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Enigma machine

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Enigma machine

The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military. The Enigma machine was considered so secure that it was used to encipher the most top-secret messages. The Enigma has an electromechanical rotor mechanism that scrambles the 26 letters of the alphabet. In typical use, one person enters text on the Enigma's keyboard and another person writes down which of the 26 lights above the keyboard illuminated at each key press. If plaintext is entered, the illuminated letters are the ciphertext. Entering ciphertext transforms it back into readable plaintext. The rotor mechanism changes the electrical connections between the keys and the lights with each keypress. In essence, the rotor's motion means every letter is encrypted with a different cryptographic key, making it highly resistant to conventional cryptographic attacks based on patterns the keys leave in the resulting cyphertext. For the system to be bidirectional, the receiving station would have to know and use the exact settings employed by the transmitting station to decrypt a message. This consisted of a series of initial settings that were generally changed daily, based on secret key lists distributed in advance. Due to the large number of messages transmitted every day, this could allow the system to be attacked if enough messages were intercepted. To complicate this, operators would choose some other (hopefully) random settings of the rotors, say "GTZ", and then use the day settings to encode that key and send it. Then would then change the rotors to the chosen settings and send the rest of the message. That meant that only those three letters were set to the day code, making it seemingly impossible to gather enough cyphertext to attack it. Although Nazi Germany introduced a series of improvements to the Enigma over the years that hampered decryption efforts, cryptanalysis of the Enigma enabled Poland to first crack the machine as early as December 1932 and to read messages prior to and into the war. Poland's sharing of their achievements enabled the Allies to exploit Enigma-enciphered messages as a major source of intelligence. Many commentators say the flow of Ultra communications intelligence from the decrypting of Enigma, Lorenz, and other ciphers shortened the war substantially and may even have altered its outcome.

Tables

Position of turnover notches · Design › Turnover
I
I
Rotor
I
Turnover position(s)
R
BP mnemonic
Royal
II
II
Rotor
II
Turnover position(s)
F
BP mnemonic
Flags
III
III
Rotor
III
Turnover position(s)
W
BP mnemonic
Wave
IV
IV
Rotor
IV
Turnover position(s)
K
BP mnemonic
Kings
V
V
Rotor
V
Turnover position(s)
A
BP mnemonic
Above
VI, VII and VIII
VI, VII and VIII
Rotor
VI, VII and VIII
Turnover position(s)
A and N
Rotor
Turnover position(s)
BP mnemonic
I
R
Royal
II
F
Flags
III
W
Wave
IV
K
Kings
V
A
Above
VI, VII and VIII
A and N

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