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Elizabeth I

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Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last and longest reigning monarch of the House of Tudor. Her eventful reign, and its effect on history and culture, gave name to the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, despite statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was quickly set aside and the Catholic Mary became queen, deposing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels. Upon Mary's 1558 death, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This arrangement, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was succeeded by her cousin, James VI of Scotland. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her mottoes was video et taceo ("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain. As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. The Elizabethan era is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer and a dogged survivor in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems and religious civil wars that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity.

Infobox

Reign
17 November 1558 – 24 March 1603
Coronation
15 January 1559
Predecessor
Mary I and Philip
Successor
James I
Born
7 September 1533Palace of Placentia, Greenwich, England
Died
24 March 1603 (aged 69)Richmond Palace, Surrey, England
Burial
28 April 1603Westminster Abbey
House
Tudor
Father
Henry VIII of England
Mother
Anne Boleyn
Religion
Anglicanism

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Elizabeth I House of TudorBorn: 7 September 1533 Died: 24 March 1603
Regnal titles
Preceded byMary I
Preceded byMary I
Elizabeth I House of TudorBorn: 7 September 1533 Died: 24 March 1603
Preceded byMary I
Elizabeth I House of TudorBorn: 7 September 1533 Died: 24 March 1603
Queen of England and Ireland 1558–1603
Elizabeth I House of TudorBorn: 7 September 1533 Died: 24 March 1603
Succeeded byJames I
Elizabeth I House of TudorBorn: 7 September 1533 Died: 24 March 1603
Regnal titles
Preceded byMary I
Queen of England and Ireland 1558–1603
Succeeded byJames I

References

  1. Dates in this article before 14 September 1752 are in the Julian calendar and 1 January is treated as the beginning of t
  2. "I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel."
  3. An Act of July 1536 stated that Elizabeth was "illegitimate ... and utterly foreclosed, excluded and banned to claim, ch
  4. Elizabeth had assembled 2,000 horsemen, "a remarkable tribute to the size of her affinity".
  5. "The wives of Wycombe passed cake and wafers to her until her litter became so burdened that she had to beg them to stop
  6. "It was fortunate that ten out of twenty-six bishoprics were vacant, for of late there had been a high rate of mortality
  7. "There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal'
  8. Most modern historians have considered murder unlikely; breast cancer and suicide being the most widely accepted explana
  9. On Elizabeth's accession, Mary's Guise relatives had pronounced her queen of England and had the English arms emblazoned
  10. By the terms of the treaty, both English and French troops withdrew from Scotland.
  11. Elizabeth's ambassador in France was actively misleading her as to the true intentions of the Spanish king, who only tri
  12. When the Spanish naval commander, the Duke of Medina Sidonia, reached the coast near Calais, he found the Duke of Parma'
  13. For example, C. H. Wilson castigates Elizabeth for half-heartedness in the war against Spain.
  14. One observer wrote that Ulster, for example, was "as unknown to the English here as the most inland part of Virginia".
  15. In a letter of 19 July 1599 to Essex, Elizabeth wrote: "For what can be more true (if things be rightly examined) than t
  16. This criticism of Elizabeth was noted by Elizabeth's early biographers William Camden and John Clapham. For a detailed a
  17. John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argued "the period 1585–1603 is now recognised by scholars as
  18. A Patent of Monopoly gave the holder control over an aspect of trade or manufacture.
  19. "The metaphor of drama is an appropriate one for Elizabeth's reign, for her power was an illusion—and an illusion was he
  20. After Essex's downfall, James VI of Scotland referred to Robert Cecil as "king there in effect".
  21. Cecil wrote to James, "The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever
  22. James VI of Scotland was a great-great-grandson of Henry VII of England, and thus Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed
  23. The age of Elizabeth was redrawn as one of chivalry, epitomised by courtly encounters between the queen and sea-dog "her
  24. In his preface to the 1952 reprint of Queen Elizabeth I, J. E. Neale observed: "The book was written before such words a
  25. The new state religion was condemned at the time in such terms as "a cloaked papistry, or mingle mangle".
  26. As Elizabeth's Lord Keeper, Nicholas Bacon, put it on her behalf to parliament in 1559, the queen "is not, nor ever mean
  27. Elizabeth's first speech, Hatfield House, 20 November 1558, Loades (2003), p. 35
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