Topzle Topzle

Empire State Building

Updated: 12/11/2025, 5:19:58 PM Wikipedia source

The Empire State Building is a 102-story, Art Deco-style supertall skyscraper in the Midtown South neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from "Empire State", the nickname of New York state. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall including its antenna. The Empire State Building was the world's tallest building until the North Tower of the World Trade Center was topped out in 1970; following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Empire State Building was once more New York City's tallest building until it was surpassed in 2012 by One World Trade Center. As of 2025, the building is the eighth-tallest building in New York City, the tenth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, and the 59th-tallest completed skyscraper in the world. The site of the Empire State Building, on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets, was developed in 1893 as the Waldorf–Astoria Hotel. In 1929, Empire State Inc. acquired the site and devised plans for a skyscraper there. The design for the Empire State Building was changed fifteen times until it was ensured to be the world's tallest building. Construction started on March 17, 1930, and the building opened thirteen and a half months afterward on May 1, 1931. Despite favorable publicity related to the building's construction, because of the Great Depression and World War II, its owners did not make a profit until the early 1950s. The building's Art Deco architecture, height, and observation decks have made it a popular attraction. Around four million tourists from around the world annually visit the building's 86th- and 102nd-floor observatories; an additional indoor observatory on the 80th floor opened in 2019. The Empire State Building is an international cultural icon: it has been featured in more than 250 television series and films since the film King Kong was released in 1933. The building's size has been used as a standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. A symbol of New York City, the building has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It was ranked first on the American Institute of Architects' List of America's Favorite Architecture in 2007. Additionally, the Empire State Building and its ground-floor interior were designated city landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1980, and were added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1986.

Infobox

Preceded by
Chrysler Building
Surpassed by
World Trade Center
Type
Office building; observation decks
Architectural style
Art Deco
Location
350 Fifth Avenue[a]Manhattan, New York, 10118[b]U.S.
Coordinates
mw- 40°44′54″N 73°59′8″W / 40.74833°N 73.98556°W / 40.74833; -73.98556
Construction started
March 17, 1930; 95 years ago (1930-03-17)
Topped-out
September 19, 1930; 95 years ago (1930-09-19)
Completed
April 11, 1931; 94 years ago (1931-04-11)
Opened
May 1, 1931; 94 years ago (May 1, 1931)
Cost
$40,948,900(equivalent to $678 million in 2024)
Owner
Empire State Realty Trust
Tip
1,454 ft (443.2 m)
Antenna spire
204 ft (62.2 m)
Roof
1,250 ft (381.0 m)
Top floor
1,224 ft (373.1 m)
Observatory
80th, 86th, and 102nd (top) floors
Other dimensions
424 ft (129.2 m) east–west; 187 ft (57.0 m) north–south
Floor count
102[c]
Floor area
2,248,355 sq ft (208,879 m2)
Lifts/elevators
73
Architect
Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
Developer
Empire State Inc., including John J. Raskob and Al Smith
Structural engineer
Homer Gage Balcom
Main contractor
Starrett Brothers and Eken
Designated
May 19, 1981
Reference no.
2001
Designated entity
Interior: Lobby

Tables

· External links
Preceded byChrysler Building
Preceded byChrysler Building
Records
Preceded byChrysler Building
Records
World's tallest structure 1931–1954
Records
Succeeded byKWTV Mast
World's tallest freestanding structure 1931–1967
World's tallest freestanding structure 1931–1967
Records
World's tallest freestanding structure 1931–1967
Records
Succeeded byOstankino Tower
Tallest building in the world 1931–1970
Tallest building in the world 1931–1970
Records
Tallest building in the world 1931–1970
Records
Succeeded byWorld Trade Center (1973–2001) (North Tower)
Tallest building in the United States 1931–1970
Tallest building in the United States 1931–1970
Records
Tallest building in the United States 1931–1970
Tallest building in New York City 1931–1972
Tallest building in New York City 1931–1972
Records
Tallest building in New York City 1931–1972
Preceded byWorld Trade Center (1973–2001) (North Tower)
Preceded byWorld Trade Center (1973–2001) (North Tower)
Records
Preceded byWorld Trade Center (1973–2001) (North Tower)
Records
Tallest building in New York City 2001–2012
Records
Succeeded byOne World Trade Center (current)
Records
Preceded byChrysler Building
World's tallest structure 1931–1954
Succeeded byKWTV Mast
World's tallest freestanding structure 1931–1967
Succeeded byOstankino Tower
Tallest building in the world 1931–1970
Succeeded byWorld Trade Center (1973–2001) (North Tower)
Tallest building in the United States 1931–1970
Tallest building in New York City 1931–1972
Preceded byWorld Trade Center (1973–2001) (North Tower)
Tallest building in New York City 2001–2012
Succeeded byOne World Trade Center (current)

References

  1. The tenants' entrance is located at 350 Fifth Avenue, while the visitors' entrance is located at 20 West 34th Street.
  2. The Empire State Building is located within the 10001 zip code area, but 10118 has been assigned as the building's own z
  3. Most sources state that there are 102 floors, but some give a figure of 103 floors due to the presence of a balcony abov
  4. Per the 1916 Zoning Act, the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height, proportion
  5. See Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1981, PDF page 26, for a diagram of the lobby.
  6. The 101st floor was later renamed the 102nd floor and is 101 floors above ground. The former 102nd floor, now the 103rd
  7. These proposals included the 100-story Metropolitan Life North Building; a 1,050-foot (320 m) tower built by Abraham E.
  8. am New York
    https://www.amny.com/real-estate/empire-state-building-rehabilitation-1.20623161
  9. Jackson 2010, p. 413.
  10. Langmead 2009, p. 86.
  11. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/05/02/102231255.pdf
  12. The Skyscraper Center
    https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/empire-state-building/261
  13. Emporis
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120128033317/http://www.emporis.com/building/empirestatebuilding-newyorkcity-ny-usa
  14. SkyscraperPage.com
    https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=23
  15. Exploring New York City
    https://books.google.com/books?id=SsovU3y-zUYC
  16. MeasuringWorth
    http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/
  17. National Historic Landmark summary listing
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110805161100/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1842&ResourceType=Building
  18. National Register of Historic Places
    https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP
  19. "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)"
    https://cris.parks.ny.gov/
  20. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 1.
  21. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1981, p. 1.
  22. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/gunman-opens-fire-outside-empire-state-building-is-shot-by-police/2012/08/24/af5d1bde-edf0-11e1-b0eb-dac6b50187ad_story.html
  23. The New York Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/16/arts/design/empire-state-buildings-new-exhibition-review.html
  24. Jackson 2010, p. 414.
  25. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/09/realestate/commercial/09south.html
  26. The Wall Street Journal
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/midtown-south-living-where-the-action-is-1445594401
  27. Business Insider
    http://www.businessinsider.com/weird-facts-about-the-empire-state-building-2016-4
  28. Newsday
    https://www.amny.com/secrets-of-new-york/secrets-of-the-empire-state-building-as-it-celebrates-85-years-1.11717454
  29. Commercial Observer
    https://commercialobserver.com/2012/09/the-vanity-zip/
  30. nyc.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210107102444/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/Manhattan
  31. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/05/01/111235073.pdf
  32. "MTA Neighborhood Maps: neighborhood"
    http://web.mta.info/maps/neighborhood_maps.htm
  33. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/realestate/19livi.html
  34. mta.info
    http://web.mta.info/maps/neighborhoods/mn/M09_HeraldSq-MurrayHill_2015.pdf
  35. Jackson 2010, p. 866.
  36. AIA Guide to New York City
    https://archive.org/details/aiaguidetonewyor0000unse_m6u4/
  37. AIA Guide to New York City
    https://archive.org/details/aiaguidetonewyor0000unse_a0o0
  38. Willis & Friedman 1998, p. 14.
  39. Willis & Friedman 1998, p. 56.
  40. Reynolds 1994, p. 290.
  41. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 14.
  42. Jackson 2010, pp. 413–414.
  43. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 612.
  44. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/01/08/94228622.pdf
  45. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 15.
  46. Tauranac 2014, p. 157.
  47. Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000, pp. 8–9.
  48. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 16.
  49. Langmead 2009, p. 81.
  50. Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000, p. 8.
  51. Willis 1995, p. 67.
  52. Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000, pp. 11–12.
  53. www1.nyc.gov
    https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/zoning/districts-tools/c6.page
  54. Landscape of Modernity: Essays on New York City, 1900–1940
    https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1550360
  55. Popular Mechanics & December 1930, p. 920.
  56. Willis 1995, p. 96.
  57. The Herald-Times
    https://www.heraldtimesonline.com/story/news/2017/06/22/oolitics-empire-quarry-a-source-of-pride/46754905/
  58. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/10/us/limestone-center-turns-to-tourism.html
  59. Al-Kodmany 2017, p. 72.
  60. "Empire State Building Fact Sheet"
    https://www.esbnyc.com/sites/default/files/esb_fact_sheet_4_9_14_4.pdf
  61. "Empire State Building Refaced for Savings"
    https://www.cnet.com/news/empire-state-building-refaced-for-savings/
  62. Reynolds 1994, p. 292.
  63. Reynolds 1994, p. 291.
  64. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 613.
  65. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, pp. 16–17.
  66. Reynolds 1994, pp. 291–292.
  67. Live Science
    https://www.livescience.com/11147-empire-state-building-lights.html
  68. Tauranac 2014, p. 353.
  69. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/21/top-of-the-empire-state-to-get-new-floodlights.html
  70. "Hotel History"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131127101023/http://www.waldorfnewyork.com/about-the-waldorf/hotel-history.html
  71. City Lights – New York Magazine
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FOgCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35
  72. Berman & Museum of New York City 2003, p. 108.
  73. "Tower Lights"
    http://www.esbnyc.com/explore/tower-lights
  74. am New York
    https://www.amny.com/sports/empire-state-building-to-be-lit-with-new-york-city-fc-red-bulls-colors-1.11822431
  75. BBC News
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/sinatra/94366.stm
  76. "Lighting Schedule"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20010920145315/http://www.esbnyc.com/tourism/tourism_lightingschedule.cfm
  77. "TODAY Celebrates 60 Years!"
    https://www.nbcnews.com/slideshow/today/today-celebrates-60-years-45984730/
  78. NBC Los Angeles
    https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/photos-landmarks-light-up-purple-gold-to-remember-lifelong-laker-kobe-bryant/2299102/
  79. United Press International
    https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2024/09/10/james-earl-jones-reactions/2321725966523
  80. Marketing Brew
    https://www.marketingbrew.com/stories/2022/06/15/how-netflix-and-giant-spoon-turned-the-empire-state-building-upside-down
  81. City Room
    https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/with-new-lights-a-more-vibrant-look-for-the-empire-state-building/
  82. The New York Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130709000058/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/nyregion/an-empire-state-building-light-show-that-rivaled-the-fireworks.html
  83. New York Daily News
    http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/new-york-state-building-displays-election-results-article-1.1197707
  84. HuffPost
    https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/empire-state-building-light-show-alicia-keys-led-display-new-york-city_n_2198200.html
  85. Variety
    https://variety.com/2018/music/news/how-eminem-and-jimmy-kimmel-took-over-the-empire-state-building-1202982508/
  86. Manhattan Skyscrapers
    https://archive.org/details/manhattanskyscra00nash_0
  87. Tauranac 2014, p. 183.
  88. Taranath 2016, p. 459.
  89. Taranath 2016, p. 527.
  90. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, pp. 612, 614.
  91. Willis 1995, p. 95.
  92. Popular Mechanics & December 1930, p. 922.
  93. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1981, p. 13.
  94. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1981, p. 15.
  95. Architectural Digest
    https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/lost-art-deco-treasures-from-the-empire-state-building-rediscovered
  96. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/07/arts/design/vanished-murals-from-the-empire-state-building-rediscovered.html
  97. Skyscrapers
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0VJJAQAAIAAJ
  98. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1981, p. 14.
  99. Reynolds 1994, p. 293.
  100. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1981, pp. 12, 15.
  101. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1981, p. 12.
  102. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1981, p. 16.
  103. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/23/nyregion/23empire.html
  104. Diane Arbus: A Biography
    https://books.google.com/books?id=CveczaI95Q8C&pg=PA215
  105. The New York Times
    https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/31/artist-files-suit-over-missing-empire-state-building-paintings
  106. The New York Times
    https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9404E2DC163AF930A25751C0A9679D8B63.html
  107. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/07/science/earth/07empire.html
  108. Popular Science
    https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8ycDAAAAMBAJ
  109. Popular Mechanics & December 1930, p. 921.
  110. "Empire State Building To Get Modernized Elevators"
    http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/06/16/empire-state-building-to-get-modernized-elevators/
  111. Al-Kodmany 2017, p. 71.
  112. "Empire State Building's 80th Floor Renovations Offer New Visitor Experience"
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/empire-state-building-80th-floor-165-million-renovations-complete/
  113. "Empire State Building Fast Facts"
    https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/11/us/empire-state-building-fast-facts/index.html
  114. The New York Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/nyregion/empire-state-building-observation-decks-generate-startling-profits.html
  115. The New York Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/nyregion/3-3-million-were-expected-at-trade-center-attraction-1-million-havent-shown-up.html
  116. Crain's New York Business
    https://www.crainsnewyork.com/real-estate/empire-state-building-owner-launch-dynamic-ticket-pricing
  117. Curbed
    https://www.curbed.com/article/empire-state-building-dynamic-pricing-observation-deck-tickets.html
  118. "ESB Tickets"
    https://www.esbnyc.com/tickets/index.cfm
  119. Fodor's 2010, p. 154.
  120. The Citizens' Voice
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48518102/
  121. Olean Times-Herald
    http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252024%2FOlean%2520NY%2520Times%2520Herald%2FOlean%2520NY%2520Times%2520Herald%25201979%2FOlean%2520NY%2520Times%2520Herald%25201979%2520a%2520-%25201143.pdf
  122. CNN Travel
    https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/empire-state-building-observatory-new-york/index.html
  123. The New York Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/arts/design/empire-state-building-observatory.html
  124. Curbed NY
    https://ny.curbed.com/2019/12/2/20991515/empire-state-building-new-observatory-redevelopment-nyc
  125. "Exclusive Look Inside the Empire State Building's $160 Million Makeover"
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/empire-state-building-massive-renovation-exclusive-look-inside-new-observatory/
  126. Untapped New York
    https://untappedcities.com/2019/07/29/inside-the-new-empire-state-buildings-new-interactive-museum-the-observatory-experience/
  127. "Ten Things Not to Do in New York"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100316041809/http://www.concierge.com/ideas/hotspots/tours/500723?page=3
  128. The Official Guide to New York City
    https://www.nycgo.com/tours/empire-state-building-tickets-observatory-and-optional-skip-the-line-ticket
  129. The Times
    https://www.thetimes.com/article/no-threat-from-large-gorillas-hhq8vn2zmck
  130. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/01/travel/travel-advisory-empire-state-building-new-york-on-one-floor.html
  131. The New Yorker
    https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/11/12/a-curious-flight-path
  132. The Rough Guide to New York
    https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781848365902
  133. VR World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=REpVAAAAMAAJ
  134. New York City
    https://books.google.com/books?id=BaIXAQAAMAAJ
  135. Fodor's New York City
    https://books.google.com/books?id=SobFCwAAQBAJ
  136. September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lx7i4YHl_NoC&pg=PA12
  137. The New York Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/nyregion/feud-over-views-from-the-empire-state-building.html
  138. Tauranac 2014, p. 186.
  139. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 17.
  140. Popular Mechanics
    https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_n-MDAAAAMBAJ
  141. Langmead 2009, p. 82.
  142. Jackson 2010, pp. 1344.
  143. CBS New York
    http://newyork.cbslocal.com/guide/inaccessible-new-york-up-to-the-103rd-floor-of-the-empire-state-building/
  144. Gothamist
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171105170332/http://gothamist.com/2016/02/02/esb_103rd_floor_vertigo.php
  145. The Wall Street Journal
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/raising-the-glass-at-the-empire-state-building-1440979749
  146. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/08/nyregion/king-kong-at-50-lacks-get-up-and-go.html
  147. The Architect's Newspaper
    https://www.archpaper.com/2024/06/house-of-dragon-empire-state-building-displays/
  148. Broadcast Engineering Magazine
    http://www.tech-notes.tv/History&Trivia/ANTENNAS%20ON%20ESB_files/ANTENNAS%20ON%20ESB.htm
  149. The Federal Communications Commission: Front Line in the Culture and Regulation Wars
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ33mq1mLmAC&pg=PA109
  150. Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong: A Biography
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rYAeAAAAIAAJ
  151. Radio Age
    https://books.google.com/books?id=TaETAQAAMAAJ
  152. Buffalo Courier-Express
    http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FBuffalo%2520NY%2520Courier%2520Express%2FBuffalo%2520NY%2520Courier%2520Express%25201950%2FBuffalo%2520NY%2520Courier%2520Express%25201950%2520-%25207585.pdf
  153. The New Yorker
    http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1953-04-11#folio=018
  154. Jamestown Journal
    http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FJamestown%2520NY%2520Post%2520Journal%2FJamestown%2520NY%2520Post%2520Journal%25201951%2FJamestown%2520NY%2520Post%2520Journal%25201951%2520-%25203739.pdf
  155. Tauranac 2014, p. 356.
  156. Tauranac 2014, pp. 356–357.
  157. Tauranac 2014, p. 357.
  158. Guerrero et al. 2002, p. 36.
  159. Guerrero et al. 2002, p. 37.
  160. High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0mbsfr38GTgC&pg=PA254
  161. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/12/nyregion/broadcasters-put-antennas-in-midtown.html
  162. Radio & Television Business Report
    https://www.rbr.com/one-world-trade-center-readies-for-broadcasters/
  163. "Radio Stations in New York, NY"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171027025152/http://www.radiomap.us/us-ny/new-york
  164. weather.gov
    https://www.weather.gov/nwr/sites?site=KWO35
  165. Gilded Mansions: Grand Architecture and High Society
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1BrBHQfpEcAC&pg=PA35
  166. The Planning of the Modern City: A Review of the Principles Governing City Planning
    https://archive.org/details/planningmodernc04lewigoog
  167. Douglas 2004, p. 108.
  168. McCarthy and Rutherford 1931, p. 23.
  169. McCarthy and Rutherford 1931, p. 77.
  170. American Architect and Architecture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xYlMAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3
  171. Tauranac 2014, p. 117.
  172. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/02/03/102976977.pdf
  173. Tauranac 2014, p. 118.
  174. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1928/12/23/archives/largest-office-building-to-replace-waldorfastoria-structure-will.html
  175. Reynolds 1994, p. 286.
  176. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1912/11/03/archives/catharine-street-as-select-shopping-centre-recalled-in-lord-taylors.html
  177. Reynolds 1994, p. 287.
  178. Douglas 2004, p. 109.
  179. Willis & Friedman 1998, pp. 85–87.
  180. Chicago Tribune
    http://www.chicagotribune.com/living/ct-xpm-2012-08-24-sns-rt-usa-shootingempirestate-building-20120824-story.html
  181. Reynolds 1994, p. 288.
  182. Langmead 2009, p. 79.
  183. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/08/30/94177281.pdf
  184. Langmead 2009, p. 80.
  185. Willis 1995, p. 90.
  186. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 610.
  187. Langmead 2009, p. 89.
  188. Bascomb 2004, pp. 246–247.
  189. Wagner 2003, p. 12.
  190. Tauranac 2014, p. 205.
  191. Tauranac 2014, p. 129.
  192. Rasenberger 2009, pp. 388–389.
  193. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, pp. 610, 612.
  194. Tauranac 2014, p. 130.
  195. Tauranac 2014, p. 131.
  196. Bascomb 2004, p. 230.
  197. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/11/19/107107719.pdf
  198. Willis 1995, p. 100.
  199. Goldman 1980, pp. 31–32.
  200. Willis 1995, pp. 98–99.
  201. Bascomb 2004, p. 235.
  202. Bascomb 2004, p. 247.
  203. Tauranac 2014, p. 185.
  204. Skyscrapers: A History of the World's Most Extraordinary Buildings
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xcLwAAAAQBAJ
  205. Utica Observer
    http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewpapers%2520Disk2%2FUtica%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Observer%2FUtica%2520NY%2520Observer%25201976.pdf%2FUtica%2520NY%2520Observer%25201976%2520-%25203040.pdf
  206. Langmead 2009, p. 90.
  207. Flowers 2001, p. 17.
  208. Willis & Friedman 1998, p. 46.
  209. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/07/05/101020546.pdf
  210. Langmead 2009, p. 84.
  211. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/10/02/94184775.pdf
  212. Tauranac 2014, pp. 198–199.
  213. Tauranac 2014, p. 200.
  214. Douglas 2004, p. 111.
  215. Tauranac 2014, p. 268.
  216. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/12/14/92028848.pdf
  217. Rasenberger 2009, pp. 394–395.
  218. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/01/12/97787759.pdf
  219. Langmead 2009, p. 85.
  220. Tauranac 2014, p. 203.
  221. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/03/06/118367296.pdf
  222. Tauranac 2014, p. 207.
  223. Tauranac 2014, p. 206.
  224. Bascomb 2004, p. 248.
  225. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/03/26/113333006.pdf
  226. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/04/01/96083643.pdf
  227. Tauranac 2014, p. 204.
  228. Tauranac 2014, pp. 204–205.
  229. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/07/27/102140403.pdf
  230. Tauranac 2014, p. 222.
  231. Tauranac 2014, p. 223.
  232. Bascomb 2004, p. 246.
  233. Rasenberger 2009, p. 396.
  234. Tauranac 2014, p. 149.
  235. Environmental Earth Sciences
    https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12665-010-0827-5
  236. Tauranac 2014, p. 212.
  237. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/09/10/118190517.pdf
  238. Tauranac 2014, p. 213.
  239. Willis & Friedman 1998, p. 164.
  240. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/09/20/102164159.pdf
  241. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/11/22/102190133.pdf
  242. Tauranac 2014, p. 214.
  243. Tauranac 2014, p. 215.
  244. Tauranac 2014, p. 208.
  245. Tauranac 2014, pp. 213–214.
  246. Willis & Friedman 1998, pp. 130–133.
  247. Willis & Friedman 1998, p. 204.
  248. Rasenberger 2009, pp. 390–391.
  249. Skywalkers: Mohawk Ironworkers Build the City
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mEIGAwAAQBAJ
  250. Rasenberger 2009, p. 398.
  251. Tauranac 2014, p. 221.
  252. Flowers 2001, p. 72.
  253. "Lewis Wickes Hine: The Construction of the Empire State Building, 1930–31 (New York Public Library Photography Collection)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090221183839/http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/art/photo/hinex/empire/empire.html
  254. Tauranac 2014, p. 283.
  255. Tauranac 2014, pp. 283–284.
  256. Rasenberger 2009, pp. 398–399.
  257. The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VBljswTLaIEC&pg=PA144
  258. Willis 1995, pp. 100–101.
  259. Langmead 2009, p. 87.
  260. Tauranac 2014, pp. 227–228.
  261. Cortland Standard
    http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%25201931%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%25201931%2520-%25201904.pdf
  262. Tauranac 2014, p. 231.
  263. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/05/02/102231338.pdf
  264. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/09/22/91937350.pdf
  265. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/02/24/105785983.pdf
  266. Tauranac 2014, p. 25.
  267. Langmead 2009, p. 72.
  268. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1931/02/08/archives/few-shops-vacant-on-fifth-avenue-survey-discloses-only-twelve.html
  269. New York Herald Tribune
    https://www.proquest.com/docview/1114167981
  270. Willis & Friedman 1998, p. 48.
  271. Tauranac 2014, p. 273.
  272. Tauranac 2014, p. 271.
  273. The skyscraper in American art, 1890–1931
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20671553
  274. New York Daily News
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/07/17/to-oldest-tenant-empire-state-a-jewel/
  275. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/nyregion/neighborhood-report-midtown-a-fixture-at-the-empire-state.html
  276. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/nyregion/13brod.html
  277. Tauranac 2014, pp. 273–274, 276, 279–280.
  278. Tauranac 2014, p. 311.
  279. Tauranac 2014, pp. 286–289.
  280. Tauranac 2014, pp. 290–291.
  281. Jackson 2010, p. 1326.
  282. Tauranac 2014, p. 291.
  283. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/09/09/88609404.pdf
  284. Tauranac 2014, pp. 294–295.
  285. Tauranac 2014, p. 295.
  286. Tauranac 2014, p. 237.
  287. Goldman 1980, p. 44.
  288. Air & Space/Smithsonian
  289. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-1931-blimp-makes-contact/4164203/
  290. Daily Sentinel
    http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FRome%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Sentinel%2FRome%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Sentinel%25201931%2FRome%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Sentinel%25201931%2520-%25203298.pdf
  291. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/09/16/118424702.pdf
  292. Berman & Museum of New York City 2003, p. 86.
  293. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-army-pushes-bomber-crash/184116358/
  294. Tauranac 2014, p. 332.
  295. Jackson 2010, pp. 1188.
  296. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1951/12/18/archives/empire-state-tower-reported-near-sale.html
  297. The New York Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/business/empire-state-building-has-a-tangled-history.html
  298. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/16/us/ben-tobin-92-investor-in-hotels-and-in-real-estate.html
  299. Sun-Sentinel
    https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1996-06-09-9606080292-story.html
  300. Tauranac 2014, p. 366.
  301. Cortland Standard
    http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%25201951%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%25201951%2520-%25201985.pdf
  302. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1954/10/15/archives/deal-is-closed-on-empire-state-col-henry-crown-increases-his.html
  303. Chicago Tribune
    https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/24803875/empire_state_building_given_special/
  304. ASCE Metropolitan Section
    http://www.ascemetsection.org/committees/history-and-heritage/landmarks/empire-state-building
  305. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/08/23/118923240.pdf
  306. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/08/24/97617875.pdf
  307. Tauranac 2014, p. 351.
  308. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/08/03/83213750.pdf
  309. Tauranac 2014, pp. 352–353.
  310. Tauranac 2014, p. 352.
  311. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/24/the-empire-state-gets-escalators.html
  312. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/20/archives/world-trade-center-becomes-worlds-highest-building-by-4-feet.html
  313. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/24/archives/trade-center-topped-out-with-steel-column-1370-feet-above-street.html
  314. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/03/12/100239808.pdf
  315. Tauranac 2014, pp. 353–354.
  316. Tauranac 2014, p. 354.
  317. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/15/cr-tics-impugned-on-trade-center.html
  318. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/08/06/82504559.pdf
  319. "World Trade Center Tower Surpasses Empire State"
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/world-trade-center-tower-surpasses-empire-state/
  320. Berman & Museum of New York City 2003, pp. 105–106.
  321. "Timeline: World Trade Center Chronology"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070502225357/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/timeline/index.html
  322. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 18.
  323. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/01/nyregion/light-show-more-like-a-flicker.html
  324. Auburn Citizen-Advertiser
    http://fultonhistory.com/Newpapers%20Disk2/Auburn%20NY%20Citizen%20Advertiser/Auburn%20NY%20Citizen%20Advertiser%201981%20pdf/Newspaper%20Auburn%20NY%20Citizen%20Advertiser%201981%20-%201284.PDF
  325. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/20/nyregion/panel-creates-a-historic-district-in-manhattan-s-east-60-s-and-70-s.html
  326. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101297522/puttin-fix-on-upper-east-side/
  327. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/nyregion/trump-plans-revitalization-of-empire-state-building.html
  328. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/14/realestate/streetscapes-the-empire-state-building-a-red-reprise-for-a-31-wonder.html
  329. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/21/realestate/perspectives-the-empire-state-building-s-two-front-campaign.html
  330. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/28/nyregion/advocates-of-disabled-file-complaint-about-the-empire-state-building.html
  331. The Buffalo News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115221051/empire-state-building-to-provide-better/
  332. "US V. Empire State Building of NYC"
    https://www.justice.gov/crt/foia/readingroom/frequent_requests/ada_settlements/ny/ny2.txt
  333. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/01/business/company-news-empire-state-buyer-found.html
  334. 6sqft
    https://www.6sqft.com/donald-trumps-failed-and-fraught-attempt-to-own-the-empire-state-building/
  335. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/17/business/company-news-trump-sues-empire-state-building-management-company.html
  336. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/22/business/trump-loses-round-in-empire-state-suit.html
  337. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/31/nyregion/helmsley-countersuit-against-trump-alleges-conspiracy-big-empire-state.html
  338. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/06/nyregion/with-helmsley-death-wife-faces-battle-for-empire.html
  339. The New York Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/30/nyregion/1-world-trade-center-will-reclaim-the-sky-in-lower-manhattan.html
  340. New York Daily News
    http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/official-1-wtc-york-tallest-building-article-1.1069925
  341. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/15/nyregion/terror-makes-all-the-world-a-beat-for-new-york-police.html
  342. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/19/nyregion/partnership-in-deal-for-empire-state-building.html
  343. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/14/nyregion/making-sense-new-york-86-stories-up-views-empire-state-building-mapped-steel.html
  344. New York Post
    https://nypost.com/2006/08/30/helmsley-caves-in-empire-state-bldg-war-ends/
  345. New York Daily News
    http://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/90-minutes-daily-news-steal-empire-state-building-article-1.353477
  346. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/realestate/commercial/05sqft.html
  347. "2009 ULI Fall Meeting & Urban Land Expo – Green Retrofit: What Is Making This the Wave of the Future?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101122082831/http://esbnyc.com/sustainability_energy_efficiency.asp
  348. Foreign Affairs
    http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137246/amory-b-lovins/a-farewell-to-fossil-fuels
  349. Tauranac 2014, p. 368.
  350. "Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold"
    https://www.usgbc.org/articles/empire-state-building-achieves-leed-gold
  351. "Empire State Realty Trust"
    http://www.empirestaterealtytrust.com/properties
  352. CNNMoney
    https://money.cnn.com/2013/10/02/investing/empire-state-building-ipo/index.html
  353. Empire State Realty Trust – ESRT
    http://www.empirestaterealtytrust.com/news/post/empire-state-realty-trust-announces-622-million-investment-by-qatar-investment-authority
  354. CNNMoney
    https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/24/investing/empire-state-building-opec-qatar/index.html
  355. The Real Deal New York
    https://therealdeal.com/2016/08/25/qatars-empire-state-building-investment-is-rare-move-for-foreign-fund/
  356. "New York's Empire State Building Gets a Surprising Upgrade"
    https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/new-york-empire-state-building-surprising-upgrade
  357. Quartz
    https://qz.com/quartzy/1367021/the-empire-state-building-debuts-a-new-observatory-entrance-designed-to-improve-its-very-long-queue/
  358. Curbed NY
    https://ny.curbed.com/2019/7/29/8934703/empire-state-building-exhibit-observatory-history-nyc
  359. Gothamist
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190730212352/https://gothamist.com/2019/07/30/empire_state_building_museum_photos.php
  360. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/arts/design/empire-state-building-observatory.html
  361. New York YIMBY
    https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/09/empire-state-building-restoration-nearly-complete.html
  362. 6sqft
    https://www.6sqft.com/empire-state-buildings-art-deco-spire-returns-in-all-its-glory-after-restoration/
  363. The Architect's Newspaper
    https://www.archpaper.com/2020/10/facades-empire-state-building-nears-completion-of-art-deco-crown-restoration/
  364. "History of the Twin Towers"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131228040848/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-twin-towers.html
  365. The Guinness Book of Records
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZixNAQAAIAAJ
  366. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/10/11/79431607.pdf
  367. The Skyscraper Center
    https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/country/united-states
  368. The Skyscraper Center
    https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/buildings
  369. The Skyscraper Center
    http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/buildings?list=tallest-towers
  370. "The Empire State Building: American Icon"
    https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20130613-empire-state-towering-ambition
  371. "The Americas Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine." Air China. Retrieved October 15, 2012. "New York AIR C
    http://www.airchina.com.cn/www/en/html/index/customer_service/worldwide_offices/1071/
  372. The Real Deal New York
    https://therealdeal.com/2012/04/27/boy-scouts-relocate-retail-store-out-of-empire-state-building/
  373. Empire State Realty Trust
    http://www.empirestaterealtytrust.com/properties/office/empire-state-building1/
  374. "The Plan: Corgan's Office in the Empire State Building"
    https://commercialobserver.com/2015/11/the-plan-corgans-office-in-the-empire-state-building/
  375. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/empirestatebuilding-coty/update-2-coty-expands-in-empire-state-building-idUSL2E8FIAGG20120418
  376. "Foreigners flocking to 350 Fifth Avenue Archived October 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine." Real Estate Weekly. June 30
    http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3601/is_71_50/ai_n6149482
  377. Commercial Observer
    https://commercialobserver.com/2016/01/expedia-checking-into-upper-floor-of-empire-state-building/
  378. Observer
    https://observer.com/2009/07/fdic-signs-lease-for-empire-state-building/
  379. "Helios and Matheson Moved Principal Executive Office to Empire State Building"
    https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2012/02/21/468595/246616/en/Helios-and-Matheson-Moved-Principal-Executive-Office-to-Empire-State-Building.html
  380. Commercial Observer
    https://commercialobserver.com/2018/09/engineering-consultant-grows-at-the-empire-state-building
  381. HRF.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170930211949/https://www.themaven.net/humanrightsfoundation/team
  382. Kaplan International
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071817/https://www.kaplaninternational.com/united-states/new-york/empire-state-english-school
  383. New York Post
    http://www.nypost.com/p/news/business/empire_expansion_NpNIrK5MwNvmWPjSEaLVXJ
  384. Bloomberg BusinessWeek
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120902091617/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-08-30/the-tangled-tale-behind-the-empire-state-buildings-ipo
  385. Observer
    https://observer.com/2010/05/pharma-firm-bolts-chrysler-building-for-empire-state/
  386. gbNYC Real Estate Group
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111216191932/http://www.greenbuildingsnyc.com/2011/07/18/reds-go-green-chinese-communist-party-newspaper-signs-empire-state-building-lease/
  387. "25,000 Square Feet of Pre-Builts Leased at the Empire State Building"
    http://www.empirestaterealtytrust.com/news/post/25000-square-feet-of-pre-builts-leased-at-the-empire-state-building
  388. Commercial Observer
    https://commercialobserver.com/2018/01/raysearch-bts-usa-lease-empire-state-realty-trust-350-fifth-avenue-empire-state-building
  389. The Real Deal New York
    https://therealdeal.com/2011/02/14/turkish-airlines-to-move-into-empire-state-building-according-to-malkin-properties-which-was-represented-by-newmark-knight-frank/
  390. Commercial Observer
    https://commercialobserver.com/2015/04/workday-switching-to-empire-state-building/
  391. World Monuments Fund
    http://www.wmf.org/contact-us
  392. United Press International
    https://www.upi.com/Archives/1945/07/28/Upper-floors-of-tallest-building-blazing-inferno/9111501037185/
  393. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/nyregion/20metjournal.html
  394. The New Ayn Rand Companion
    https://books.google.com/books?id=zwWNNobLD5oC&pg=PA16
  395. Tauranac 2014, p. 345.
  396. "Empire.html"
    https://web.archive.org/web/19980701173726/http://www.ywca.org/empire/empire.html
  397. "750th Squadron 457th Bombardment Group: Officers – 1943 to 1945"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20191031115007/http://www.457thbombgroup.org/New/750thSquad.html
  398. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/07/29/284668382.pdf
  399. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115221215/thick-fog-an-errant-turn-then/
  400. "Longest Fall Survived in an Elevator"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060317041607/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=53746
  401. "The Day A Bomber Hit The Empire State Building"
    https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92987873
  402. Tauranac 2014, p. 330.
  403. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/07/26/88375043.pdf
  404. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/26/nyregion/elevator-cable-failed-at-empire-state-building-city-finds.html
  405. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/25/nyregion/empire-state-elevator-plummets-40-floors.html
  406. Journal of Urban Health
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2232032
  407. New York Daily News
    http://www.nydailynews.com/news/lawyer-dies-empire-suicide-horror-article-1.208440
  408. The Herald Tribune
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090212202646/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/26/features/empside.php
  409. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/04/07/96190964.pdf
  410. Tauranac 2014, p. 242.
  411. The Schenectady Gazette
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19431217&id=0hkqAAAAIBAJ&pg=6593,5004005
  412. Tuscaloosa News
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19460927&id=XkxBAAAAIBAJ&pg=6017,1193556
  413. Life (magazine)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42
  414. The Religious Art of Andy Warhol
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KemglT-1jSIC&pg=PA67
  415. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/12/05/104387577.pdf
  416. Manhattan
  417. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/11/04/105881698.pdf
  418. Douglas 2004, p. 173.
  419. Expressions
  420. Goldman 1980, p. 63.
  421. New York Daily News
    http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/sky-fall-man-tumbles-empire-state-building-article-1.1326967
  422. "Gunman Shoots 7, Kills Self at Empire State Building"
    http://www.cnn.com/US/9702/24/empire.shooting/
  423. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/25/nyregion/from-teacher-to-gunman-us-visit-ends-in-fatal-rage.html
  424. "Police: All Empire State Shooting Victims Were Wounded by Officers"
    https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/25/justice/new-york-empire-state-shooting/index.html
  425. Time
    https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/05/01/the-empire-state-building-an-icon-in-the-city/
  426. Tauranac 2014, p. 19.
  427. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1981, p. i.
  428. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/17/nyregion/the-city-landmark-status-gains-for-east-side.html
  429. National Historic Landmark Nomination
    https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/82001192_text
  430. National Register of Historic Places Inventory
    https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/82001192_photos
  431. National Register of Historic Places
    https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP
  432. The New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the Year...
    https://books.google.com/books?id=joI3AAAAIAAJ
  433. The New Yorker
    https://archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1931-07-13
  434. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, pp. 614–615.
  435. Tauranac 2014, p. 20.
  436. New York Herald Tribune
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646
  437. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/29/archives/architects-pick-finest-buildings-lincoln-memorial-placed-first.html
  438. "Empire State Building Is America's Favorite"
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-02-09/empire-state-building-is-americas-favoritebusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice
  439. "America's FavoriteArchitecture"
    https://www.npr.org/documents/2007/feb/buildings/150buildings.pdf
  440. "American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100802060056/http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305
  441. Seven Wonders of Engineering
    https://books.google.com/books?id=R0nN1h_1e7YC&pg=PA15
  442. ABC News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054240/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/05/the-8th-world-wonder/
  443. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/egypt-suezcanal-ship-singapore/singapore-transport-minister-says-suez-block-may-disrupt-supplies-to-region-idUSL4N2LN38C
  444. Emporis
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150321211318/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/122180/new-york-new-york-las-vegas-nv-usa
  445. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/15/nyregion/new-york-new-york-it-s-a-las-vegas-town.html
  446. Chicago Tribune
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-01-03-9701040154-story.html
  447. Empire State Building
    http://www.esbnyc.com/pr-pop-culture/tv-movies
  448. Tauranac 2014, p. 24.
  449. Fodor's 2010, p. 153.
  450. Langmead 2009, p. 73.
  451. National Film Preservation Board
    https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/descriptions-and-essays/
  452. TheTravel
    https://www.thetravel.com/kylie-jenner-and-19-other-celebs-spotted-visiting-new-yorks-empire-state-building/
  453. Tauranac 2014, p. 27.
  454. Poughkeepsie Journal
    https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/sports/recreational/2016/02/08/empire-stair-building-rhinebeck-runner-climbs-unusual-feat/80025128/
  455. New York Road Runners
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112650/http://www.nyrr.org/races/pro/esbru/07story01.asp
  456. "Past Race Winners"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100102185933/http://esbnyc.com/tourism/tourism_specialevents_runup_previous.cfm
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.