Topzle Topzle

Eritrea

Updated: Wikipedia source

Eritrea

Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. Its capital and largest city is Asmara. The country is bordered by Ethiopia to the south, Sudan to the west, and Djibouti to the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The country has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Hominid remains found in Eritrea have been dated to 1 million years old and anthropological research indicates that the area may contain significant records related to human evolution. The Kingdom of Aksum, covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, was established during the first or second century AD. It adopted Christianity around the middle of the fourth century. Beginning in the 12th century, the Ethiopian Zagwe and Solomonid dynasties held fluctuating control over the entire plateau and the Red Sea coast. Eritrea's central highlands, known as Mereb Melash ("Beyond the Mereb"), were the northern frontier region of the Ethiopian kingdoms and were ruled by a governor titled the Bahr Negus ("King of the Sea"). In the 16th century, the Ottomans conquered the Eritrean coastline. In May 1865, much of the coastal lowlands came under the rule of the Khedivate of Egypt, until it was transferred to Italy in February 1885. Beginning in 1885–1890, Italian troops systematically spread out from Massawa toward the highlands, eventually resulting in the formation of the colony of Italian Eritrea in 1889, establishing the present-day boundaries of the country. Italian rule continued until 1942, when Eritrea was placed under British Military Administration during World War II; following a UN General Assembly decision in 1952, Eritrea would govern itself with a local Eritrean parliament, but for foreign affairs and defense, it would enter into federal status with Ethiopia for ten years. However, in 1962, the government of Ethiopia annulled the Eritrean parliament and formally annexed Eritrea. The Eritrean secessionist movement organized the Eritrean Liberation Front in 1961 and fought the Eritrean War of Independence until Eritrea gained de facto independence in 1991. Eritrea gained de jure independence in 1993 after an independence referendum. Contemporary Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country with nine recognized ethnic groups, each of which has a distinct language. The most widely spoken language is Tigrinya. The others are Tigre, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Afar, Beja, Bilen and Arabic. Tigrinya, Arabic and English serve as the three working languages. Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family, either from the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches. In Eritrea, ethnic Tigrinyas make up about 50% of the population, with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants. In addition, there are several Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic groups. Most people in the country adhere to Christianity or Islam, with a small minority adhering to traditional faiths. Eritrea is one of the world's least developed countries. It is a unitary one-party presidential republic and a de facto totalitarian dictatorship, in which national legislative and presidential elections have never been held. Isaias Afwerki has served as president since its official independence in 1993. The country's human rights record is among the worst in the world. The Eritrean government has dismissed these allegations as politically motivated. Eritrea is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, and is an observer state in the Arab League alongside Brazil and Venezuela. Asmara was designated a World Heritage Site in 2017 for its well-preserved modernist architecture, which reflects the influence of Italian colonial urban planning and design.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Asmara 15°20′N 38°55′E / 15.333°N 38.917°E / 15.333; 38.917
Official languages
none
Recognised national languages
List Tigrinya Tigre Kunama Saho Afar Bilen Nara Beja Arabic
Ethnic groups (2021)
mw- 50% Tigrinya30% Tigre4% Saho4% Afar4% Kunama3% Bilen2% Beja2% Nara1% Rashaida
Religion
See Religion in Eritrea
Demonym
Eritrean
Government
Unitary one-party presidential republic under a totalitarian dictatorship
• President
Isaias Afwerki
Legislature
National Assembly
• Eritrean War of Independence
1 September 1961
• De facto
24 May 1991
• De jure
24 May 1993
• Total
$1.982 billion
• Water (%)
Negligible
• 2024 estimate
3.5–6.4 million[a]
GDP (PPP)
2019 estimate
• Per capita
$567
GDP (nominal)
2019 estimate
HDI (2023)
0.503 } }low (178th)
Currency
Nakfa (ERN)
Time zone
UTC 03:00 (EAT)
Calling code
291
ISO 3166 code
ER
Internet TLD
er

Tables

Regions of Eritrea · Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Central
Central
Region
Central
Area (km2)
1,300
Capital
Asmara
Anseba
Anseba
Region
Anseba
Area (km2)
23,200
Capital
Keren
Gash-Barka
Gash-Barka
Region
Gash-Barka
Area (km2)
33,200
Capital
Barentu
Southern
Southern
Region
Southern
Area (km2)
8,000
Capital
Mendefera
Northern Red Sea
Northern Red Sea
Region
Northern Red Sea
Area (km2)
27,800
Capital
Massawa
Southern Red Sea
Southern Red Sea
Region
Southern Red Sea
Area (km2)
27,600
Capital
Assab
Region
Area (km2)
Capital
Central
1,300
Asmara
Anseba
23,200
Keren
Gash-Barka
33,200
Barentu
Southern
8,000
Mendefera
Northern Red Sea
27,800
Massawa
Southern Red Sea
27,600
Assab

References

  1. Eritrea has never conducted an official government census. Sources disagree about the current population: The UN gives a
  2. /ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ⓘ ERR-ih-TREE-ə or /-ˈtreɪ-/ -⁠TRAY-;, .mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- pronounced
  3. Tigrinya: ሃገረ ኤርትራ
  4. "Constitution of the State of Eritrea"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110503234856/http://www.shaebia.org/constitution.html#CHAP1_
  5. The World Factbook
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/#people-and-society
  6. UNHRC website
    http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx
  7. Human Rights Watch
    https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/eritrea
  8. "Eritrea's Silent Totalitarianism"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040952/https://mjps.ssmu.ca/2018/02/21/eritreas-silent-totalitarianism/
  9. Keane, Fergal
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44771292
  10. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/06/12/the-brutal-dictatorship-the-world-keeps-ignoring/
  11. "Authoritarianism"
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/authoritarianism
  12. "Eritrea"
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritra/#geography
  13. "Eritrea country profile"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349078
  14. "Human Development Report 2025"
    https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf
  15. National Statistics Office, Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies
    https://www.unicef.org/eritrea/ECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf
  16. un.org
    https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Summary-of-Results.pdf
  17. www.shabait.com
    https://shabait.com/2020/11/04/the-role-of-insurance-in-a-developing-society-a-perspective-from-the-eritrean-insurance-profession/
  18. BBC
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349078
  19. census.gov
    https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/er
  20. britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/facts/Eritrea
  21. www.imf.org
    https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=643,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2018&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1
  22. "Human Development Report 2023/2024"
    https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/ERI
  23. Dictionary.com Unabridged
    https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Eritrea
  24. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
    https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Eritrea
  25. International Organization for Standardization
    https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/nl_vi-13_name_change_for_eritrea.pdf
  26. Aksumite Ethiopia. Workmall.com (24 March 2007). Retrieved 3 March 2012.
    http://workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_history_ethiopia_and_the_early_islamic_period.html
  27. Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf
  28. Henze, Paul B. (2005) Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, ISBN 1-85065-522-7.
  29. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Eritrea
  30. "EASO Country of Origin Information Report: Eritrea Country Focus"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210609122146/https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/public/Eritrea-Report-Final.pdf
  31. "Eritrea at a Glance"
    https://shabait.com/2009/10/01/eritrea-at-a-glance/
  32. "National Unity: Eritrea's core value for peace and stability"
    https://shabait.com/amp/2021/05/01/national-unity-eritreas-core-value-for-peace-and-stability/
  33. "Eritrea at a Glance"
    https://shabait.com/amp/2009/10/01/eritrea-at-a-glance/
  34. "Eritrea Constitution"
    http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/fd48fdd5dc073aa0a88273489a13921296394304.pdf
  35. The World Factbook
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/
  36. Grassroots International
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080724164739/http://www.grassrootsonline.org/what-we-do/partnerships/where-we-work/eritrea
  37. Eritrea Human Rights Overview. Human Rights Watch (2006)
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060211174118/https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/eritre12307.htm
  38. E Smart
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084731/http://www.tesfanews.net/wp-content/uploads/Human-Rights-and-Eritreas-Reality.pdf
  39. CNN
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160129203838/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/meast/arab-league-fast-facts/
  40. Historical Dictionary of Eritrea
    https://books.google.com/books?id=SYsgpIc3mrsC&pg=PA7
  41. "Today, 23 May 1997, on this historic date, after active popular participation, approve and solemnly ratify, through the
    http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/government-agencies/eritrea-constitution/
  42. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
  43. Hunting Hominids
    https://web.archive.org/web/19991013050335/http://exn.ca/hominids/pleistocenepark.cfm
  44. Nature
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.405...65W
  45. "Out of Africa"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060928035536/http://www.exn.ca/hominids/outofafrica.cfm
  46. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357309
  47. Science
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300..597D
  48. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past
    https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C
  49. "Eritrea: A Country Handbook"
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ9yAAAAMAAJ&q=Tools+found+in+the+Barka+Valley+from+8000BC
  50. Eritrea
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7pReFaFC3fQC
  51. Sesto Congresso internazionale di egittologia: atti, Volume 2
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0B1yAAAAMAAJ
  52. The Prehistory of East
  53. Najovits, Simson (2004) Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2, Algora Publishing, p. 258, ISBN 0-87586-256-X.
  54. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/baboon-mummy-analysis-reveals-eritrea-and-ethiopia-as-location-of-land-of-punt-1954547.html
  55. "Mummified baboons clarify ancient Red Sea trade routes"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160730055118/http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2015/session45/dominy-2015-mummified-baboons-clarify-ancient-red-sea-trade-routes.html
  56. Shaw & Nicholson, p.231.
  57. World History Encyclopedia
    https://www.worldhistory.org/punt/
  58. Pharmacographia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iTTeAgAAQBAJ&q=opone+punt&pg=PA136
  59. In Search of Myths & Heroes: Exploring Four Epic Legends of the World
    https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich
  60. Journal of Eritrean Studies
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140908201206/http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=270036407&DB=p
  61. Profumi d'Arabia: atti del convegno
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3zOlYZmJiiAC
  62. Journal of Eritrean Studies (Asmara)
    https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=270036407&DB=p
  63. Huntingford, G.W.B. (1989) Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704. London: British Academy.
  64. "Let's Look Across the Red Sea I"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060109162335/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/01/17-01-03/Let.htm
  65. A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present
    https://books.google.com/books?id=US6RQtYwasUC
  66. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48
  67. Africa Geoscience Review, Volume 10
    https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAIAAJ
  68. Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1
    https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC
  69. Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RlRzAAAAMAAJ
  70. Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2nd Edition
    https://books.google.com/books?id=SYsgpIc3mrsC&q=debre+libanos+eritrea&pg=PA164
  71. A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present
    https://books.google.com/books?id=US6RQtYwasUC
  72. Periplus of the Erythreaean Sea Archived 14 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, chs. 4, 5
    http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html
  73. Smithsonian Magazine
    http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/ark-covenant-200712.html?c=y&page=1
  74. The Journal of Modern African Studies
    https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x15000531
  75. Tamrat, Taddesse (1972) Church and State in Ethiopia (1270–1527). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 74.
  76. A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea
  77. BELEAGUERED MUSLIM FORTRESSES AND ETHIOPIAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION FROM THE 13TH TO THE 16TH CENTURY
    https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a483490.pdf
  78. The History of Islam in Africa
    https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&q=Sawakin+adal&pg=PA229
  79. Kendie, Daniel (2005) The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle. Sign
  80. Denison, Edward; Ren, Guang Yu, and Gebremedhin, Naigzy (2003) Asmara: Africa's secret modernist city. ISBN 1-85894-209-
  81. dacb.org
    https://dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/alvares-f/
  82. "Uma força Expedicionária Portuguesa na Campanha da Etiópia de 1541-1543"
    https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/6888/1/Uma%20for%C3%A7a%20Expedicion%C3%A1ria%20Portuguesa%20na%20Campanha%20da%20Eti%C3%B3pia...pdf
  83. A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea
    https://archive.org/details/eritreapawninwor00yoha/page/31
  84. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha
    https://books.google.com/books?id=X38lxaUjm1MC&pg=PA951
  85. Jonathan Miran Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press, 2009, pp
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PMFVeWTWF0YC&pg=PA38
  86. Jonathan Miran Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press, 2009, pp
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PMFVeWTWF0YC&pg=PA39
  87. The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ1CH3-RMe0C&pg=PA391
  88. THE INFLUENCE OF ISLAM ON THE 'AFAR (ETHIOPIA)
    https://www.proquest.com/openview/e4f5c5d014f4671f4930a0d761ecbf86/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
  89. In defence of the Eritrean revolution against Ethiopian social chauvinists
    https://books.google.com/books?id=idUtAQAAIAAJ
  90. Abir, Mordechai (1968) The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire, 17
  91. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eritrea
  92. Ullendorff, Edward. The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People 2nd ed., p. 90. Oxford University Press (Londo
  93. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abyssinia
  94. Olivieri, Emilio (1888) La Ferrovia Massaua-Saati Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine (report on the constru
    http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/la_ferrovia_massauasaati.htm
  95. "Eritrean Railway Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine" at Ferrovia Eritrea. (in Italian)
    http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/contenuti.htm
  96. "Italian administration in Eritrea"
    https://shabait.com/2009/11/13/italian-administration-in-eritrea/
  97. ITALIAN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES. dankalia.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090429102012/http://www.dankalia.com/history/04503.htm
  98. Dadfeatured
    https://dadfeatured.blogspot.com/2018/08/italian-asmara.html
  99. whc.unesco.org
    https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550
  100. Administrative Divisions of Countries ('Statoids')
    http://www.statoids.com/uer.html
  101. Eritrea and Ethiopia The Federal Experience
    https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:272775/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  102. Eritrea and Ethiopia The Federal Experience
    https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:272775/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  103. Eritrea and the United Nations
  104. Top Secret Memorandum of 1949-03-05, written with the UN Third Session in view, from Mr. Rusk to the Secretary of State.
  105. "Eritrea: Report of the United Nations Commission for Eritrea; Report of the Interim Committee of the General Assembly on the Report of the United Nations Commission for Eritrea"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121115022039/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/059/88/IMG/NR005988.pdf?OpenElement
  106. "Italian architectural planification of Asmara (in Italian) p. 64-66"
    http://www.fedoa.unina.it/1881/01/Santoianni_Progettazione_Architettonica.pdf
  107. Ofcansky, TP Berry, L (2004) Ethiopia, a country study, Kessinger Publishing, p. 69
  108. Histoire Politique
    https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fhistoirepolitique.324
  109. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-37675/Eritrea
  110. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/21/slaughtered-like-chickens-eritrea-heavily-involved-in-tigray-conflict-say-eyewitnesses
  111. Voice of America
    https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_us-says-eritrean-forces-should-leave-tigray-immediately/6201275.html
  112. Bloomberg
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-09/eu-accuses-eritrea-forces-of-fueling-conflict-in-ethiopia-region
  113. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/02/25/tigray-eritrea-ethiopia-crime-against-humanity/
  114. United States Department of State
    https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eritrea/
  115. Admission of Eritrea to membership in the United Nations
    https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/197307?ln=en
  116. Ib Friis, Sebsebe Demissew, and Paulo van Breugel (2010) Atlas of the Potential Vegetation of Ethiopia. The Royal Danish
  117. "Eritrea"
    http://www.fatbirder.com/links_geo/africa/eritrea.html
  118. Billi, P. (2022). Climate Variability in the Horn of Africa Eastern Countries: Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia. In: Billi, P.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05487-7_1
  119. Knight, J., Abd Elbasit, M.A.M., Adam, E. (2022). Land Degradation in Eritrea and Djibouti. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscap
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05487-7_9
  120. Martin, Emma and Burgess, Neil. Sahelian Acacia Savanna. One Earth. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
    https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/sahelian-acacia-savanna/
  121. Environment and Energy | UNDP in Eritrea Archived 11 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Er.undp.org. Retrieved on 5 June
    http://www.er.undp.org/content/eritrea/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/overview.html
  122. Global Environment Facility Beta
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160816065505/http://beta.thegef.org/country/eritrea
  123. Eritrea
    https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA10
  124. World Travel Guide
    https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/eritrea/
  125. World Travel Guide
    https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/eritrea/
  126. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/13/climate-adaptation-bill-african-countries-dwarf-health-spending
  127. "Birdwatching in Eritrea – Birding in Eritrea Homepage"
    http://ibis.atwebpages.com/birdwatching_in_eritrea/
  128. "Main Details"
    https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=er
  129. Madote
    http://www.madote.com/2010/04/photos-of-eritreas-wildlife-animals.html
  130. "Wild life in Eritrea page"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141112050502/http://explore-eritrea.com/Wildlife.htm
  131. "Wildlife of Eritrea"
    http://ibis.atwebpages.com/birdwatching_in_eritrea/wildlife.htm
  132. "The rediscovery of Eritrea's elephants"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060314104912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml
  133. Hogan, C. Michael (31 January 2009) Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus Archived 9 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine,
    http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993
  134. "Animals and Plants Unique to Eritrea"
    https://lntreasures.com/eritrea.html
  135. "Biodiversity / Eritrea | Interactive Country Fiches"
    https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/eritrea/biodiversity
  136. "Eritrea"
    https://www.ifad.org/en/web/operations/w/country/eritrea
  137. "Ecological Regions of Eritrea"
    https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ecological-regions-of-eritrea.html
  138. "Restoration Resource Center Eritrea: The Manzanar Project — Mangrove Afforestation near Massawa"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230908155415/https://www.ser-rrc.org/project/eritrea-the-manzanar-project-mangrove-afforestation-near-massawa/
  139. Encircle Africa
    https://encircleafrica.org/blog/top-national-parks-and-reserves-in-eritrea/
  140. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349078
  141. rsf.org
    https://rsf.org/en/eritrea-dawit-isaak-arbitrarily-detained-24-years-without-trial-and-information-his-whereabouts
  142. "'If we don't give them a voice, no one will': Eritrea's forgotten journalists, still jailed after 14 years The country is ranked worst in the world for press freedom, its writers locked in secret jails. Here, PEN Eritrea profiles the men who fought for a free press, and paid the price"
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/19/eritrea-forgotten-journalists-jailed-pen-international-press-freedom
  143. "Who are the Eritrean G15? And where are they now?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151023043119/http://www.freeourparents-eritrea.com/who-are-the-eritrean-g15-and-where-are-they-now/
  144. Detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea
    https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIEritrea/A_HRC_32_CRP.1_read-only.pdf
  145. "The V-Dem Dataset"
    https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/
  146. International Federation for Human Rights
    https://www.fidh.org/en/region/Africa/eritrea/ERITREA-2010-2011
  147. Sudan Tribune
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110224084832/http://www.sudantribune.com/Eritrea-appoints-AU-envoy-in,37700
  148. VOA News
    https://www.voanews.com/a/us-removing-eritrea-from-counterterror-non-cooperation-list/4935716.html
  149. VOA News
    https://www.voanews.com/a/first-us-congressional-delegation-in-fourteen-years-visits-eritrea/4813583.html
  150. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2022/03/02/1083872077/u-n-set-to-hold-vote-that-would-demand-russia-end-war-in-ukraine
  151. "Ethiopian raid on Eritrean bases raises fears of renewed conflict". The Guardian. 16 March 2012.
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/16/ethiopian-raid-eritrea-conflict
  152. Will arms ban slow war? BBC News, 18 May 2000
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/750789.stm
  153. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin
    https://www.international-arbitration-attorney.com/wp-content/uploads/arbitrationarbitrationlawbsb6-2_peninou.pdf
  154. "Horn tensions trigger UN warning"
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3457957.stm
  155. "Army build-up near Horn frontier"
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4400580.stm
  156. "Horn border tense before deadline"
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4555892.stm
  157. The Low Ethiopian Reports
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220708052809/https://lekreports.com/ethiopian-prime-minster-tries-to-undermine-the-arrest-of-20-journalists-in-the-country/
  158. TRT News
    https://www.trtworld.com/africa/why-are-ethiopian-leaders-calling-eritrea-s-president-hitler-34158
  159. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/28/eritrea-planned-ethopia-bomb-attack
  160. "Eritrea planned massive attack against African Union summit, says UN report | UN News"
    https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/07/382982
  161. "Leaders of Ethiopia and Eritrea hug and make up"
    https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ethiopia-eritrea-restore-diplomatic-relations-1.4738578
  162. "Ethiopia's Abiy and Eritrea's Afewerki declare end of war"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44764597
  163. Deutsche Welle
    https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-eritrea-officially-end-war/a-44585296
  164. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/21/slaughtered-like-chickens-eritrea-heavily-involved-in-tigray-conflict-say-eyewitnesses
  165. Al-Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/17/eritrea-confirms-its-troops-are-fighting-ethiopias-tigray
  166. "Africa: Largest armies 2023"
    https://www.statista.com/statistics/1328443/largest-armies-in-africa-by-active-military-personnel/
  167. "Eritrea: No progress on key human rights issues"
    https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/afr640072013en.pdf
  168. "Eritrea"
    https://www.wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/country_report/de/Eritrea
  169. National service in Eritrea. Economist. 10 March 2014 (Archived 10 January 2025 at archive.today)
    https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/03/national-service-eritrea
  170. GlobaLex
    http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea1.html#LawyersandLegalProfession
  171. Newsweek
    https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974
  172. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/25/eritrea-human-rights-united-nations
  173. Eritrean Human Rights Electronic Archive
    http://www.ehrea.org/eritrearapport_2_endelig_versjon.pdf
  174. ICE Case Studies
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070911212032/http://american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm
  175. "A critical look into the Ethiopian elections"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20061129063002/http://www.sudantribune.com/imprimable.php3?id_article=9931
  176. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/08/human-rights-abuses-eritrea-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-un-report
  177. Deutsche Welle
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150704105608/http://www.dw.com/en/human-rights-eu-should-put-more-pressure-on-eritrea/a-18535963
  178. AllAfrica news website
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150611062509/http://allafrica.com/stories/201506100911.html
  179. AF
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021343/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN0ZH5GW?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true
  180. The Daily Beacon
    https://archive.today/20141121095314/http://utdailybeacon.com/news/2014/nov/19/professor-lecture-african-refugees-eritrea/
  181. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/world/africa/migrants-libya.html
  182. "Public Dialogue Human Rights in Eritrea"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060908190129/http://www.shaebia.org/artman/publish/article_4551.html
  183. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6527619.stm
  184. Eritrea Ministry of Information
    https://archive.today/20070620114348/http://www.shabait.com/cgi-bin/staging/exec/view.cgi?archive=11&num=5411
  185. Eritrea Ministry of Information
    http://www.shabait.com/cgi-bin/staging/exec/view.cgi?archive=11&num=5446
  186. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7822599.stm
  187. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/
  188. Axios Media Inc
    https://www.axios.com/2020/10/08/un-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang
  189. Black Agenda Report
    http://www.blackagendareport.com/eritrea-story-you-dont-hear-0
  190. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/21/ethiopia-says-us-warcrime-allegations-inflammatory-partisan
  191. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-eritrea2oct02-story.html
  192. AP News
    https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-eritrea-africa-98aa53d5ca10d5cd1992209ad4bbcb57
  193. Arab News
    https://www.arabnews.com/node/929756/ajax/metrics/aggregate
  194. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-conflict-eritrea-usa-idINKBN28L07J
  195. "Eritrea suffered deliberate demonization, not isolation – Info Minister"
    https://www.africanews.com/2018/07/26/eritrea-suffered-deliberate-demonization-not-isolation-info-minister/
  196. "Sub-Saharan Africa censors Mideast protests"
    http://www.cpj.org/blog/2011/02/sub-saharan-africa-counters-censorship-on-mideast.php
  197. rsf.org
    https://rsf.org/en/country/eritrea
  198. rsf.org
    https://rsf.org/en/index
  199. rsf.org
    https://rsf.org/en/index
  200. "Press Freedom Index 2017 – Reporters Without Borders"
    https://rsf.org/en/ranking
  201. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349078
  202. "World Report – Eritrea – Reporters Without Borders"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054501/http://en.rsf.org/report-eritrea%2C15.html
  203. Committee to Protect Journalists
    https://cpj.org/2025/05/cpj-31-others-call-for-un-scrutiny-of-eritreas-human-rights-record/
  204. "World's longest detained journalist wins rights prize"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp87yrwn644o
  205. IMF
    https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI
  206. World Bank
    https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31655/9781464813986.pdf
  207. International Monetary Fund
    https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/ERI?year=2023
  208. African Development Bank Group - Making a Difference
    https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/eritrea/eritrea-economic-outlook
  209. Diaspora for Development
    https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CF_Eritrea-v.2.pdf
  210. World Bank
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview
  211. "Bisha Copper-Zinc Mine"
    https://www.zijinmining.com/global/program-detail-71760.htm
  212. "Eritrea Economic Outlook – African Development Bank"
    http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/eritrea/eritrea-economic-outlook/
  213. Mining Technology | Mining News and Views Updated Daily
    https://www.mining-technology.com/features/mining-in-eritrea-potash-project/
  214. Bloomberg.com
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-23/sichuan-road-bridge-to-start-copper-output-in-eritrea-by-2019
  215. "Water Action Hub | Country: Eritrea"
    https://wateractionhub.org/geos/country/67/d/eritrea/
  216. World Bank
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview
  217. "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/
  218. Jordan, Ray (18 March 2016) "Eritrea – Farming in a fragile land", Huffington Post.
    https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ray-jordan/eritrea-farming-in-a-frag_b_9438504.html
  219. World Bank
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview
  220. "FAO country profile: Eritrea" Archived 8 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Food and Agriculture Organization o
    http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/eritrea/Eritrea.htm
  221. "Shabait"
    https://shabait.com/2021/05/19/785-big-and-mid-size-dams-constructed/&usg=AOvVaw1T40ktjk8T8Y5k8N4AJ3sS&opi=89978449
  222. Eritrea country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (September 2005). This article incorporates text
    http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Eritrea.pdf
  223. Travel and Tourism in Eritrea, Euromonitor Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
    http://www.euromonitor.com/Travel_And_Tourism_in_Eritrea
  224. Country Profile: Eritrea September 2005, Library of Congress
    http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Eritrea.pdf
  225. www.ceicdata.com
    https://www.ceicdata.com/en/eritrea/tourism-statistics
  226. nationalgeographic.co.uk
    https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2018/12/the-cool-list-2019
  227. Lonely Planet
    https://www.lonelyplanet.com/eritrea/attractions
  228. the Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/18/eritrea-asmara-frozen-in-time-africas-little-rome
  229. Africa South of the Sahara 2003
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C&q=eritrean+railroad+km&pg=PA379
  230. www.internationalsteam.co.uk
    https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/eritrea07.htm
  231. www.trainweb.org
    http://www.trainweb.org/italeritrea/
  232. "Annuario Statistico Italiano 1895"
    https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Annuario%20Statistico%20Italiano/RAV0040597ASI1895.pdf
  233. Annuario Statistico Italiano
    https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Annuario%20Statistico%20Italiano/RAV0040597ASI1913.pdf
  234. VII censimento generale della popolazione
    https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/censpop1931/IST0005835Volume_V_Colonie_e_possedimenti%2BOCRottimizz.pdf
  235. The 1984 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210706184922/http://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Population-and-Housing-Census-1984.pdf
  236. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
    https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/
  237. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/eritrea-migrants-child-soldier-fled-what-is-going
  238. Human Rights Watch
    https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/eritrea
  239. "Eritrean Culture " Embassy of The State of Eritrea"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131113175050/http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/culture/
  240. The World Factbook
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200227144113/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/ER-summary.pdf
  241. "the Rashaida"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060709094430/http://www.eritreanbeauty.com/r.html
  242. Emergent Eritrea: challenges of economic development
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iuCBNoOpQyEC&pg=PA111
  243. The Italian Ambassador stated at the 2008 Film Festival in Asmara [1] Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine t
    http://www.ambberlino.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Asmara/Menu/Ambasciata/News/
  244. www.camera.it
    http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg13/lavori/stampati/sk6000/relazion/5634.htm
  245. Ethnologue
    http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER/languages
  246. www.viv-it.org
    http://www.viv-it.org/schede/italiano-e-dialetti-fuori-d-italia
  247. Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&pg=PA76
  248. "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213925/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2050/percent/all/
  249. "Eritrea"
    https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/
  250. www.thearda.com
    https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=76c
  251. Eritrea: The Bradt Travel Guide
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi-KQchGks8C&pg=PA187
  252. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3663654.stm
  253. "Jehovah's Witnesses — Eritrea Country Profile – October 2008"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130930040630/http://www.tdgnews.it/en/2008/10/jehovahs-witnesses%E2%80%94eritrea-country-profile/
  254. "Twenty Years of Imprisonment in Eritrea—Will It Ever End?"
    http://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/eritrea/jehovahs-witnesses-unjust-imprisonment-20-years/
  255. jw.org
    http://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/eritrea/human-rights-violations-un-report/
  256. Human Rights Watch
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/10/03/eritrea-diplomacy-changes-political-prisoners-remain
  257. Human Rights Concern - Eritrea (HRCE)
    https://hrc-eritrea.org/eritrea-20-years-and-counting-the-exceptional-persecution-of-jehovahs-witnesses/
  258. "International Religious Freedom Report, 2017"
    http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2017.USCIRFAnnualReport.pdf
  259. Overseas Development Institute
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101228112540/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5179&title=progress-health-eritrea-cost-effective-inter-sectoral-interventions-long-term-perspective
  260. www.macrotrends.net
    https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ERI/eritrea/life-expectancy
  261. "IRIN Africa | ERITREA: Government outlaws female genital mutilation | Human Rights"
    http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71199
  262. Health profile at Eritrea WHO Country Office. afro.who.int
    http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1029&Itemid=2070
  263. uis.unesco.org
    http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/er#slideoutmenu
  264. Baseline Study on Livelihood Systems in Eritrea
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055210/http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/chr_old/indigenous/documents/Eritrea/Report/Base%20line%20study%20on%20Livelihood%20Systems%20in%20Eritrea.pdf
  265. "National Board for Higher Education"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130809063605/http://www.uoa.edu.er/
  266. databank.worldbank.org
    https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&country=ERI#
  267. Educational Gender Gap in Eritrea
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130512094813/http://www.econbiz.de/en/search/detailed-view/doc/all/educational-gender-gap-in-eritrea-kifle-temesgen/10001715911/?no_cache=1
  268. Preservation and presentation of the cultural heritage: Eritrea - (mission)
    https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000098638
  269. "Our History"
    https://us.embassyeritrea.org/our-history/
  270. "Eritrean Culture"
    https://consulateoferitrea.ca/eritrean-culture/
  271. Network Africa Online
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094605/http://www.networkafricaonline.com/eritrea-coffee-cere.htm
  272. Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC
  273. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
    https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/
  274. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
    https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/
  275. Quartz Africa
    https://qz.com/africa/1026237/eritreas-asmara-is-now-a-unesco-world-heritage-site-and-should-boost-tourism/
  276. "Eritrea capital, Asmara, makes UNESCO World Heritage list | Africanews"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200304162652/https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/12/eritrea-capital-asmara-makes-unesco-world-heritage-list//
  277. DW.COM
    https://www.dw.com/en/eritreas-capital-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-site-list/a-39609655
  278. Apollo Magazine
    https://www.apollo-magazine.com/eritrea-italy-modernist-architecture/
  279. The Independent
    http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/design/asmara-eritrea-art-deco-unesco-architecture-italy-little-rome-world-heritage-a8040871.html
  280. Britannica,Asmara, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 8 September 2019
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Asmara
  281. The Washington Times
    http://washingtontimes.com/article/20070915/ENTERTAINMENT/109150018/1007
  282. Jan Körting & Neysan Zölzer (2012): Heritage and Daily Life in the Historic Urban Core of Asmara (Original: Erbe und All
  283. Gianluca Rossi, Renzo Martinelli inviato de La Nazione, 2009.
  284. De l'art de savoir chanter, danser et jouer la bamboula comme un éminent musicien africain: le guide des musiques africaines
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MNsTAQAAIAAJ
  285. Music in Africa
    https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-music-eritrea
  286. Food and Culture, 6th ed
    https://books.google.com/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC
  287. Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC
  288. Washington City Paper
    http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/36663/mild-frontier
  289. Eritrea: Travel Trade Manual
    https://books.google.com/books?id=j11zAAAAMAAJ
  290. "Cycling heaven: The African capital with 'no traffic'"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47709673
  291. "Cycling in Eritrea"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230907172653/https://eritreansportfamily.com/cycling-in-eritrea/
  292. Cycling
    https://www.sbs.com.au/cyclingcentral/article/2017/07/28/cycling-isolated-eritreas-window-world
  293. The Best of Africa
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210225044947/https://thebestofafrica.org/content/eritrea-and-cycling-an-unlikely-relationship
  294. www.cyclingranking.com
    https://www.cyclingranking.com/countries/2023
  295. www.procyclingstats.com
    https://www.procyclingstats.com/rankings/me/uci-nations
  296. www.uci.org
    https://www.uci.org/discipline/road/6TBjsDD8902tud440iv1Cu?tab=rankings&discipline=ROA
  297. www.uci.org
    https://www.uci.org/discipline/road/6TBjsDD8902tud440iv1Cu?tab=rankings&discipline=ROA
  298. cqranking.com
    https://cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/cqRankingCountry.asp
  299. Eritrean Cycling Team Wins the 2015 African Continental Cycling Championships TTT – Archived 9 June 2016 at the Wayback
    http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-cycling-team-wins-the-2015-african-continental-cycling-championships-ttt/
  300. 'Next wave of riders is even better' – Eritrean cycling preparing to peak. The Guardian (17 August 2015). Retrieved on 5
    https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/17/eritrea-cycling-team-rwanda-tour-de-france
  301. Eritrean national teams rank first at the African Cycling Championship time race – Archived 9 June 2016 at the Wayback M
    http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-national-teams-rank-first-at-the-african-cycling-championship-time-race/
  302. www.procyclingstats.com
    https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/african-cycling-championships-ttt/2019
  303. TheSports.org
    https://www.the-sports.org/cycling-statistics-individual-men-eritrea-s2-c2-b4-o113-v1.html
  304. "Heroes welcome for Daniel Teklehaimanot and Merhawi Kudus in Eritrea"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160508002440/http://www.caperi.com/heroes-welcome-for-daniel-teklehaimanot-and-merhawi-kudus-in-eritrea/
  305. "Berhane could become the first Eritrean to ride the Tour de France"
    http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/berhane-could-become-the-first-eritrean-to-ride-the-tour-de-france
  306. Olympics.com
    https://olympics.com/en/athletes/mosana-debesay
  307. "A dream almost broken - Mosana Debesay on her way to the Olympics"
    https://www.bikeaid.de/en/racing/racing_article/title-a_dream_almost_broken_mosana_debesay_on_her_way_to_the_olympics/article-60ecc1a94715b
  308. World records ratified. Iaaf.org (8 May 2010). Retrieved 20 September 2013.
    http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/world-records-ratified-21
  309. smh.com.au
    https://www.smh.com.au/sport/athletics/world-athletics-championships-2015-eritrean-teen-ghirmay-ghebreslassie-wins-mens-marathon-title-20150822-gj5a4b.html
  310. CBC News
    http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/eritrea-skier-calgary-1.4466978
  311. fifa.com
    https://fifa.com/
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.