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"English Braille" normally refers to Grade 2. The more basic Grade 1 Braille, which is only used by learners, is specifi
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⟨Angle brackets⟩ will be used to indicate transcriptions of braille letters into the Latin alphabet.
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compare American (BANA) here with British (BAUK) here.
http://www.duxburysystems.com/images/bana_black.pdf -
Daniels & Bright, 1996, The World's Writing Systems, p 817–818
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War of the Dots Archived 2010-03-26 at the Wayback Machine
http://www.nyise.org/blind/irwin2.htm -
using only the single-cell contractions
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Mackenzie, 1953, World Braille Usage, UNESCO
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000711/071103eb.pdf -
www.iceb.org
http://www.iceb.org/cranem.html -
"COMMENTS ON MATHEMATICAL ASPECTS OF THE UEBC"
https://web.archive.org/web/20121030053019/http://www.acb.org/magazine/2001/bf092001.html#bf06 -
Also called "group signs"
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This is reminiscent of writing "h8" for hate and "4ever" for forever, but differs in that the spelling of the parts cann
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When a word has an established braille spelling without a ligature, the contraction is avoided in derivativations which
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In an extreme example, for and with the people is written ⠿⠯⠾⠮⠀⠏. This convention has been eliminate from Unified Englis
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⠜ ⟨ar⟩ is a common exception to this rule, and is regularly used in common words which have a prefix a- before a root be
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wesbraille.org
https://web.archive.org/web/20190524231102/http://wesbraille.org/lesson.php?num=66 -
In words like canoed, toed, and shoer, however, the e is ambiguous between the stem canoe, toe, shoe and the suffix -ed
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This can feel arbitrary: Lineage accepts the ligature, but mileage does not.
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However, the restriction does not seem to apply to ea at the end of a word: teaspoon (ea) and eggbeater (gg) use the lig
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EBAE Literary Code 2002, Rules I § 5–7
http://www.brailleauthority.org/literary/ebae2002.pdf -
Rules of UEB 2013, § 7
http://www.iceb.org/Rules%20of%20Unified%20English%20Braille%202013%20(linked).pdf -
EBAE Literary Code 2002, Rule IV § 21 & 22
http://www.brailleauthority.org/literary/ebae2002.pdf -
Rules of UEB 2013, §§ 3.3
http://www.iceb.org/Rules%20of%20Unified%20English%20Braille%202013%20(linked).pdf -
EBAE Literary Code 2002, Rule VII § 28(h)
http://www.brailleauthority.org/literary/ebae2002.pdf -
But not with dates. For dates like 7/19/2012, a hyphen is used instead of a slash, without repeating the number sign. Th
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However, for abbreviations of units of measure which are not spaced, the letter sign is used even if the letter comes af
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Quotation marks, italics, and brackets are replaced by the letter sign if their function is equivalent, or if the punctu
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In Unified English Braille, a triple cap sign is used for extended text.
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In Unified English Braille, these have separate formatting signs.
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See Greek Braille for the braille codes for those letters.
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Sometimes called "wordsigns" when they involve a single braille letter, and "shortforms" when more.
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⟨l⟩ is also used for £, the abbreviation of pound in British currency. Shilling and pence follow the printed abbreviatio
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Eliminated in Unified English Braille
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a lowered letter ⟨h⟩
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Apparent exceptions, such as ⟨xs, xf⟩ for its, itself and ⟨yr, yrf, yrvs⟩ for your, yourself, yourselves, are quite limi
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but not haven't, where the apostrophy does not immediately follow the have.
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An exception are the musical notes do and so, which are spelled out as d-o and s-o.
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Since the letters ⟨ed, er, ow⟩ are not used as contractions, they can be used for the words Ed, er..., and ow!
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⟨in⟩ in pulls double duty: It is a simple braille letter, used for any sequence i-n in an English word. However, it also
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⟨in⟩ and ⟨to⟩ are regularly compounded as ⠔⠖ into, which is perhaps most easily understood as an independent word sign.
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Because braille ⠌ ⟨st⟩ is a letter (phonogram or "groupsign") rather than a contraction, the printed sequence st will be
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⠉⠧ ⟨cv⟩ and ⠉⠧⠛ ⟨cvg⟩ are used regularly, as in ⠏⠻⠉⠧ ⟨percv⟩ perceive, but in addition combine with ⠙ ⟨d⟩, ⠗ ⟨r⟩, and ⠒
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They may however be used as common nouns within proper names, such as the titles of books.
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The convention in braille is to syllabify an intervocalic consonant with the preceding vowel if it is both stressed and
https://web.archive.org/web/20160308145537/http://wesbraille.org/lesson.php?num=17 -
Generally, if the sequence of letters spans a stressed to an unstressed syllable, or spans two unstressed syllables, the
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There is a similar restriction against spanning root and suffix. However, in application this is somewhat arbitrary: fru
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"BANA Adopts UEB"
http://brailleauthority.org/pressreleases/pr-2012november.html -
www.nfb.org
https://www.nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/bm/bm11/bm1111/bm111107.htm -
www.dotlessbraille.org
http://www.dotlessbraille.org/UEBvsEBAE.htm -
"Unified English Braille Alphabet"
https://web.archive.org/web/20130605144148/http://libbraille.org/extra/unified_english_braille_alphabet.pdf
