Emperor Gaozu of Han

References

1. According to Liu Bang's biography in the Book of Han, he was crowned emperor on the jiawu day of the second month of the
2. According to Liu Bang's biography in the Book of Han, he was created King of Han in the second month of the first year o
3. Chinese: 漢高祖; "Gaozu of Han", derived from the title of his biography in Records of the Grand Historian, is the commonly
4. According to Liu Bang's biography in the Book of Han, he died on the jiachen day of the fourth month of the 12th year of
5. In vol.7 of Diwang Shiji (帝王世紀), Huangfu Mi wrote that Liu Bang died at the age of 62 (by East Asian reckoning). However
6. In his annotation to Han Shu, Yan Shigu cited Han Shu Jijie Yinyi (汉书集解音义) by an Western Jin official named Zan (臣瓒), wh
7. Journal of Chinese Historical Studies
8. The name "Hanshi" (含始) appeared in vol.27 of Book of Song. Liu Bang's biography in Book of Han recorded that his mother
9. Encyclopædia Britannica
   https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gaozu-emperor-of-Han-dynasty
10. Women and the family in Chinese history
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4raAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171
11. The encyclopedia of Taoism, Volume 1
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MioRmEq2xHUC&q=huangdi+family+tree&pg=PA505
12. Translation Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine of Sima Qian's Shiji.
    http://www.iub.edu/~g380/4.3-Rise-2010.pdf
13. 仁而爱人，喜施，意豁如也。常有大度，不事家人生产作业。 Shiji, vol. 8.
14. (秦之灭大梁也，张耳家外黄。髙祖为布衣时，尝数从张耳游，客数月。) Shiji, vol.89. Several years after Qin's conquest of Wei, the Qin authorities put up r
15. 高祖常繇咸阳，纵观，观秦皇帝，喟然太息曰："嗟乎，大丈夫当如此也！" Shiji, vol. 8.
16. 单父人吕公善沛令，避仇从之客，因家沛焉。沛中豪桀吏闻令有重客，皆往贺。萧何为主吏，主进，令诸大夫曰："进不满千钱，坐之堂下。"高祖为亭长，素易诸吏，乃绐为谒曰"贺钱万"，实不持一钱。谒入，吕公大惊，起，迎之门。吕公者，好相人，见高祖状貌，因
17. (高祖以亭长为县送徒郦山，徒多道亡。自度比至皆亡之，到丰西泽中，止饮，夜乃解纵所送徒。曰：“公等皆去，吾亦从此逝矣！”徒中壮士愿从者十馀人。......秦始皇帝常曰“东南有天子气”，于是因东游以厌之。高祖即自疑，亡匿，隐于芒、砀山泽岩石之闲
18. (高祖被酒，夜径泽中，令一人行前。行前者还报曰："前有大蛇当径，愿还。"高祖醉，曰："壮士行，何畏！"乃前，拔剑击斩蛇。蛇遂分为两，径开。行数里，醉，因卧。后人来至蛇所，有一老妪夜哭。人问何哭，妪曰："人杀吾子，故哭之。"人曰："妪子何为见
19. (秦二世元年秋，陈胜等起蕲，至陈而王，号为"张楚"。诸郡县皆多杀其长吏以应陈涉。沛令恐，欲以沛应涉。掾、主吏萧何、曹参乃曰："君为秦吏，今欲背之，率沛子弟，恐不听。愿君召诸亡在外者，可得数百人，因劫众，众不敢不听。"乃令樊哙召刘季。刘季之众
20. Zizhi Tongjian, vol.08
21. Bodde 1986, p. 84.
22. Zizhi Tongjian, vol.09
23. Zizhi Tongjian, vol.09
24. 汉元年，沛公为汉王，王巴蜀，赐良金百溢，珠二斗，良具以献项伯。汉王亦因令良厚遗项伯，使请汉中地。项王许之。 Book of Han, vol. 40.
25. 良因说汉王烧绝栈道，示天下无还心，以固项王意。乃使良还。行，烧绝栈道。 Book of Han, vol. 40.
26. 信数与萧何语，何奇之。至南郑，诸将行道亡者数十人，信度何等已数言上，上不我用，即亡。何闻信亡，不及以闻，自追之。人有言上曰：‘丞相何亡。’上大怒，如失左右手。居一二日，何来谒上，上且怒且喜，骂何曰：‘若亡，何也？’何曰：‘臣不敢亡也，臣追亡
27. [汉二年]八月，汉王用韩信之计，从故道还，袭雍王章邯。邯迎击汉陈仓，雍兵败，还走；止战好畤，又复败，走废丘。汉王遂定雍地。东至咸阳，引兵围雍王废丘，而遣诸将略定陇西、北地、上郡。 Shiji, vol. 8.
28. Watson (1958), pp. 95–98.
29. 楚使者在，方急责英布发兵，舍传舍。随何直入，坐楚使者上坐，曰："九江王已归汉，楚何以得发兵？"布愕然。楚使者起。何因说布曰："事已构，可遂杀楚使者，无使归，而疾走汉并力。"布曰："如使者教，因起兵而击之耳。"于是杀使者，因起兵而攻楚。楚使项
30. 平曰："项王为人，恭敬爱人，士之廉节好礼者多归之。至於行功赏爵邑，重之，士亦以此不附。今大王嫚而少礼，士之廉节者不来；然大王能饶人以爵邑，士之顽顿耆利无耻者亦多归汉。诚各去两短，集两长，天下指麾即定矣。然大王资侮人，不能得廉节之士。顾楚有可
31. 项王乃疑范增与汉有私，稍夺之权。 Shiji, vol. 7.
32. 项羽恐，乃与汉王约，中分天下，割鸿沟而西者为汉，鸿沟而东者为楚。项王归汉王父母妻子，... Shiji, vol. 8.
33. 汉五年，汉王乃追项王至阳夏南，止军，与淮阴侯韩信、建成侯彭越期会而击楚军。至固陵，而信、越之兵不会。楚击汉军，大破之。汉王复入壁，深堑而自守。谓张子房曰："诸侯不从约，为之柰何？"对曰："楚兵且破，信、越未有分地，其不至固宜。君王能与共分天
34. 羽壁垓下，军少食尽。汉帅诸侯兵围之数重。羽夜闻汉军四面皆楚歌，乃惊曰："汉皆已得楚乎？是何楚人多也！" Book of Han, vol. 31.
35. 羽独所杀汉军数百人。羽亦被十馀创。顾见汉骑司马吕马童曰："若非吾故人乎？"马童面之，指王翳曰："此项王也。"羽乃曰："吾闻汉购我头千金，邑万户，吾为公得。"乃自刭。 Book of Han, vol. 31.
36. Hung (2011), pp. 172–174.
37. 论功行封，群臣争功，歳馀不决。上以何功最盛，先封为酂侯，食邑八千戸。功臣皆曰："臣等身被坚执兵，多者百馀战，少者数十合，攻城略地，大小各有差。今萧何未有汗马之劳，徒持文墨议论，不战，顾居臣等上，何也？"上曰："诸君知猎乎？"曰："知之。""
38. [汉十二年]十一月，行自淮南还。过鲁，以大牢祠孔子。 Book of Han, vol. 1, part 2.
39. (臣口不能言，然臣期期知其不可。陛下雖欲廢太子，臣期期不奉詔。) Shiji, vol.96
40. Hsun Yueh and the Mind of Late Han China: A Translation of the SHEN-CHIEN
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Sar_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171
41. 其明年，以护军中尉从攻反者韩王信於代。卒至平城，为匈奴所围，七日不得食。 Shiji, vol. 56.
42. 高帝乃使使闲厚遗阏氏，阏氏乃谓冒顿曰："两主不相困。今得汉地，而单于终非能居之也。且汉王亦有神，单于察之。"冒顿与韩王信之将王黄、赵利期，而黄、利兵又不来，疑其与汉有谋，亦取阏氏之言，乃解围之一角。于是高帝令士皆持满傅矢外乡，从解角直出，竟
43. Records of the Grand Historian
    https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7125#序
44. 先黥布反时，高帝尝病，恶见人，卧禁中，诏户者无得入群臣。群臣绛、灌等莫敢入。十馀日，哙乃排闼直入，大臣随之。上独枕一宦者卧。哙等见上流涕曰："始陛下与臣等起丰沛，定天下，何其壮也！今天下已定，又何惫也！且陛下病甚，大臣震恐，不见臣等计事，顾
45. Records of the Grand Historian, "Basic Annals of Gaozu", 80. (in Chinese)
    https://ctext.org/shiji?searchu=%E5%A4%A7%E9%A2%A8%E8%B5%B7%E5%85%AE%E9%9B%B2%E9%A3%9B%E6%8F%9A%E5%A8%81%E5%8A%A0%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%A7%E5%85%AE%E6%AD%B8%E6%95%85%E9%84%89%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%97%E7%8C%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AE%E5%AE%88%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9
46. (in Chinese) 大风歌
    http://www.guoxue.com/art/ss000/hvsc001/dfg005.htm