
Purpose
Constructed language International auxiliary languageA posteriori languageEsperanto
Early form
Proto-Esperanto
Writing system
Latin script (Esperanto alphabet)Esperanto Braille
Signed forms
Signuno
Sources
Primarily Romance and Germanic languages, with some influence of Slavic, Latin and Greek
Regulated by
Akademio de Esperanto
ISO 639-1
eo
ISO 639-2
epo
ISO 639-3
epo
Linguist List
epo
Glottolog
espe1235
Linguasphere
51-AAB-da

Tables

The 23 consonants · Linguistic properties › Phonology › Consonants
Nasal
Nasal
Col 1
Nasal
Labial
m
Labial
n
Stop
Stop
Col 1
Stop
Labial
p
Labial
b
Alveolar
t
Alveolar
d
Palatal
k
Velar
ɡ
Affricate
Affricate
Col 1
Affricate
Labial
t͡s
Alveolar
(d͡z)
Alveolar
t͡ʃ
Palatal
d͡ʒ
Fricative
Fricative
Col 1
Fricative
Labial
f
Labial
v
Alveolar
s
Alveolar
z
Palatal
ʃ
Palatal
ʒ
Velar
x
Velar
h
Approximant
Approximant
Col 1
Approximant
Labial
l
Alveolar
j
Trill
Trill
Col 1
Trill
Labial
r
Labial
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
Stop
p
b
t
d
k
ɡ
Affricate
t͡s
(d͡z)
t͡ʃ
d͡ʒ
Fricative
f
v
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
x
h
Approximant
l
j
Trill
r
Monophthongs
Close
Close
Col 1
Close
Front
i
Back
u
Mid
Mid
Col 1
Mid
Front
e
Back
o
Open
Open
Col 1
Open
Front
a
Front
Back
Close
i
u
Mid
e
o
Open
a
Diphthongs
Close
Close
Col 1
Close
Back
ui̯
Mid
Mid
Col 1
Mid
Front
ei̯, eu̯
Back
oi̯
Open
Open
Col 1
Open
Front
ai̯, au̯
Front
Back
Close
ui̯
Mid
ei̯, eu̯
oi̯
Open
ai̯, au̯
Esperanto alphabet · Linguistic properties › Orthography › Alphabet
Upper case
Upper case
Number
Upper case
1
A
2
B
3
C
4
Ĉ
5
D
6
E
7
F
8
G
9
Ĝ
10
H
11
Ĥ
12
I
13
J
14
Ĵ
15
K
16
L
17
M
18
N
19
O
20
P
21
R
22
S
23
Ŝ
24
T
25
U
26
Ŭ
27
V
28
Z
Lower case
Lower case
Number
Lower case
1
a
2
b
3
c
4
ĉ
5
d
6
e
7
f
8
g
9
ĝ
10
h
11
ĥ
12
i
13
j
14
ĵ
15
k
16
l
17
m
18
n
19
o
20
p
21
r
22
s
23
ŝ
24
t
25
u
26
ŭ
27
v
28
z
IPA phoneme
IPA phoneme
Number
IPA phoneme
1
a
2
b
3
t͡s
4
t͡ʃ
5
d
6
e
7
f
8
ɡ
9
d͡ʒ
10
h
11
x
12
i
13
j, i̯
14
ʒ
15
k
16
l
17
m
18
n
19
o
20
p
21
r
22
s
23
ʃ
24
t
25
u
26
27
v
28
z
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Upper case
A
B
C
Ĉ
D
E
F
G
Ĝ
H
Ĥ
I
J
Ĵ
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
Ŝ
T
U
Ŭ
V
Z
Lower case
a
b
c
ĉ
d
e
f
g
ĝ
h
ĥ
i
j
ĵ
k
l
m
n
o
p
r
s
ŝ
t
u
ŭ
v
z
IPA phoneme
a
b
t͡s
t͡ʃ
d
e
f
ɡ
d͡ʒ
h
x
i
j, i̯
ʒ
k
l
m
n
o
p
r
s
ʃ
t
u
v
z
Singular
Singular
Noun
Singular
Subject
-o
Object
-on
Plural
Plural
Noun
Plural
Subject
-oj
Object
-ojn
Noun
Subject
Object
Singular
-o
-on
Plural
-oj
-ojn
Singular
Singular
Adjective
Singular
Subject
-a
Object
-an
Plural
Plural
Adjective
Plural
Subject
-aj
Object
-ajn
Adjective
Subject
Object
Singular
-a
-an
Plural
-aj
-ajn
Present
Present
Verbal tense
Present
Suffix
-as (kantas)
Past
Past
Verbal tense
Past
Suffix
-is (kantis)
Future
Future
Verbal tense
Future
Suffix
-os (kantos)
Verbal tense
Suffix
Present
-as (kantas)
Past
-is (kantis)
Future
-os (kantos)
Infinitive
Infinitive
Verbal mood
Infinitive
Suffix
-i (kanti)
Jussive
Jussive
Verbal mood
Jussive
Suffix
-u (kantu)
Conditional
Conditional
Verbal mood
Conditional
Suffix
-us (kantus)
Verbal mood
Suffix
Infinitive
-i (kanti)
Jussive
-u (kantu)
Conditional
-us (kantus)
· Linguistic properties › Simple phrases
Hello
Hello
English
Hello
Esperanto
Salutonⓘ
IPA
[sa.ˈlu.ton]
Yes
Yes
English
Yes
Esperanto
Jesⓘ
IPA
[ˈjes]
No
No
English
No
Esperanto
Neⓘ
IPA
[ˈne]
Good morning
Good morning
English
Good morning
Esperanto
Bonan matenonⓘ
IPA
[ˈbo.nan ma.ˈte.non]
Good day
Good day
English
Good day
Esperanto
Bonan tagon
IPA
[ˈbo.nan ˈta.gon]
Good evening
Good evening
English
Good evening
Esperanto
Bonan vesperonⓘ
IPA
[ˈbo.nan ves.ˈpe.ron]
Good night
Good night
English
Good night
Esperanto
Bonan noktonⓘ
IPA
[ˈbo.nan ˈnok.ton]
Goodbye
Goodbye
English
Goodbye
Esperanto
Ĝis (la revido)ⓘ
IPA
[ˈd͡ʒis (la re.ˈvi.do)]
What is your name?
What is your name?
English
What is your name?
Esperanto
Kio estas via nomo?ⓘ /Kiel vi nomiĝas?
IPA
[ˈki.o ˌes.tas ˌvi.a ˈno.mo] /[ˈki.el ˌvi no.ˈmi.d͡ʒas]
My name is Marco.
My name is Marco.
English
My name is Marco.
Esperanto
Mia nomo estas Markoⓘ /Mi nomiĝas Marko
IPA
[ˌmi.a ˈno.mo ˌes.tas ˈmar.ko] /[mi no.ˌmi.d͡ʒas ˈmar.ko]
How are you?
How are you?
English
How are you?
Esperanto
Kiel vi fartas?ⓘ
IPA
[ˈki.el vi ˈfar.tas]
I am well.
I am well.
English
I am well.
Esperanto
Mi fartas boneⓘ
IPA
[mi ˈfar.tas ˈbo.ne]
Do you speak Esperanto?
Do you speak Esperanto?
English
Do you speak Esperanto?
Esperanto
Ĉu vi parolas Esperanton?ⓘ
IPA
[ˈt͡ʃu vi pa.ˈro.las ˌes.pe.ˈran.ton]
I don't understand you
I don't understand you
English
I don't understand you
Esperanto
Mi ne komprenas vinⓘ
IPA
[mi ˌne kom.ˈpre.nas vin]
All right
All right
English
All right
Esperanto
Boneⓘ / En ordo
IPA
[ˈbo.ne] / [en ˈor.do]
Okay
Okay
English
Okay
Thank you
Thank you
English
Thank you
Esperanto
Dankonⓘ
IPA
[ˈdan.kon]
You're welcome
You're welcome
English
You're welcome
Esperanto
Ne dankindeⓘ / Nedankinde
IPA
[ˌne.dan.ˈkin.de]
Please
Please
English
Please
Esperanto
Bonvoluⓘ / Mi petas
IPA
[bon.ˈvo.lu] / [mi ˈpe.tas]
Forgive me/Excuse me
Forgive me/Excuse me
English
Forgive me/Excuse me
Esperanto
Pardonu minⓘ
IPA
[par.ˈdo.nu min]
Bless you!
Bless you!
English
Bless you!
Esperanto
Sanon!ⓘ
IPA
[ˈsa.non]
Congratulations!
Congratulations!
English
Congratulations!
Esperanto
Gratulon!ⓘ
IPA
[ɡra.ˈtu.lon]
I love you
I love you
English
I love you
Esperanto
Mi amas vinⓘ
IPA
[mi ˈa.mas vin]
One beer, please
One beer, please
English
One beer, please
Esperanto
Unu bieron, mi petasⓘ
IPA
[ˈu.nu bi.ˈe.ron, mi ˈpe.tas]
Where is the toilet?
Where is the toilet?
English
Where is the toilet?
Esperanto
Kie estas la necesejo?ⓘ
IPA
[ˈki.e ˌes.tas la ˌne.t͡se.ˈse.jo]
What is that?
What is that?
English
What is that?
Esperanto
Kio estas tio?ⓘ
IPA
[ˈki.o ˌes.tas ˈti.o]
That is a dog
That is a dog
English
That is a dog
Esperanto
Tio estas hundoⓘ
IPA
[ˈti.o ˌes.tas ˈhun.do]
We will love!
We will love!
English
We will love!
Esperanto
Ni amos!ⓘ
IPA
[ni ˈa.mos]
Peace!
Peace!
English
Peace!
Esperanto
Pacon!ⓘ
IPA
[ˈpa.t͡son]
I am a beginner in Esperanto.
I am a beginner in Esperanto.
English
I am a beginner in Esperanto.
Esperanto
Mi estas komencanto de Esperantoⓘ
IPA
[mi ˌes.tas ˌko.men.ˈt͡san.to de ˌes.pe.ˈran.to]
English
Esperanto
IPA
Hello
Salutonⓘ
[sa.ˈlu.ton]
Yes
Jesⓘ
[ˈjes]
No
Neⓘ
[ˈne]
Good morning
Bonan matenonⓘ
[ˈbo.nan ma.ˈte.non]
Good day
Bonan tagon
[ˈbo.nan ˈta.gon]
Good evening
Bonan vesperonⓘ
[ˈbo.nan ves.ˈpe.ron]
Good night
Bonan noktonⓘ
[ˈbo.nan ˈnok.ton]
Goodbye
Ĝis (la revido)ⓘ
[ˈd͡ʒis (la re.ˈvi.do)]
What is your name?
Kio estas via nomo?ⓘ /Kiel vi nomiĝas?
tas ˌvi.a ˈno.mo] /[ˈki.el ˌvi no.ˈmi.d͡ʒas]
My name is Marco.
Mia nomo estas Markoⓘ /Mi nomiĝas Marko
tas ˈmar.ko] /[mi no.ˌmi.d͡ʒas ˈmar.ko]
How are you?
Kiel vi fartas?ⓘ
[ˈki.el vi ˈfar.tas]
I am well.
Mi fartas boneⓘ
[mi ˈfar.tas ˈbo.ne]
Do you speak Esperanto?
Ĉu vi parolas Esperanton?ⓘ
[ˈt͡ʃu vi pa.ˈro.las ˌes.pe.ˈran.ton]
I don't understand you
Mi ne komprenas vinⓘ
[mi ˌne kom.ˈpre.nas vin]
All right
Boneⓘ / En ordo
[ˈbo.ne] / [en ˈor.do]
Okay
Thank you
Dankonⓘ
[ˈdan.kon]
You're welcome
Ne dankindeⓘ / Nedankinde
[ˌne.dan.ˈkin.de]
Please
Bonvoluⓘ / Mi petas
[bon.ˈvo.lu] / [mi ˈpe.tas]
Forgive me/Excuse me
Pardonu minⓘ
[par.ˈdo.nu min]
Bless you!
Sanon!ⓘ
[ˈsa.non]
Congratulations!
Gratulon!ⓘ
[ɡra.ˈtu.lon]
I love you
Mi amas vinⓘ
[mi ˈa.mas vin]
One beer, please
Unu bieron, mi petasⓘ
[ˈu.nu bi.ˈe.ron, mi ˈpe.tas]
Where is the toilet?
Kie estas la necesejo?ⓘ
tas la ˌne.t͡se.ˈse.jo]
What is that?
Kio estas tio?ⓘ
tas ˈti.o]
That is a dog
Tio estas hundoⓘ
tas ˈhun.do]
We will love!
Ni amos!ⓘ
[ni ˈa.mos]
Peace!
Pacon!ⓘ
son]
I am a beginner in Esperanto.
Mi estas komencanto de Esperantoⓘ
[mi ˌes.tas ˌko.men.ˈt͡san.to de ˌes.pe.ˈran.to]

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