Topzle Topzle

Ernest Shackleton

Updated: Wikipedia source

Ernest Shackleton

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten. Shackleton's first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition of 1901‍–‍1904, from which he was sent home early on health grounds, after he and his companions Scott and Edward Adrian Wilson set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82° S. During the Nimrod Expedition of 1907‍–‍1909, he and three companions established a new record Farthest South latitude of 88°23′ S, only 97 geographical miles (112 statute miles or 180 kilometres) from the South Pole, the largest advance to the pole in exploration history. Also, members of his team climbed Mount Erebus, the most active Antarctic volcano. On returning home, Shackleton was knighted for his achievements by King Edward VII. After the race to the South Pole ended in December 1911, with Roald Amundsen's conquest, Shackleton turned his attention to the crossing of Antarctica from sea to sea, via the pole. To this end, he made preparations for what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914‍–‍1917. The expedition was struck by disaster when its ship, Endurance, became trapped in pack ice and finally sank in the Weddell Sea off Antarctica on 21 November 1915. The crew escaped by camping on the sea ice until it disintegrated, then by launching the lifeboats to reach Elephant Island and ultimately the South Atlantic island of South Georgia, enduring a stormy ocean voyage of 720 nautical miles (1,330 km; 830 mi) in Shackleton's most famous exploit. He returned to the Antarctic with the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition in 1921 but died of a heart attack while his ship was moored in South Georgia. At his wife's request, he remained on the island and was buried in Grytviken cemetery. The wreck of Endurance was discovered just over a century after Shackleton's death. Away from his expeditions, Shackleton's life was generally restless and unfulfilled. In his search for rapid pathways to wealth and security, he launched business ventures which failed to prosper, and he died heavily in debt. Upon his death, he was lauded in the press but was thereafter largely forgotten, while the heroic reputation of his rival Scott was sustained for many decades. Later in the 20th century, Shackleton was "rediscovered", and he became a role model for leadership in extreme circumstances. In his 1956 address to the British Science Association, one of Shackleton's contemporaries, Sir Raymond Priestley, said: "Scott for scientific method, Amundsen for speed and efficiency[,] but[,] when disaster strikes and all hope is gone, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton", paraphrasing what Apsley Cherry-Garrard had written in a preface to his 1922 memoir The Worst Journey in the World. In 2002, Shackleton was voted eleventh in a BBC poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.

Infobox

Preceded by
Frederick Marshman Bailey
Succeeded by
William Lachlan Forbes
Born
Ernest Henry Shackleton(1874-02-15)15 February 1874Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland
Died
5 January 1922(1922-01-05) (aged 47)Grytviken, South Georgia, Falkland Islands Dependencies
Spouse
mw- Emily Dorman (m. 1904)
Children
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li RaymondCecilyEdward
Relatives
Kathleen Shackleton (sister)
Education
Dulwich College
Awards
mw- Knight Bachelor (1909)Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (1909;Member 4th Class: 1907)Officer of the Order of the British Empire (1918)Polar Medal with three clasps
Allegiance
United Kingdom
Branch
Royal Navy British Army
Service years
1901–1904, 1917–1919
Rank
Sub-lieutenant (RNR) Major
Wars
mw- li World War I Russian Civil War

Tables

Coat of arms of Ernest Shackleton · Arms
Crest A poplar tree Proper charged with a buckle as in the arms. Escutcheon Or, on a fess Gules, three lozengy buckles, tongues paleways Gold; on a canton of the Second, a cross humettée of the Third. Motto Fortitudine Vincimus Orders Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) and Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)

References

  1. Modern calculations, based on Shackleton's photograph and Wilson's drawing, place the furthest point reached at 82°11′ S
  2. Shackleton stood as political candidate in Dundee but finished fourth of five candidates, with 3,865 votes to the victor
  3. Beardmore's help took the form of guaranteeing a loan at Clydesdale Bank, for £7,000 (equivalent to £951,049 in 2023), n
  4. The distance from the Pole is commonly given as 97 or 98 miles, this being the distance in nautical miles. (Shackleton,
  5. This expedition took place under Mawson, without Shackleton's participation, as the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of
  6. Filchner was able to bring back geographical information that would be of much use to Shackleton, including the discover
  7. Churchill sent Shackleton a one-word telegram on 3 August – Proceed. (Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 324)
  8. Endurance was located on 5 March 2022 by the Endurance22 expedition of researchers and technicians, 4 miles (6.4 km) fro
  9. For an account of McNish's "mutiny", see Huntford 1985, pp. 475–476. Despite McNish's heroics during the James Caird voy
  10. BBC History
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/shackleton_ernest.shtml
  11. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60662541
  12. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/climate/endurance-wreck-found-shackleton.html
  13. Jones 2003, p. 289.
  14. Barczewski 2007, p. 295.
  15. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 1.
  16. Kent Archaeological Society
    https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/monumental-inscriptions/sydenham
  17. Huntford 1985, p. 5.
  18. ErnestShackleton.net
    https://www.ernestshackleton.net/#hisearlylife
  19. Photo Album of the Irish (supported by the Arts Council)
    https://www.photoalbumoftheirish.com/shackleton-county-kildare/
  20. Huntford 1985, p. 4.
  21. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 518.
  22. Huntford 1985, pp. 227–228.
  23. Huntford 1985, pp. 6–9.
  24. Johnson 2003, p. 9.
  25. James Caird Society
    http://www.jamescairdsociety.com/shackleton/irish-connection/
  26. Kimmel 1999, pp. 4–5.
  27. Mill 1923, pp. 24, 72–80, 104–115, 150.
  28. Huntford 1985, p. 11.
  29. Huntford 1985, pp. 13–18.
  30. Johnson 2003, p. 19.
  31. Huntford 1985, pp. 20–23.
  32. Huntford 1985, pp. 25–30.
  33. Huntford 1985, p. 42.
  34. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27322/page/3926
  35. Barczewski 2007, p. 25.
  36. Savours 2001, p. 9.
  37. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 19–20.
  38. Fiennes 2003, p. 35.
  39. Crane 2005, pp. 171–172.
  40. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 23.
  41. Barczewski 2007, pp. 30–31.
  42. Wilson 1975, p. 111.
  43. Wilson 1975, pp. 115–118.
  44. Fiennes 2003, p. 78.
  45. Turley 1914, pp. 79–80.
  46. Huntford 1985, p. 76.
  47. Fiennes 2003, p. 83.
  48. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 58.
  49. Fiennes 2003, p. 104.
  50. Crane 2005, pp. 214–215.
  51. Crane 2005, p. 205.
  52. Fiennes 2003, pp. 101–102.
  53. Huntford 1985, pp. 143–144.
  54. Wilson 1975, p. 238.
  55. Turley 1914, p. 143.
  56. Preston 1997, p. 68.
  57. Turley 1914, p. 145.
  58. Huntford 1985, pp. 114–118.
  59. Crane 2005, p. 310.
  60. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 78–80.
  61. Huntford 1985, pp. 119–120.
  62. Huntford 1985, p. 123.
  63. Huntford 1985, pp. 124–128.
  64. Johnson 2003, p. 41.
  65. Johnson 2003, p. 42.
  66. Johnson 2003, p. 43.
  67. Johnson 2003, p. 57.
  68. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-shackleton-1450860.html
  69. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 97–98.
  70. Morrell & Capparell 2001, p. 32.
  71. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 99.
  72. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 100.
  73. Riffenburgh 2004, p. 106.
  74. MeasuringWorth
    https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/
  75. Riffenburgh 2004, p. 108.
  76. Riffenburgh 2004, p. 130.
  77. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28049/page/5447
  78. Mill 1923, p. 111.
  79. Mill 1923, p. 114.
  80. Riffenburgh 2004, pp. 110–116.
  81. Riffenburgh 2004, pp. 143–144.
  82. Riffenburgh 2004, pp. 151–153.
  83. Riffenburgh 2004, pp. 157–167.
  84. Johnson 2003, p. 46.
  85. Riffenburgh 2004, pp. 185–186.
  86. Mills 1999, p. 72.
  87. Shackleton, The Heart of the Antarctic, p. 347–348.
  88. Mills 1999, pp. 82–86.
  89. Mills 1999, p. 90.
  90. Mills 1999, p. 108.
  91. Johnson 2003, p. 53.
  92. Riffenburgh 2004, p. 244.
  93. Huntford 1985, p. 300.
  94. Australian Screen Online
    http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/my-south-polar-expedition/
  95. USA Today
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100209214519/https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2010-02-05-Shackleton-whisky-antarctic_N.htm
  96. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 263.
  97. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28271/page/5461
  98. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 272.
  99. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28321/page/9763
  100. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 251.
  101. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28311/page/8665
  102. Huntford 1985, pp. 298–299.
  103. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 242–243.
  104. Huntford 1985, p. 314–315.
  105. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 284–285.
  106. Huntford 1985, pp. 351–352.
  107. Huntford 1985, p. 312.
  108. Huntford 1985, pp. 323–326.
  109. Riffenburgh 2004, p. 298.
  110. Turley 1914, p. 211.
  111. Royal Museums Greenwich
    https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/maritime-history/race-south-pole-scott-amundsen
  112. Huntford 1985, p. 367.
  113. Shackleton, South, preface, p. vii.
  114. Barczewski 2007, p. 87.
  115. National Library of Scotland
    https://digital.nls.uk/shackleton-prospectus/
  116. Koehn 2017, p. 30.
  117. SmithsonianMag.com
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/shackleton-probably-never-took-out-an-ad-seeking-men-for-a-hazardous-journey-5552379/
  118. Lansing 1999, pp. 10–13.
  119. Shackleton, South, preface, pp. xii–xv.
  120. National Library of Scotland
    https://www.nls.uk/learning-zone/geography-and-exploration/shackleton-and-wordie/funding/
  121. Alexander 1998, p. 10.
  122. Huntford 1985, pp. 375–377.
  123. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 308.
  124. Huntford 1985, p. 386.
  125. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 312.
  126. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 311–315.
  127. Koehn 2017, p. 38.
  128. Alexander 1998, p. 16.
  129. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 324–325.
  130. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/may/29/books.guardianreview
  131. Johnson 2003, p. 60.
  132. Scott Polar Research Institute
    https://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/archives/shackleton/expeditions/aurora.html
  133. Alexander 1998, p. 13.
  134. Lansing 1999, p. 18.
  135. Lansing 1999, p. 15.
  136. Alexander 1998, p. 53.
  137. Lansing 1999, p. 38.
  138. Lansing 1999, p. 35.
  139. Lansing 1999, p. 24.
  140. Lansing 1999, p. 22.
  141. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/09/arts/photography-review-art-and-courage-forged-in-a-cauldron-of-adversity.html
  142. Worsley 1931, p. 5.
  143. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-60525094
  144. Favourite Cat Stories: New Tales of Feline Frolics for Devoted Cat Lovers
  145. Lansing 1999, p. 58.
  146. Shackleton, South, pp. 1–3.
  147. Shackleton, South, pp. 29–30.
  148. Shackleton, South, p. 36.
  149. Shackleton, South, pp. 63–66.
  150. Shackleton, South, pp. 75–76.
  151. Shackleton, South, p. 98.
  152. USA Today
    https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/03/09/ernest-shackleton-endurance-ship-found-antarctica-100-years-after-wreck/9437513002/
  153. Endurance22.org
    https://endurance22.org/endurance-is-found
  154. Shackleton, South, p. 100.
  155. Shackleton, South, p. 106.
  156. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 366.
  157. Shackleton, South, pp. 121–122.
  158. Shackleton, South (film).
  159. Shackleton, South, p. 143.
  160. Perkins 2000, p. 36.
  161. Worsley 1931, pp. 95–99.
  162. Barczewski 2007, p. 105.
  163. Huntford 1985, pp. 475, 656.
  164. Alexander 1998, p. 137.
  165. Worsley 1931, p. 162.
  166. Huntford 1985, p. 574.
  167. Worsley 1931, pp. 211–212.
  168. Alexander 1998, pp. 202–203.
  169. Alexander 1998, pp. 166–169, 182–185.
  170. Mill 1923, pp. 237, 239.
  171. Huntford 1985, pp. 634–641.
  172. Huntford 1985, p. 649.
  173. Alexander 1998, p. 192.
  174. Huntford 1985, p. 653.
  175. Huntford 1985, pp. 658–659.
  176. Huntford 1985, pp. 661–663.
  177. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30920/supplement/11408
  178. Journal of the Orders & Medals Research Society
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030516/https://omrs.org/journal3EZ83U4D4F13hu5L/2017/Sescv0h!/OMRSbTs845WMjk53Z52q1zT6nr3rjournalvol56no3316.pdf
  179. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31376/supplement/6975
  180. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31938/supplement/6456
  181. Huntford 1985, pp. 671–672.
  182. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32261/supplement/2187
  183. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 439–440.
  184. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 441–446.
  185. Riffenburgh 2006, p. 892.
  186. Huntford 1985, p. 684.
  187. The Secret Life of Harry Grindell Matthews
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160122053357/http://harrygrindellmatthews.com/earlywireless.asp
  188. Huntford 1985, p. 687.
  189. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 476–478.
  190. Alexander 1998, p. 193.
  191. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/12/polar-explorer-ernest-shackleton-may-have-had-hole-in-heart-doctors-say
  192. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794964
  193. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 480.
  194. Mill 1923, pp. 278–279.
  195. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 481–483.
  196. The Barrier Miner
    https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45572568
  197. Wild 1923, p. 176.
  198. South Georgia Museum
    https://sgmuseum.gs/end-of-the-heroic-era/
  199. Huntford 1985, p. 692.
  200. The Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7936609/Sir-Ernest-Shackleton-and-Karl-Marx-died-in-poverty-probate-records-show.html
  201. womenofeastbourne.co.uk
    https://womenofeastbourne.co.uk/influential-women/lady-emily-shackleton/
  202. The Telegraph
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111128051949/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/8917630/Forgotten-hero-of-Antarctic-exploration-finally-laid-to-rest-beside-his-boss-Sir-Ernest-Shackleton.html
  203. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpvv2w2e69go
  204. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ernest-shackleton-quest-shipwreck-found-b2561413.html
  205. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1923/06/17/archives/shackleton-in-search-of-adventure-and-fame-the-life-of-sir-ernest.html
  206. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 485.
  207. Naval Historical Review
    https://navyhistory.au/leadership-sir-ernest-shackleton-1874-1922/3/
  208. New Horizons
    https://opc.org/new_horizons/NH02/06d.html
  209. Jones 2003, pp. 295–296.
  210. Fisher & Fisher 1957, pp. 486–487.
  211. Barczewski 2007, p. 209.
  212. Wheeler 2001, p. 187.
  213. The Worst Journey In The World, Antarctic 1910‍–‍1913, Volume One
    https://archive.org/details/worstjourneyinwo01cher
  214. Nature
    https://www.nature.com/articles/178463a0
  215. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1959/04/19/archives/the-hero-was-man-endurance-shackletons-incredible-voyage-by-alfred.html
  216. Barczewski 2007, p. 282.
  217. Fiennes 2003, p. 432.
  218. Barczewski 2007, p. 283.
  219. Barczewski 2007, p. 292.
  220. Koehn 2017, p. 75.
  221. Barczewski 2007, pp. 294–295.
  222. ShackletonMuseum.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180706184952/http://www.shackletonmuseum.com/autumn_school
  223. Smithsonian
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/reliving-shackletons-epic-endurance-expedition-102707360/
  224. Minor Planet Center
    https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=289586
  225. ABC Australia
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-09-30/shackletons-biscuit-sold-at-christies/3193616
  226. metro.co.uk
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110510012202/http://www.metro.co.uk/tech/855538-ernest-shackleton-honoured-with-google-doodle
  227. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/team-sets-out-to-replicate-shackletons-epic-journey-8436009.html
  228. News.com.au
    https://www.news.com.au/national/south-australia/elation-for-adelaide-adventurer-tim-jarvis-as-epic-antarctic-trek-ends/news-story/25c0306d2a7d041e6d8b9cd2db24032c
  229. The Daily Beast
    http://www.thedailybeast.com/polar-explorer-vs-reality-tv-crew-tim-jarvis-in-the-footsteps-of-shackleton
  230. ABC News Australia: The World Today
    https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/worldtoday/shackleton-adventurers-complete-epic-re-enactment/4512420
  231. The Advertiser
    http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/adventurer-tim-jarvis-survives-to-tell-of-his-recreation-of-sir-ernest-shackletons-antarctic-journey/news-story/c09ceb028fc95919c0797037ec154613
  232. PBS.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140712122601/http://www.pbs.org/program/chasing-shackleton/
  233. speciesfungorum.org
    http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Shackletonia
  234. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34482326
  235. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/dec/29/ernest-shackletons-polar-voyage-feature-royal-mail-stamps
  236. The Irish Times
    https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/statue-of-polar-explorer-ernest-shackleton-unveiled-in-athy-1.2773003
  237. shackletonexhibition.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170110233126/http://shackletonexhibition.com/1050-2/
  238. The Independent
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240218182237/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/ernest-shackleton-westminster-abbey-royal-james-cook-antarctic-b2497025.html
  239. "LEGO 10335 The Endurance set for a Black Friday 2024 release!"
    https://jaysbrickblog.com/news/lego-10335-the-endurance-ship-black-friday-2024/
  240. photo-web: FJH
    https://photo-web.com.au/frankhurley/timeline/default.htm
  241. Royal Collection Trust
    https://www.rct.uk/collection/2580066/self-portrait-with-cinematograph-next-to-the-endurance
  242. Shackleton
    https://eshackleton.com/2013/09/05/a-world-beater/
  243. BFI
    https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/shackleton-south-journey-back-sub-zero
  244. Shackleton
    https://shackleton.com/en-au/blogs/articles/shackleton-at-the-bfi
  245. Radio Times
    https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/44fc57b4870844a4a2c6dd3dd31c0858
  246. The Arts Shelf
    https://theartsshelf.com/2017/02/28/simply-media-to-release-shackleton-the-complete-mini-series-on-13-march-2017/
  247. IMDb
    https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0088551/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm
  248. American Museum of Natural History
    https://data.library.amnh.org/archives-authorities/id/amnhc_5000493
  249. emmys.com
    http://www.emmys.com/shows/shackleton
  250. Ernest Shackleton Loves Me
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170424145312/http://www.playbill.com/article/ernest-shackleton-loves-me-a-musical-from-joe-dipietro-and-groovelily-will-play-off-broadway
  251. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/03/nyregion/review-a-zany-version-of-the-romance-ernest-shackleton-loves-me-in-new-brunswick.html
  252. Mill 1923, p. 293.
  253. Arts Council England
    https://www.artscouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/download-file/EA%20statement%20medals.pdf
  254. Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 130.
  255. The Heraldry Society of New Zealand
    https://nzheraldry.wordpress.com/2015/07/13/sir-ernest-shackleton/
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.