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Enoch Powell

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Enoch Powell

John Enoch Powell (16 June 1912 – 8 February 1998) was a British politician, scholar and writer. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Wolverhampton South West for the Conservative Party from 1950 to February 1974 and the MP for South Down for the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) from October 1974 to 1987. He was Minister of Health from 1960 to 1963 in the second Macmillan ministry and was Shadow Secretary of State for Defence from 1965 to 1968 in the Shadow Cabinet of Edward Heath. Before entering politics, Powell was a classical scholar; in 1937 he was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney, aged only 25. He served in the British Army during the Second World War, reaching the rank of brigadier. He wrote both poetry and books on classical and political subjects. He is remembered particularly for his views on immigration and demographic change. In 1968 Powell attracted attention nationwide for his "Rivers of Blood" speech, in which he criticised immigration to Britain, especially the rapid influx from the Commonwealth of Nations (former colonies of the British Empire) in the post-war era. He opposed the Race Relations Bill, a major anti-discrimination bill which ultimately became law. His speech was criticised by some of his own party members and The Times as racialist. Heath, who was then the leader of the Conservative Party and the leader of the Opposition, dismissed Powell from the Shadow Cabinet the day after the speech. In the aftermath several polls suggested that between 67 and 82 per cent of the British population agreed with Powell. Powell turned his back on the Conservatives and endorsed a vote for the Labour Party, which returned as a minority government at the February 1974 general election. Powell was returned to the House of Commons in October 1974 as the Ulster Unionist Party MP for the constituency of South Down in Northern Ireland. He represented it until he was defeated at the 1987 general election. Powell died in 1998 aged 85 and remains a divisive and controversial figure in Britain.

Infobox

Leader
Edward Heath
Preceded by
Constituency established
Succeeded by
Nicholas Budgen
Prime Minister
Harold Macmillan
Parliamentary offices
Parliamentary offices Member of Parliamentfor South DownIn office10 October 1974 – 18 May 1987Preceded byLawrence OrrSucceeded byEddie McGradyMember of Parliamentfor Wolverhampton South WestIn office23 February 1950 – 8 February 1974Preceded byConstituency establishedSucceeded byNicholas Budgen
Born
John Enoch Powell(1912-06-16)16 June 1912Birmingham, England
Died
8 February 1998(1998-02-08) (aged 85)London, England
Resting place
Warwick Cemetery, Warwick, England
Political party
mw- Conservative (1947–1974) Ulster Unionist (1974–1987)
Spouse
mw- 1952)
Children
2
Education
Trinity College, CambridgeSchool of Oriental Studies
Branch
British Army
Service years
1939–1945
Rank
Brigadier
Unit
Royal Warwickshire Regiment General Service Corps Intelligence Corps
Conflicts
mw- li Second World War North African campaign British India
Awards
Member of the Order of the British Empire (1943)
Party
mw- Conservative (1947–1974) Ulster Unionist (1974–1987)

Tables

· Elections contested
1947 Normanton by-election
1947 Normanton by-election
Date of election
1947 Normanton by-election
Constituency
Normanton
Party
Conservative
Votes
4,258
%
17.9
Result
Not elected
1950 United Kingdom general election
1950 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1950 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
Wolverhampton South West
Party
Conservative
Votes
20,239
%
46.0
Result
Elected
1951 United Kingdom general election
1951 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1951 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
Wolverhampton South West
Party
Conservative
Votes
23,660
%
53.6
Result
Elected
1955 United Kingdom general election
1955 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1955 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
Wolverhampton South West
Party
Conservative
Votes
25,318
%
60.0
Result
Elected
1959 United Kingdom general election
1959 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1959 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
Wolverhampton South West
Party
Conservative
Votes
25,696
%
63.9
Result
Elected
1964 United Kingdom general election
1964 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1964 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
Wolverhampton South West
Party
Conservative
Votes
21,736
%
57.4
Result
Elected
1966 United Kingdom general election
1966 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1966 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
Wolverhampton South West
Party
Conservative
Votes
21,466
%
59.1
Result
Elected
1970 United Kingdom general election
1970 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1970 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
Wolverhampton South West
Party
Conservative
Votes
26,220
%
64.3
Result
Elected
October 1974 United Kingdom general election
October 1974 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
October 1974 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
South Down
Party
Ulster Unionist
Votes
33,614
%
50.8
Result
Elected
1979 United Kingdom general election
1979 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1979 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
South Down
Party
Ulster Unionist
Votes
32,254
%
50.0
Result
Elected
1983 United Kingdom general election
1983 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1983 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
South Down
Party
Ulster Unionist
Votes
20,693
%
40.3
Result
Elected
1986 Northern Ireland by-elections
1986 Northern Ireland by-elections
Date of election
1986 Northern Ireland by-elections
Constituency
South Down
Party
Ulster Unionist
Votes
24,963
%
48.4
Result
Elected
1987 United Kingdom general election
1987 United Kingdom general election
Date of election
1987 United Kingdom general election
Constituency
South Down
Party
Ulster Unionist
Votes
25,848
%
45.7
Result
Not elected
Date of election
Constituency
Party
Votes
%
Result
1947 Normanton by-election
Normanton
Conservative
4,258
17.9
Not elected
1950 United Kingdom general election
Wolverhampton South West
Conservative
20,239
46.0
Elected
1951 United Kingdom general election
Wolverhampton South West
Conservative
23,660
53.6
Elected
1955 United Kingdom general election
Wolverhampton South West
Conservative
25,318
60.0
Elected
1959 United Kingdom general election
Wolverhampton South West
Conservative
25,696
63.9
Elected
1964 United Kingdom general election
Wolverhampton South West
Conservative
21,736
57.4
Elected
1966 United Kingdom general election
Wolverhampton South West
Conservative
21,466
59.1
Elected
1970 United Kingdom general election
Wolverhampton South West
Conservative
26,220
64.3
Elected
October 1974 United Kingdom general election
South Down
Ulster Unionist
33,614
50.8
Elected
1979 United Kingdom general election
South Down
Ulster Unionist
32,254
50.0
Elected
1983 United Kingdom general election
South Down
Ulster Unionist
20,693
40.3
Elected
1986 Northern Ireland by-elections
South Down
Ulster Unionist
24,963
48.4
Elected
1987 United Kingdom general election
South Down
Ulster Unionist
25,848
45.7
Not elected
· External links
New constituency
New constituency
Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Member of Parliament forWolverhampton South West 1950 – 1974
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Succeeded byNick Budgen
Preceded byLawrence Orr
Preceded byLawrence Orr
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byLawrence Orr
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Member of Parliament forSouth Down 1974–1987
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Succeeded byEddie McGrady
Political offices
Political offices
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Political offices
Preceded byHenry Brooke
Preceded byHenry Brooke
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byHenry Brooke
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1957–1958
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Succeeded byJack Simon
Preceded byDerek Walker-Smith
Preceded byDerek Walker-Smith
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byDerek Walker-Smith
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Minister of Health 1960–1963
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Succeeded byAnthony Barber
Preceded byPeter Thorneycroft
Preceded byPeter Thorneycroft
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byPeter Thorneycroft
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Shadow Secretary of State for Defence 1965–1968
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Succeeded byReginald Maudling
Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency
Member of Parliament forWolverhampton South West 1950 – 1974
Succeeded byNick Budgen
Preceded byLawrence Orr
Member of Parliament forSouth Down 1974–1987
Succeeded byEddie McGrady
Political offices
Preceded byHenry Brooke
Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1957–1958
Succeeded byJack Simon
Preceded byDerek Walker-Smith
Minister of Health 1960–1963
Succeeded byAnthony Barber
Preceded byPeter Thorneycroft
Shadow Secretary of State for Defence 1965–1968
Succeeded byReginald Maudling

References

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  2. Heffer 1998, p. 461
  3. Shepherd 1994, p. 352.
  4. The White Man's World
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  5. Ottawa Citizen
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  7. OnTarget
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  12. Shepherd 1997, p. 3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  13. Mil Intel Museum
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  14. Roth.
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  16. Heffer 1998, p. 5.
  17. Heffer 1998, pp. 5–6.
  18. Heffer 1998, p. 6.
  19. Heffer 1998, pp. 6–7, 10.
  20. Heffer 1998, p. 7.
  21. Heffer 1998, p. 8.
  22. Heffer 1998, p. 9.
  23. Shepherd 1997, p. 11. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  24. Heffer 1998, pp. 10–12.
  25. Shepherd 1997, p. 9. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  26. Heffer 1998, p. 12.
  27. Shepherd 1997, p. 15. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  28. Heffer 1998, pp. 12–13.
  29. Heffer 1998, p. 13.
  30. Shepherd 1997, p. 16. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  31. Heffer 1998, p. 14.
  32. Shepherd 1997, p. 18. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  33. Heffer 1998, p. 19.
  34. Shepherd 1997, p. 17. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  35. Heffer 1998, p. 15.
  36. First Poems: Fifty Short Lyrics
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  37. Shepherd 1997, p. 26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  38. Shepherd 1997, p. 27. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  39. Heffer 1998, p. 21.
  40. Vernon Bogdanor, 'Enoch Powell and the Sovereignty of Parliament'. gresham.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
    https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lecture/transcript/print/enoch-powell-and-the-sovereignty-of-parliament/
  41. Roth 1970, pp. 18–20.
  42. The Dictionary of British Classicists
  43. Heffer 1998, p. 22.
  44. Heffer 1998, p. 24.
  45. Shepherd 1997, p. 28. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  46. Heffer 1998, p. 25.
  47. Heffer 1998, p. 20.
  48. Shepherd 1997, p. 31. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  49. Heffer 1998, p. 30.
  50. Shepherd 1997, p. 23. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  51. Heffer 1998, p. 33.
  52. Shepherd 1997, p. 24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  53. Maurice Cowling, Religion and Public Doctrine in England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 432–433.
  54. Enoch Powell, 'Foreword', Collected Poems (London: Bellew Publishing, 1990), p. vii.
  55. Heffer 1998, p. 35.
  56. Shane Maloney and Chris Grosz, "Gough Whitlam & Enoch Powell", The Monthly, April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
    https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2012/april/1333497085/shane-maloney/gough-whitlam-enoch-powell#mtr200
  57. Heffer 1998, p. 42.
  58. Roth 1970, p. 29.
  59. Heffer 1998, p. 37.
  60. Heffer 1998, p. 45.
  61. Shepherd 1997, p. 33. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  62. Enoch Powell, Greek in the University: An Inaugural Lecture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1938), p9.
  63. Heffer 1998, p. 47.
  64. Heffer 1998, p. 53.
  65. Heffer 1998, p. 55.
  66. Heffer 1998, p. 57.
  67. Shepherd 1997, p. 39. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  68. Heffer 1998, pp. 57–58.
  69. Shepherd 1997, p. 40. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  70. The London Gazette, Issue 34855 (Supplement), 24 May 1940, 3097, 3101
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34855/supplement/3097
  71. Heffer 1998, pp. 55, 64.
  72. Heffer 1998, p. 68.
  73. Heffer 1998, p. 70.
  74. Shepherd 1997, p. 41. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  75. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35908/supplement/861
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  77. Heffer 1998, p. 76.
  78. Heffer 1998, p. 82.
  79. Shepherd 1997, p. 50. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  80. Heffer 1998, p. 93.
  81. Shepherd 1997, p. 54. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  82. Shepherd 1997, p. 44. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  83. Roth 1970, pp. 51–53.
  84. British parliamentary election results 1918–1949
  85. Heffer 1998, p. 184.
  86. Reflections of a Statesman: The Writings and Speeches of Enoch Powell
  87. DEFENCE HC Deb 16 March 1950 vol 472 cc1264-399 at api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1950/mar/16/defence#S5CV0472P0_19500316_HOC_425
  88. Heffer 1998, p. 189.
  89. Heffer 1998, pp. 203–204.
  90. Heffer 1998, pp. 205–209.
  91. Heffer 1998, pp. 210–211.
  92. Roth 1970, pp. 180–189.
  93. Constellations
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  94. Enoch Powell: Politics and Ideas in Modern Britain
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  95. The Guardian
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  96. House of Lords Library
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  97. Office for National Statistics
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  98. Roth 1970, p. 318.
  99. Roth 1970, p. 319.
  100. The Times
  101. Heffer 1998, p. 252.
  102. Heffer 1998, p. 254.
  103. Roth 1970, pp. 229ff.
  104. Roth 1970, p. 270.
  105. Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and Its Revival As a Vital Medicine
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  106. Time
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  107. "Hospital Development : 1948–1968"
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  108. "Water Tower Speech"
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  109. Heffer 1998, p. 941.
  110. Heffer 1998, p. 286.
  111. Heffer 1998, p. 597.
  112. The Times (17 February 1998), p. 21.
  113. Enoch Powell: A Biography
  114. Shepherd 1994, p. 334.
  115. Roth 1970, pp. 302–303, 315.
  116. Sandbrook 2005, pp. 701–705.
  117. Heffer 1998, p. 360.
  118. Roth 1970, pp. 327ff.
  119. Shepherd 1994, pp. 401–404.
  120. Enoch Powell, Freedom and Reality (Eliot Right Way Books, 1969), p. 224.
  121. Heffer 1998, p. 391.
  122. Heffer 1998, pp. 391–392.
  123. Vietnam, debated on Thursday 7 July 1966, Hansard, Volume 731, parliament.uk, accessed 23 May 2021.
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  124. Heffer 1998, p. 406.
  125. Heffer 1998, p. 410.
  126. Heffer 1998, p. 431.
  127. New Statesman
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  128. The Making of the Prime Minister
  129. Shropshire Star
  130. The Telegraph
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  131. The Times editorial comment, Monday 22 April 1968.
  132. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
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  133. Powell 1969, pp. 285–286
  134. Heffer 1998, p. 460
  135. London Review of Books
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  136. Ethnicity, structured inequality, and the state in Canada and the Federal Republic of Germany
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  137. The Myth Of Decline: The Rise of Britain Since 1945
  138. BBC radio sound archives
  139. Express and Star, 20 January 2014. [1] Accessed 28 June 2015.
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  140. Shepherd 1997, p. 354. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  141. The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam
  142. Roy Lewis, Enoch Powell: Principle in Politics (Cassell, 1979), p. 69.
  143. Shepherd 1997, pp. 375–376. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  144. Heffer 1998, p. 485.
  145. Heffer 1998, pp. 485–486.
  146. Heffer 1998, p. 474.
  147. Heffer 1998, p. 489.
  148. Heffer 1998, p. 495.
  149. Heffer 1998, p. 496.
  150. Heffer 1998, p. 497.
  151. Heffer 1998, p. 521.
  152. Heffer 1998, p. 549.
  153. Odd Man Out: A Film Portrait of Enoch Powell (1995)
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  154. Enoch at 100: A re-evaluation of the life, politics and philosophy of Enoch Powell
  155. Politics Resources
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  156. Express & Star
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  157. Heffer 1998, p. 703.
  158. The Spectator Archive
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  159. Heffer 1998, pp. 701–702.
  160. Heffer 1998, pp. 704–705.
  161. Heffer 1998, p. 707.
  162. Heffer 1998, pp. 708–709.
  163. "Enoch Powell denies he is a Judas"
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGkAou2uqBA
  164. Heffer 1998, p. 709.
  165. Shepherd 1997, p. 404. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  166. Heffer 1998, pp. 709–710.
  167. Heffer 1998, pp. 710–711.
  168. Heffer 1998, p. 712.
  169. Heffer 1998, pp. 732–733.
  170. Heffer 1998, p. 742.
  171. Heffer 1998, p. 745.
  172. Heffer 1998, p. 747.
  173. The Times, 13 February 1975.
  174. Mark Baimbridge, The 1975 Referendum on Europe – Volume 2: Current Analysis and Lessons (2015), p. 10.
  175. David Butler and Uwe Kitzinger, The 1975 Referendum (Macmillan, 1976), pp. 178, 194.
  176. Heffer 1998, p. 543.
  177. Advertisement in Co Down Spectator of 4 June 1987 from South Down Unionists (with photograph of Powell) calling for retu
  178. Foreign relations of the United States, 1950. Western Europe
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  179. Heffer 1998, p. 635.
  180. Callaghan – a life – Kenneth O. Morgan (1998).
  181. The Times (12 July 1980), p. 2.
  182. Heffer 1998, p. 843.
  183. Heffer 1998, pp. 876–877.
  184. Heffer 1998, p. 877.
  185. John Casey, "The revival of Tory philosophy", The Spectator, 14 March 2007.
    http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/28511/the-revival-of-tory-philosophy/
  186. "'A Different Reality': minority struggle in British cities"
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  187. The Times (30 March 1981), p. 2.
  188. Heffer 1998, p. 845.
  189. Heffer 1998, p. 846.
  190. Heffer 1998, p. 851.
  191. Falkland Islands Hansard, 3 April 1982 vol 21 cc633–68.
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/apr/03/falkland-islands
  192. Heffer 1998, p. 856.
  193. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/apr/14/falkland-islands#column_1159
  194. Northern Ireland (Devolution) Hansard, 28 April 1982 vol 22 cc850–936.
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/apr/28/northern-ireland-devolution
  195. Falkland Islands Hansard, 29 April 1982 vol 22 cc980–1059.
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/apr/29/falkland-islands
  196. Falkland Islands Hansard, 13 May 1982 vol 23 cc952–1034.
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/may/13/falkland-islands-1
  197. Engagements Hansard, 17 June 1982 vol 25 cc1080–4.
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/jun/17/engagements
  198. Heffer 1998, p. 861.
  199. The Times (29 June 1982), p. 10.
  200. Heffer 1998, pp. 861–862.
  201. The Times (5 February 1983), p. 2.
  202. Heffer 1998, p. 871.
  203. Heffer 1998, p. 872.
  204. The Times (1 June 1983), p. 4.
  205. The Times (3 June 1983), p. 5.
  206. BBC News
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  207. Heffer 1998, p. 881.
  208. Heffer 1998, p. 906.
  209. Engagements Hansard, 14 November 1985 vol 86 cc681–686.
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1985/nov/14/engagements
  210. "Public Expenditure"
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  211. The Irish Times
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  212. "Baruch Spinoza Quotes"
    https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/baruch_spinoza_101666
  213. Soviet Union (Prime Minister's Visit), Hansard, 2 April 1987 vol 113 cc1217–1231.
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1987/apr/02/soviet-union-prime-ministers-visit
  214. Foreign Affairs, Hansard, 7 April 1987 vol 114 cc178–254.
    https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1987/apr/07/foreign-affairs
  215. Heffer 1998, p. 909.
  216. Shepherd 1997, p. 496. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShepherd1997 (help)
  217. Heffer 1998, p. 911.
  218. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-enoch-powell-1143867.html
  219. Heffer 1998, p. 918.
  220. Heffer 1998, p. 922.
  221. Heffer 1998, p. 925.
  222. "Margaret Thatcher.org"
    http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=107332
  223. Heffer 1998, p. 926.
  224. Heffer 1998, p. 927.
  225. Heffer 1998, p. 928.
  226. Heffer 1998, p. 929.
  227. Heffer 1998, p. 933.
  228. Heffer 1998, p. 934.
  229. Heffer 1998, p. 936.
  230. Heffer 1998, pp. 936–937.
  231. Heffer 1998, p. 939.
  232. Heffer 1998, pp. 939–940.
  233. Heffer 1998, p. 943.
  234. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/profile-not-as-rigorous-as-he-thinks-enoch-powell-craggy-lonely-controversial-still-1377550.html
  235. Richard Ritchie, "Enoch the unexpected", The Spectator, 14 February 1998.
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110427075129/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199802/ai_n8791279/
  236. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/11291406/Revealed-how-Nigel-Farage-and-Ukip-begged-for-Enoch-Powells-support.html
  237. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/nigel-farage/11290715/The-Ukip-letters-to-Enoch-Powell.html
  238. Heffer 1998, pp. 945–946
  239. Heffer 1998, pp. 945–946.
  240. Heffer 1998, pp. 948–949.
  241. Heffer 1998, p. 949.
  242. Heffer 1998, p. 950.
  243. The Argus
    https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/16177506.hoves-tory-mp-martin-maddan-friends-spotlight/
  244. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/09/world/enoch-powell-british-rightist-dies-at-85.html
  245. Our Warwickshire
    https://www.ourwarwickshire.org.uk/content/article/enoch-powell-warwick-cemetery
  246. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/politics/57815.stm
  247. Independent.co.uk
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/rivals-pay-tribute-to-enoch-powell-1143780.html
  248. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/mar/14/share-your-tributes-to-tony-benn
  249. Independent.co.uk
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/old-order-mourns-enoch-powell-1145584.html
  250. "Ten things you may not have known about Tony Benn"
    https://www.channel4.com/news/by/michael-crick/blogs/ten-tony-benn
  251. Heffer 1998, p. 140
  252. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-enoch-powell-1143867.html
  253. Heffer 1998, pp. 581–582
  254. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/obituary/1998/02/12/enoch-powell
  255. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-enoch-powell-1143867.html
  256. Closet Queens
  257. Closet Queens
  258. Heffer 1998, p. 130.
  259. Enoch Powell
    https://books.google.com/books?id=j49nAAAAMAAJ&q=%22general+walter+cawthorn%22
  260. "The Shakespeare Mystery"
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0891029/
  261. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/tory-mp-enoch-powell-investigated-as-alleged-member-of-westminster-paedophile-network-10142235.html
  262. Gledhill, Ruth (30 March 2015). "Enoch Powell 'satanic cult' claims: CofE defends decision to pass name to police". Chri
    http://www.christiantoday.com/article/enoch.powell.satanic.cult.claims.cofe.defends.decision.to.pass.name.to.police/51083.htm
  263. The Times
    https://www.thetimes.com/article/lets-expose-the-satanic-abuse-con-artists-6rfggnp8x5z
  264. "Bishops criticise Abbey over Powell honour", The Irish Times, 16 February 1998, p. 14.
  265. Bruce Anderson, "Enoch Powell made the Rivers of Blood speech out of ambition, not conviction", The Independent, London,
  266. Shepherd 1994, pp. 223–226.
  267. Shepherd 1994, p. 191.
  268. Shepherd 1994, pp. 191–192.
  269. Shepherd 1994, pp. 223–224.
  270. Enoch Powell, Still to Decide, p. 295
  271. Shropshire Star
  272. Shepherd 1994, p. 364.
  273. Heffer 1998, p. 504.
  274. Shepherd 1994, p. 395.
  275. Shepherd 1997, p. 365.
  276. Shepherd 1994, pp. 364–365.
  277. Letter from Enoch Powell, Wolverhampton Express and Star, October 1964, quoted in Humphry Berkeley, "Mr Powell: still Ye
  278. Enoch Powell on immigration
  279. Shepherd 1994, p. 55.
  280. Shepherd 1994, p. 366.
  281. International Business Times
    http://www.ibtimes.com/remembrance-appraisal-enoch-powell-290673
  282. portrait head of Enoch Powell
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080719115306/http://www.alanthornhill.co.uk/sm_004.htm
  283. "HMI Archive"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090112193428/http://www.henry-moore-fdn.co.uk/matrix_engine/content.php?page_id=584
  284. "Portrait NPG x29287; (John) Enoch Powell"
    http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?firstRun=true&sText=purkiss&search=sa&LinkID=mp10637&page=1&rNo=7&role=art
  285. "Portrait NPG 6475; (John) Enoch Powell"
    http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?LinkID=mp05680&page=1&rNo=1&role=sit
  286. Shropshire Star
  287. The New European
    https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/theatre-review-james-graham-best-of-enemies/
  288. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/aug/22/britishidentityandsociety.television
  289. Evening Standard
    https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/keir-starmer-speech-enoch-powell-comparison-b1227558.html
  290. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2025/may/13/no-10-defends-keir-starmer-language-immigration-speech-enoch-powell
  291. The Observer
    https://observer.co.uk/news/politics/article/keir-starmers-deep-regret-over-island-of-strangers-speech
  292. His classmate, Christopher Evans, recalled that Powell was "austere" and "really unlike any schoolboy one had known ...
  293. Another contemporary, Denis Hills, later said that Powell "carried an armful of books and kept to himself ... he was rep
  294. Thucydides, Herodotus and Divinity
  295. Powell's contemporary, Roy Lewis, recalled that "we thought that the masters were afraid of him".
  296. Duggie Smith, Powell's form-master in the lower classical sixth and his principal classics master in the upper sixth, re
  297. In 1929, he was awarded the Higher School Certificate with a distinction in Latin, Greek and ancient history, and won th
  298. Powell also won the Badger Prize for English Literature twice and the Lightfoot Thucydides Prize.
  299. Sir Ronald Melville, who sat the exams at the same time, recalled that "the exams mostly lasted three hours. Powell left
  300. For another paper, Powell also had to translate a passage from Bede, which he did into Platonic Greek. In the remaining
  301. On days without lectures or supervisions, he would read from 5:30 am to 9:30 pm at night.
  302. Powell later said "I thought the only thing to do was to work. I thought that was what I was going to Cambridge for, bec
  303. having written on "Thucydides, his moral and historical principles and their influence in later antiquities"
  304. The Chancellor of Cambridge University, the Conservative Party leader Stanley Baldwin, told the Master of Trinity J. J.
  305. Shortly before his finals in May 1933, Powell became ill with tonsillitis and then suffered pyelitis. His neighbour in T
  306. Powell recalled that he sat for hours in a state of shock: "So it had all been illusion, all fantasy, all a self-created
  307. The Times Literary Supplement noted they possessed to a degree "the tone and temper" of Housman's A Shropshire Lad. The
  308. In its review, The Times Literary Supplement said Powell's "lyrical feeling, reflection, and an epigrammatic conciseness
  309. Maurice Cowling appraised Powell's poems as "restrained and pessimistic, and written out of a high sense of human destin
  310. Powell said the first two volumes were "dominated by the War – the War foreseen, the War imminent, and the War actual",
  311. After Neville Chamberlain's first visit to Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden, Powell wrote in a letter to his parents on 18
  312. In another letter to his parents in June 1939, before the beginning of war, Powell wrote: "It is the English, not their
  313. Powell said he found three major changes to the style of the United Kingdom, "all of which seem to me to be evil". The f
  314. The second change he objected to was "the suppression of the word 'British', both from before the words 'Realms and Terr
  315. Powell said that the answer was that because the British Nationality Act 1948 had removed allegiance to the crown as the
  316. These changes were "greatly repugnant" to Powell: "if they are changes which were demanded by those who in many wars had
  317. In August, he gave a speech at a meeting of the Institute of Personnel Management and was asked a question about immigra
  318. At a meeting of the 1922 Committee on 22 November 1956, Butler made a speech appealing for party unity in the aftermath
  319. In his 1961 "Water Tower" speech, he said: "There they stand, isolated, majestic, imperious, brooded over by the giganti
  320. Sir George Godber, Chief Medical Officer for Her Majesty's Government in England from 1960 to 1973 (and for England and
  321. Powell's biographer Simon Heffer also stated that the claim "is a complete untruth. As Powell's biographer I have been t
  322. During the early 1960s, Powell was asked about the recruitment of immigrant workers for the NHS. He replied by saying "r
  323. Simon Heffer, who has published a biography of Powell, has described the allegation as a "monstrous lie" and criticised
  324. David Aaronovitch of The Times wrote in April 2015 that the 1980s claims about Powell originated from fabricated claims
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