Topzle Topzle

Emperor Yingzong of Ming

Updated: Wikipedia source

Emperor Yingzong of Ming

Emperor Yingzong of Ming (29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464), personal name Zhu Qizhen, was the sixth and eighth emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ruled as the Zhengtong Emperor from 1435 to 1449, and as the Tianshun Emperor from 1457 until his death in 1464. Emperor Yingzong was the eldest son and successor of the Xuande Emperor. After ascending the throne, he adopted the era name Zhengtong, which means "right governance". During his first reign, the empire was at its height of prosperity and power. As the first child emperor of the Ming dynasty, his rule was heavily influenced by high dignitaries at court. Initially, his grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager Zhang, along with the "Three Yangs" (Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong, and Yang Pu), held the highest positions of power. However, after Lady Zhang died in 1442, the Emperor began to listen more to the eunuch Wang Zhen. In 1449, at Wang Zhen's suggestion, Emperor Yingzong personally led the army against the Mongol army of Esen Taishi, but at the Battle of Tumu Fortress, Esen's army defeated the Ming army and captured the Emperor. This event shocked the government and the country, leading the court to elevate Emperor Yingzong's brother, Zhu Qiyu, to the throne as the Jingtai Emperor. During his captivity, Emperor Yingzong established good relations with Esen and was eventually released in 1450. After Emperor Yingzong returned to his homeland, the Jingtai Emperor felt threatened and ordered him to stay in the Southern Palace within the Forbidden City. He also restricted Emperor Yingzong's contact with the outside world. After the Jingtai Emperor fell ill in early 1457, Emperor Yingzong regained power after dethroning his brother in a palace coup. The era name of his second reign was Tianshun, which means "obedience to Heaven". The following month, the Jingtai Emperor died. Emperor Yingzong ruled for another seven years before his death in 1464. His eldest son, the Chenghua Emperor, then ascended to the imperial throne.

Infobox

First reign
31 January 1435 – 22 September 1449
Enthronement
7 February 1435
Predecessor
Jingtai Emperor
Successor
Chenghua Emperor
Regents
See list Grand Empress Dowager Zhang (1435–1442)Yang Shiqi (1435–1442)Yang Rong (1435–1440)Yang Pu (1435–1442)Zhang Fu (1435–1442)
Second reign
11 February 1457 – 23 February 1464
Born
29 November 1427
Died
23 February 1464(1464-02-23) (aged 36)
Burial
Yu Mausoleum, Ming tombs, Beijing
Consorts
mw- Empress Xiaozhuangrui (m. 1442) Empress Xiaosu (before 1464)
IssueDetail
Chenghua Emperor Zhu Jianjun, Prince Jian of Ji
Era dates
Era datesZhengtong:[a] 18 January 1436 – 13 January 1450Tianshun:[b] 11 February 1457 – 26 January 1465Posthumous nameEmperor Fatian Lidao Renming Chengjing Zhaowen Xianwu Zhide Guangxiao Rui[c]Temple nameYingzong
House
Zhu
Dynasty
Ming
Father
Xuande Emperor
Mother
Empress Xiaogongzhang
Chinese
明英宗
Transcriptions
TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTiānshùn DìWade–GilesTʻien1-shun4 Ti4IPA[tʰjɛ́n.ʂwə̂n tî]
Hanyu Pinyin
Tiānshùn Dì
Wade–Giles
Tʻien1-shun4 Ti4
IPA
[tʰjɛ́n.ʂwə̂n tî]
Traditional Chinese
天順帝
Simplified Chinese
天顺帝

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Emperor Yingzong of Ming House of ZhuBorn: 29 November 1427 Died: 23 February 1464
Regnal titles
Chinese royalty
Chinese royalty
Emperor Yingzong of Ming House of ZhuBorn: 29 November 1427 Died: 23 February 1464
Chinese royalty
Honorary titles
Honorary titles
Emperor Yingzong of Ming House of ZhuBorn: 29 November 1427 Died: 23 February 1464
Honorary titles
Emperor Yingzong of Ming House of ZhuBorn: 29 November 1427 Died: 23 February 1464
Regnal titles
Preceded byXuande Emperor
Emperor of the Ming dynasty(First reign) 31 January 1435 – 22 September 1449
Succeeded byJingtai Emperor
Preceded byJingtai Emperor
Emperor of the Ming dynasty(Second reign) 11 February 1457 – 23 February 1464
Succeeded byChenghua Emperor
Chinese royalty
VacantTitle last held byZhu Zhanji
Crown Prince of the Ming dynasty 1428–1435
VacantTitle next held byZhu Jianshen
Honorary titles
VacantTitle last held byEmperor Shenzong of Western Xia
Emperor Emeritus of China 22 September 1449 – 11 February 1457
VacantTitle next held byQianlong Emperor (Qing dynasty)

References

  1. simplified Chinese: 正统; traditional Chinese: 正統; pinyin: Zhèngtǒng
  2. simplified Chinese: 天顺; traditional Chinese: 天順; pinyin: Tiānshùn
  3. simplified Chinese: 法天立道仁明诚敬昭文宪武至德广孝睿皇帝; traditional Chinese: 法天立道仁明誠敬昭文憲武至德廣孝睿皇帝 (conferred by the Chenghua Emperor in
  4. simplified Chinese: 朱祁镇; traditional Chinese: 朱祁鎮; pinyin: Zhū Qízhèn
  5. The state production of coins was not resumed until 1503.
  6. Toghon was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, therefore he could not become Khan.
  7. Wang Zhen profited from illegal trade activities, such as selling metal tools and weapons to the Oirats. As a result, he
  8. Emperor Yingzong made efforts to suppress the influence of Mongolian culture by prohibiting the wearing of Mongolian att
  9. Zhu Jianshen remained heir to the throne even after the Jingtai Emperor ascended to the throne. The Jingtai Emperor's ow
  10. During his captivity, Yuan Bin, an officer who was also captured, and Ha Ming, an interpreter, provided Emperor Yingzong
  11. Xu Yuzhen was appointed as the head of the Grand Secretariat and, concurrently, minister of war. Shi Heng was granted th
  12. Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. xxi.
  13. Moule (1957), p. 107.
  14. Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. 289.
  15. Chan (1988), p. 303.
  16. Mote (2003), p. 626.
  17. de Heer (1986), p. 10.
  18. Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. 290.
  19. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 305.
  20. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 306.
  21. Dreyer (1982), p. 222.
  22. de Heer (1986), p. 10–11.
  23. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 307.
  24. de Heer (1986), p. 12.
  25. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 308.
  26. de Heer (1986), p. 11.
  27. Chan (1988), p. 292.
  28. Dreyer (1982), p. 231.
  29. Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. 293.
  30. Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. 294.
  31. Atwell (2002), p. 97.
  32. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), pp. 310–311.
  33. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 312.
  34. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 309.
  35. Atwell (2002), p. 90.
  36. Atwell (2002), p. 91.
  37. Von Glahn (1996), pp. 75–76.
  38. Von Glahn (1996), p. 75.
  39. Von Glahn (1996), pp. 78–79.
  40. Von Glahn (1996), p. 83.
  41. Von Glahn (1996), p. 76.
  42. Von Glahn (1996), p. 88.
  43. Huang (1998), p. 114.
  44. Huang (1998), p. 115.
  45. Von Glahn (1996), p. 84.
  46. Von Glahn (1996), p. 85.
  47. Von Glahn (1996), pp. 83–84.
  48. Von Glahn (1996), p. 89.
  49. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 315.
  50. Fernquest (2006), p. 57.
  51. Fernquest (2006), p. 61.
  52. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 316.
  53. Brook (1998), p. 81.
  54. Brook (1998), p. 83.
  55. Brook (1998), p. 84.
  56. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 313.
  57. Brook (1998), p. 85.
  58. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 314.
  59. de Heer (1986), p. 15.
  60. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 317.
  61. de Heer (1986), p. 13.
  62. de Heer (1986), p. 14.
  63. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 318.
  64. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 319.
  65. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 320.
  66. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 321.
  67. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 322.
  68. de Heer (1986), p. 16.
  69. de Heer (1986), p. 17.
  70. Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. 291.
  71. de Heer (1986), p. 19.
  72. Haskew (2013), p. 12.
  73. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 325.
  74. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), pp. 327–328.
  75. 中国边疆民族研究 [Chinese Frontier Ethnic Research]
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095403/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZBZY201700004.htm
  76. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 330.
  77. Fitzgerald (1935), pp. 469–470.
  78. Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. 292.
  79. National Humanity History
  80. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 339.
  81. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 340.
  82. Goodrich & Fang (1976), pp. 292–293.
  83. de Heer (1986), p. 120.
  84. Robinson (1999), pp. 84–85.
  85. Robinson (1999), p. 97.
  86. Robinson (1999), pp. 79, 103–108.
  87. Twitchett & Grimm (1988), p. 341.
  88. de Heer (1986), p. 145.
  89. Paludan (1998), p. 170.
  90. Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. 300.
  91. Mote (1988), p. 346.
  92. Goodrich & Fang (1976), p. 298.
  93. Wong (1997), p. 109.
  94. Wong (1997), p. 111.
  95. History of Ming, vol. 121, p. 3671.
  96. History of Ming, vol. 13, p. 161.
  97. History of Ming, vol. 119, pp. 3634, 3636.
  98. Wong (1997), p. 115.
  99. History of Ming, vol. 119, pp. 3634–3635.
  100. History of Ming, vol. 121, p. 3672.
  101. History of Ming, vol. 119, pp. 3634, 3637.
  102. Wong (1997), p. 118.
  103. Wong (1997), p. 119.
  104. Wong (1997), p. 116.
  105. Veritable Records of Xianzong, vol. 63.
  106. Veritable Records of Xianzong, vol. 85.
  107. Wong (1997), p. 120.
  108. Wong (1997), p. 117.
  109. Wong (1997), p. 121.
  110. Wong (1997), p. 122.
  111. Wong (1997), p. 113.
  112. Guoque, preface 1, p. 5.
  113. Wong (1997), p. 123.
  114. Wong (1997), p. 124.
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.