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English language

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English language

English is a West Germanic language that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca. The namesake of the language is the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Britain after the end of Roman rule. English is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations) and the United States. It is the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. English is either the official language, or one of the official languages, in 57 sovereign states and 30 dependent territories, making it the most geographically widespread language in the world. In the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, it is the dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law. It is a co-official language of the United Nations, the European Union, and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto lingua franca of diplomacy, science, technology, international trade, logistics, tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the Internet. Ethnologue estimated that there were over 1.4 billion speakers worldwide as of 2021. Old English emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Early inscriptions were written with runes before a Latin-based alphabet was adopted for longer texts. Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from Old Norse, a North Germanic language. An evolution of the Latin alphabet, the English alphabet, fully supplanted the runic alphabet by the High Middle Ages, coinciding with the emergence of Middle English in England under Norman control. Middle English borrowed vocabulary extensively from French dialects, which are the source of approximately 28 per cent of Modern English words, and from Latin, which is the source of an additional 28 per cent. While Latin and the Romance languages are thus the source for a majority of its lexicon taken as a whole, English's grammar and phonology remain Germanic, as does most of its basic everyday vocabulary. Finally, Middle English transformed, in part through the Great Vowel Shift, into Modern English, which exists on a dialect continuum with Scots; it is next-most closely related to Low Saxon and Frisian.

Infobox

Pronunciation
/ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ ING-lish
Native to
The English-speaking world, including the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Commonwealth Caribbean, South Africa and others
Speakers
L1: 380 million (2021).mw- L2: 1.077 billion (2021) Total: 1.457 billion
Language family
Indo-European GermanicWest GermanicNorth Sea GermanicAnglicEnglish
Dialects
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li British EnglishNorth AmericanCaribbeanAustralianNew ZealandSouth AfricanHiberno-English (full list)
Writing system
Latin (English alphabet) Anglo-Saxon runes (historical) English Braille, Unified English Braille
Signed forms
Manually coded English (multiple systems)
Official language in
57 countries and 30 dependent territoriesOrganisations including the UN, EU, Commonwealth, ICC, IMF, IOC, ISO, NATO, WTO, ASEAN, OAS and OECD
ISO 639-1
en
ISO 639-2
eng
ISO 639-3
eng
Glottolog
stan1293
Linguasphere
52-ABA
Early forms
Proto-English Old English Middle English Early Modern English

Tables

Consonant phonemes · Phonology › Consonants
Nasal
Nasal
Col 1
Nasal
Bilabial
m
Dental
n
Post-alveolar
ŋ
Plosive
Plosive
Col 1
Plosive
Col 2
p
Bilabial
b
Labiodental
t
Dental
d
Post-alveolar
k
Post-alveolar
ɡ
Palatal
(ʔ)
Affricate
Affricate
Col 1
Affricate
Dental
Alveolar
Fricative
Fricative
Col 1
Fricative
Bilabial
f
Bilabial
v
Labiodental
θ
Labiodental
ð
Dental
s
Dental
z
Alveolar
ʃ
Alveolar
ʒ
Post-alveolar
(x)
Palatal
h
Approximant
Approximant
Col 1
Approximant
Col 2
Median
Dental
ɹ
Alveolar
j
Post-alveolar
w
Lateral
Lateral
Col 1
Lateral
Labiodental
l
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Post-alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
ŋ
Plosive
p
b
t
d
k
ɡ
(ʔ)
Affricate
Fricative
f
v
θ
ð
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
(x)
h
Approximant
Median
ɹ
j
w
Lateral
l
Closing diphthongs
RP
GA
bay
əʊ
əʊ
RP
əʊ
GA
Word
road
RP
GA
cry
RP
GA
cow
ɔɪ
ɔɪ
RP
ɔɪ
GA
boy
RP
GA
Word
bay
əʊ
road
cry
cow
ɔɪ
boy
Centring diphthongs
ɪə
ɪə
RP
ɪə
GA
ɪɹ
Word
peer
RP
GA
ɛɹ
Word
pair
ʊə
ʊə
RP
ʊə
GA
ʊɹ
Word
poor
RP
GA
Word
ɪə
ɪɹ
peer
ɛɹ
pair
ʊə
ʊɹ
poor
Monophthongs
RP
GA
i
Word
need
ɪ
ɪ
RP
ɪ
GA
bid
e
e
RP
e
GA
ɛ
Word
bed
æ
æ
RP
æ
GA
back
ɑː
ɑː
RP
ɑː
GA
ɑ
Word
bra
ɒ
ɒ
RP
ɒ
GA
box
ɔ, ɑ
ɔ, ɑ
RP
ɔ, ɑ
GA
cloth
ɔː
ɔː
RP
ɔː
GA
paw
RP
GA
u
Word
food
ʊ
ʊ
RP
ʊ
GA
good
ʌ
ʌ
RP
ʌ
GA
but
ɜː
ɜː
RP
ɜː
GA
ɜɹ
Word
bird
ə
ə
RP
ə
GA
comma
RP
GA
Word
i
need
ɪ
bid
e
ɛ
bed
æ
back
ɑː
ɑ
bra
ɒ
box
ɔ, ɑ
cloth
ɔː
paw
u
food
ʊ
good
ʌ
but
ɜː
ɜɹ
bird
ə
comma
Phonological features in Standard English varieties[170] · Phonology › Regional variation
father–bother merger
father–bother merger
Col 1
father–bother merger
UnitedStates
Yes
Canada
Yes
/ɒ/ is unrounded
/ɒ/ is unrounded
Col 1
/ɒ/ is unrounded
UnitedStates
Yes
Canada
Yes
Republicof Ireland
Yes
/ɜr/ is pronounced [ɚ]
/ɜr/ is pronounced [ɚ]
Col 1
/ɜr/ is pronounced [ɚ]
UnitedStates
Yes
Canada
Yes
Republicof Ireland
Yes
NorthernIreland
Yes
cot–caught merger
cot–caught merger
Col 1
cot–caught merger
UnitedStates
Possibly
Canada
Yes
Republicof Ireland
Possibly
NorthernIreland
Yes
Scotland
Yes
fool–full merger
fool–full merger
Col 1
fool–full merger
NorthernIreland
Yes
Scotland
Yes
/t, d/ flapping
/t, d/ flapping
Col 1
/t, d/ flapping
UnitedStates
Yes
Canada
Yes
Republicof Ireland
Possibly
NorthernIreland
Often
Scotland
Rarely
England
Rarely
Wales
Rarely
SouthAfrica
Rarely
Australia
Yes
NewZealand
Often
trap–bath split
trap–bath split
Col 1
trap–bath split
Republicof Ireland
Possibly
NorthernIreland
Possibly
England
Often
Wales
Yes
SouthAfrica
Yes
Australia
Often
NewZealand
Yes
non-rhoticity
non-rhoticity
Col 1
non-rhoticity
England
Yes
Wales
Yes
SouthAfrica
Yes
Australia
Yes
NewZealand
Yes
close vowels for /æ, ɛ/
close vowels for /æ, ɛ/
Col 1
close vowels for /æ, ɛ/
SouthAfrica
Yes
Australia
Yes
NewZealand
Yes
/l/ can always be pronounced [ɫ]
/l/ can always be pronounced [ɫ]
Col 1
/l/ can always be pronounced [ɫ]
UnitedStates
Yes
Canada
Yes
NorthernIreland
Yes
Scotland
Yes
Australia
Yes
NewZealand
Yes
/ɑː/ is fronted before /r/
/ɑː/ is fronted before /r/
Col 1
/ɑː/ is fronted before /r/
Canada
Possibly
Republicof Ireland
Possibly
Australia
Yes
NewZealand
Yes
UnitedStates
Canada
Republicof Ireland
NorthernIreland
Scotland
England
Wales
SouthAfrica
Australia
NewZealand
father–bother merger
Yes
Yes
/ɒ/ is unrounded
Yes
Yes
Yes
/ɜr/ is pronounced [ɚ]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
cot–caught merger
Possibly
Yes
Possibly
Yes
Yes
fool–full merger
Yes
Yes
/t, d/ flapping
Yes
Yes
Possibly
Often
Rarely
Rarely
Rarely
Rarely
Yes
Often
trap–bath split
Possibly
Possibly
Often
Yes
Yes
Often
Yes
non-rhoticity
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
close vowels for /æ, ɛ/
Yes
Yes
Yes
/l/ can always be pronounced [ɫ]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
/ɑː/ is fronted before /r/
Possibly
Possibly
Yes
Yes
Dialects and low vowels · Phonology › Regional variation
mw- .mw- THOUGHT
mw- .mw- THOUGHT
Lexical set
mw- .mw- THOUGHT
RP
/ɔː/
GA
/ɔ/ or /ɑ/
Can
/ɑ/
Sound change
cot–caught merger
CLOTH
CLOTH
Lexical set
CLOTH
RP
/ɒ/
GA
lot–cloth split
LOT
LOT
Lexical set
LOT
RP
/ɑ/
GA
father–bother merger
PALM
PALM
Lexical set
PALM
RP
/ɑː/
BATH
BATH
Lexical set
BATH
RP
/æ/
GA
/æ/
Can
trap–bath split
TRAP
TRAP
Lexical set
TRAP
RP
/æ/
Lexical set
RP
GA
Can
Sound change
mw- THOUGHT
/ɔː/
/ɔ/ or /ɑ/
/ɑ/
cot–caught merger
CLOTH
/ɒ/
lot–cloth split
LOT
/ɑ/
father–bother merger
PALM
/ɑː/
BATH
/æ/
/æ/
trap–bath split
TRAP
/æ/
English personal pronouns · Grammar › Nouns and noun phrases › Pronouns, case, and person
1st, singular
1st, singular
Person
1st, singular
Subjective case
I
Objective case
me
Dependent possessive
my
Independent possessive
mine
Reflexive
myself
2nd, singular
2nd, singular
Person
2nd, singular
Subjective case
you
Objective case
you
Dependent possessive
your
Independent possessive
yours
Reflexive
yourself
3rd, singular
3rd, singular
Person
3rd, singular
Subjective case
he/she/it/they
Objective case
him/her/it/them
Dependent possessive
his/her/its/their
Independent possessive
his/hers/its/theirs
Reflexive
himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves
1st, plural
1st, plural
Person
1st, plural
Subjective case
we
Objective case
us
Dependent possessive
our
Independent possessive
ours
Reflexive
ourselves
2nd, plural
2nd, plural
Person
2nd, plural
Subjective case
you
Objective case
you
Dependent possessive
your
Independent possessive
yours
Reflexive
yourselves
3rd, plural
3rd, plural
Person
3rd, plural
Subjective case
they
Objective case
them
Dependent possessive
their
Independent possessive
theirs
Reflexive
themselves
Person
Subjective case
Objective case
Dependent possessive
Independent possessive
Reflexive
1st, singular
I
me
my
mine
myself
2nd, singular
you
you
your
yours
yourself
3rd, singular
he/she/it/they
him/her/it/them
his/her/its/their
his/hers/its/theirs
himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves
1st, plural
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
2nd, plural
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
3rd, plural
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
English inflectional forms · Grammar › Verbs and verb phrases
Plain present
Plain present
Inflection
Plain present
Strong
take
Regular
love
3rd person sg.present
3rd person sg.present
Inflection
3rd person sg.present
Strong
takes
Regular
loves
Preterite
Preterite
Inflection
Preterite
Strong
took
Regular
loved
Plain (infinitive)
Plain (infinitive)
Inflection
Plain (infinitive)
Strong
take
Regular
love
Gerund–participle
Gerund–participle
Inflection
Gerund–participle
Strong
taking
Regular
loving
Past participle
Past participle
Inflection
Past participle
Strong
taken
Regular
loved
Inflection
Strong
Regular
Plain present
take
love
3rd person sg.present
takes
loves
Preterite
took
loved
Plain (infinitive)
take
love
Gerund–participle
taking
loving
Past participle
taken
loved
· Grammar › Verbs and verb phrases › Tense, aspect, and mood
First person
First person
Col 1
First person
Present
I run
Preterite
I ran
Second person
Second person
Col 1
Second person
Present
You run
Preterite
You ran
Third person
Third person
Col 1
Third person
Present
John runs
Preterite
John ran
Present
Preterite
First person
I run
I ran
Second person
You run
You ran
Third person
John runs
John ran
· Grammar › Verbs and verb phrases › Tense, aspect, and mood
First person
First person
Col 1
First person
Future
"I will run"
Second person
Second person
Col 1
Second person
Future
"You will run"
Third person
Third person
Col 1
Third person
Future
"John will run"
Future
First person
"I will run"
Second person
"You will run"
Third person
"John will run"

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