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Emirate of Granada

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Emirate of Granada

The Emirate of Granada, also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, was an Islamic polity in the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Late Middle Ages, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty. It was the last independent Muslim state in Western Europe. Muslims had been present in the Iberian Peninsula, which they called Al-Andalus, since 711. By the late 12th century, following the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the north, the area of Muslim control had been reduced to the southern parts of the peninsula governed by the Almohad Caliphate. After Almohad control retreated in 1228, the ambitious Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar rose to power and established the Nasrid dynasty in control of a sizeable portion of this territory, roughly corresponding to the modern Spanish provinces of Granada, Almería, and Málaga. By 1250, the Nasrid emirate was the last independent Muslim polity in the peninsula. The emirate generally existed as a tributary state of the rising Crown of Castile, though it frequently warred with the latter and with other neighboring states over control of its frontier regions. Despite its precarious position, Granada enjoyed considerable cultural and economic prosperity for over two centuries and the Nasrids became one of the longest-lived Muslim dynasties in the Iberian Peninsula. The famed Alhambra palace complex was built during this period. The population of the emirate, swollen by refugees from the north, was more homogenously Muslim and Arabic-speaking than in earlier Muslim states on the peninsula, with a Jewish minority also present. The political and cultural apogee of Nasrid Granada was in the 14th century, particularly in the second reign of Muhammad V. After this period, internal dynastic conflicts escalated. After 1479, Granada faced a united Castile and Aragon under the Catholic Monarchs intent on conquering it. In 1491, after the decade-long Granada War, the emirate was forced to capitulate. Muhammad XII, the last Nasrid ruler, formally surrendered Granada in January 1492, marking the end of independent Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula.

Infobox

Status
Tributary state of the Crown of Castile (intermittent)
Capital
Granada
Common languages
mw- Official language:Classical ArabicVernacular languages:Andalusi ArabicBerber
Religion
Sunni Islam (official) School: Maliki Creed: Ash’ari Minorities: Judaism, Christianity (Catholicism)
Government
Hereditary monarchy
• 1232–1273
Muhammad I
• 1487–1492
Muhammad XII
Historical era
Late Middle Ages
• Established
1232
• Castilian conquest
1492
Today part of
Spain Gibraltar Morocco

Tables

· List of the sultans of Granada
Muhammad I
Muhammad I
Reign
1232–1273
Ruler
Muhammad I
Notes
Also known as Ibn al-Ahmar.
Muhammad II
Muhammad II
Reign
1273–1302
Ruler
Muhammad II
Muhammad III
Muhammad III
Reign
1302–1309
Ruler
Muhammad III
Nasr
Nasr
Reign
1309–1314
Ruler
Nasr
Ismail I
Ismail I
Reign
1314–1325
Ruler
Ismail I
Muhammad IV
Muhammad IV
Reign
1325–1333
Ruler
Muhammad IV
Yusuf I
Yusuf I
Reign
1333–1354
Ruler
Yusuf I
Muhammad V
Muhammad V
Reign
1354–1359
Ruler
Muhammad V
Notes
First reign.
Ismail II
Ismail II
Reign
1359–1360
Ruler
Ismail II
Muhammad VI
Muhammad VI
Reign
1360–1362
Ruler
Muhammad VI
Muhammad V
Muhammad V
Reign
1362–1391
Ruler
Muhammad V
Notes
Second reign.
Yusuf II
Yusuf II
Reign
1391–1392
Ruler
Yusuf II
Muhammad VII
Muhammad VII
Reign
1392–1408
Ruler
Muhammad VII
Yusuf III
Yusuf III
Reign
1408–1417
Ruler
Yusuf III
Muhammad VIII
Muhammad VIII
Reign
1417–1419
Ruler
Muhammad VIII
Notes
First reign.
Muhammad IX
Muhammad IX
Reign
1419–1427
Ruler
Muhammad IX
Notes
First reign.
Muhammad VIII
Muhammad VIII
Reign
1427–1429
Ruler
Muhammad VIII
Notes
Second reign.
Muhammad IX
Muhammad IX
Reign
1429–1432
Ruler
Muhammad IX
Notes
Second reign.
Yusuf IV
Yusuf IV
Reign
1432
Ruler
Yusuf IV
Muhammad IX
Muhammad IX
Reign
1432–1445
Ruler
Muhammad IX
Notes
Third reign.
Muhammad X
Muhammad X
Reign
1445
Ruler
Muhammad X
Notes
First reign.
Yusuf V
Yusuf V
Reign
1445–1446
Ruler
Yusuf V
Notes
First reign.
Ismail III
Ismail III
Reign
1447–1448
Ruler
Ismail III
Muhammad X
Muhammad X
Reign
1446–1447
Ruler
Muhammad X
Notes
Second reign.
Muhammad IX
Muhammad IX
Reign
1447–1453
Ruler
Muhammad IX
Notes
Fourth reign.
Muhammad XI
Muhammad XI
Reign
1451–1455
Ruler
Muhammad XI
Sa'd
Sa'd
Reign
1454–1464
Ruler
Sa'd
Ismail IV
Ismail IV
Reign
1462–1463
Ruler
Ismail IV
Yusuf V
Yusuf V
Reign
1462
Ruler
Yusuf V
Notes
Second reign.
Abu'l Hasan
Abu'l Hasan
Reign
1464–1482
Ruler
Abu'l Hasan
Notes
First reign. Known as Muley Hácen in Christian sources.
Muhammad XII
Muhammad XII
Reign
1482–1483
Ruler
Muhammad XII
Notes
First reign. Known as Boabdil in Christian sources.
Abu'l Hasan
Abu'l Hasan
Reign
1483–1485
Ruler
Abu'l Hasan
Notes
Second reign.
Muhammad XIII
Muhammad XIII
Reign
1485–1489
Ruler
Muhammad XIII
Notes
Also known as al-Zaghal.
Muhammad XII
Muhammad XII
Reign
1486–1492
Ruler
Muhammad XII
Notes
Second reign.
Reign
Ruler
Notes
1232–1273
Muhammad I
Also known as Ibn al-Ahmar.
1273–1302
Muhammad II
1302–1309
Muhammad III
1309–1314
Nasr
1314–1325
Ismail I
1325–1333
Muhammad IV
1333–1354
Yusuf I
1354–1359
Muhammad V
First reign.
1359–1360
Ismail II
1360–1362
Muhammad VI
1362–1391
Muhammad V
Second reign.
1391–1392
Yusuf II
1392–1408
Muhammad VII
1408–1417
Yusuf III
1417–1419
Muhammad VIII
First reign.
1419–1427
Muhammad IX
First reign.
1427–1429
Muhammad VIII
Second reign.
1429–1432
Muhammad IX
Second reign.
1432
Yusuf IV
1432–1445
Muhammad IX
Third reign.
1445
Muhammad X
First reign.
1445–1446
Yusuf V
First reign.
1447–1448
Ismail III
1446–1447
Muhammad X
Second reign.
1447–1453
Muhammad IX
Fourth reign.
1451–1455
Muhammad XI
1454–1464
Sa'd
1462–1463
Ismail IV
1462
Yusuf V
Second reign.
1464–1482
Abu'l Hasan
First reign. Known as Muley Hácen in Christian sources.
1482–1483
Muhammad XII
First reign. Known as Boabdil in Christian sources.
1483–1485
Abu'l Hasan
Second reign.
1485–1489
Muhammad XIII
Also known as al-Zaghal.
1486–1492
Muhammad XII
Second reign.

References

  1. The dynasty is counted by some references as the longest-reigning in al-Andalus, from 1232 to 1492 (approximately 260 ye
  2. Some authors place the taking of Granada in 1237 rather than 1238.
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