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Elijah Muhammad

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Elijah Muhammad

Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Robert Poole, later Elijah Karriem; October 7, 1897 – February 25, 1975) was an American religious leader who led the Nation of Islam from 1933 until his death in 1975. Under Elijah Muhammad's leadership, the Nation of Islam grew from a small Detroit-based movement into a nationwide organization with tens of thousands of members in the United States during the civil rights movement, promoting black nationalism and a distinctive theology that white people are a race of "devils" created by an evil black Meccan scientist named Yakub, and that there are multiple gods, each a black man named Allah, whom he is the messenger of. In the 1930s, Muhammad formally established the Nation of Islam, a religious movement that originated under the leadership and teachings of Wallace Fard Muhammad and that promoted black power, pride, economic empowerment, and racial separation. Muhammad taught that Master Fard Muhammad is the 'Son of Man' of the Bible, and after Fard's disappearance in 1934, Muhammad assumed control over Fard's former ministry, formally changing its name to the "Nation of Islam". Muhammad's views on race and his call for black people having an independent nation for themselves made him a controversial figure, both within and outside the Nation of Islam. He has been variously described as a black nationalist and a black supremacist. He is also alleged to have been a serial child rapist, because he had sexual intercourse with NOI secretaries and other women, some of whom were underage teenagers at the time, which fell under statutory rape despite having consent. Muhammad died on February 25, 1975, after a period of declining health. He was succeeded as head of the Nation of Islam by his son, Wallace Muhammad.

Infobox

Preceded by
Wallace Fard Muhammad
Succeeded by
Warith Deen Mohammed
Born
Elijah Robert Poole(1897-10-07)October 7, 1897Sandersville, Georgia, U.S.
Died
February 25, 1975(1975-02-25) (aged 77)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Spouse
mw- Clara Muhammad (m. 1917; died 1972)
Children
at least 23 (8 with his wife, 15 with other women), including Jabir, Warith, and Akbar
Occupation
Leader of the Nation of Islam

Tables

· External links
Preceded byWallace D. Fard
Nation of Islam 1934–1975
Succeeded byWarith Deen Muhammad (1975), Silis Muhammad (1977), Louis Farrakhan (1978) (split)

References

  1. Religions
    https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11060305
  2. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions
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  3. The Transmission and Dynamics of the Textual Sources of Islam: Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki
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  4. Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America
    https://archive.org/details/malcolmlifeofman00perr/page/230
  5. Smithsonian Magazine
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/malcolm-xs-explosive-comments-about-elijah-mu/
  6. "Elijah Muhammad"
    http://www.biography.com/people/elijah-muhammad-9417458#awesm=~oBHIKFiTWK9maw
  7. American National Biography Online
    http://www.anb.org/articles/08/08-2140.html
  8. Claude Andrew Clegg III, An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad, St. Martin's Griffin, 1998.
  9. Richard Brent Turner, "From Elijah Poole to Elijah Muhammad", American Visions, October–November 1997.
  10. "Nation of Islam in America: A Nation of Beauty & Peace"
    http://www.noi.org/noi-history/
  11. The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad (2001). This source claims the first encounter between Poole and Far
  12. The Messenger (2001) suggests the name was changed to convince the authorities that Allah's Temple of Islam had disbande
  13. An Original Man: One NOI tenet states: "There is no God but Allah, Master W. D. Fard, Elijah, his prophet"
  14. Charles Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1994.
  15. Chronology of the Nation of Islam, Toure Muhammad.
  16. Richard Brent Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience, University of Indiana Press 1997
  17. "A Historical Look at the Honorable Elijah Muhammad", Nation of Islam web site.
    http://www.noi.org/elijah_muhammad_history.htm
  18. E. U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism, University of Chicago Press, 1962.
  19. Bowman, Jeffrey. "Elijah Muhammad". Elijah Muhammad (2006): 1. MasterFILE Premier. Web. December 16, 2013.
  20. "Autobiography of Malcolm X pg. 110–112"
    https://antilogicalism.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/malcom-x.pdf
  21. In the Name of Elijah Muhammad.
  22. Karl Evanzz, The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad Random House, 2001.
  23. Tucker, S. D. (2018). Quacks!: Dodgy Doctors and Foolish Fads Throughout History. Amberley Publishing. pp. 94-100. ISBN
  24. Berg, Herbert. (2009). Elijah Muhammad and Islam. New York University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0814791233
  25. Tipton-Martin, Toni. (2022). The Jemima Code: Two Centuries of African American Cookbooks. University of Texas Press. pp
  26. Fraser, C. Gerald. "Elijah Muhammad Dead; Black Muslim Leader, 77". The New York Times. February 26, 1975.
  27. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/26/us/26farrakhan.html
  28. Southern Poverty Law Center
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150702225616/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/nation-of-islam
  29. The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad was a greatleader
  30. Chicago Tribune
    http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/07/21/page/45/article/the-facts-belie-the-aura-of-menace
  31. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/02/archives/malcolm-x-scores-us-and-kennedy-likens-slaying-to-chickens-coming.html
  32. The Life and Work of Malcolm X
    https://archive.org/details/lifeworkofmalcol0000nata/page/288
  33. Perry, p. 242.
  34. Smithsonian Magazine
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/malcolm-xs-explosive-comments-about-elijah-mu/
  35. Smithsonian Magazine
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/malcolm-xs-explosive-comments-about-elijah-mu/
  36. YouTube
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBDzhG3qsIM
  37. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JspttYrZpxo&list=PL_8_i_95pubNNqvmCmRd54zuCiZUIipW6&index=4
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JspttYrZpxo&list=PL_8_i_95pubNNqvmCmRd54zuCiZUIipW6&index=4
  38. Perry, pp. 251–52.
  39. Malcolm X: The FBI File
    https://archive.org/details/judasfactorpl00evan/page/248
  40. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/22/archives/malcolm-x-shot-to-death-at-rally-here-three-other-negroes-wounded.html
  41. Evanzz, p. 301. "Malcolm X got just what he preached", Elijah Muhammad said self-assuredly.
  42. An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad
    https://archive.org/details/originalmanlifet0000cleg/page/232
  43. Malcolm X, February 1965, The Final Speeches, Pathfinder Press, 1992, pp. 146–147; Herbert Berg, Elijah Muhammad and Isl
  44. Evanzz, Karl, The Judas Factor, The Plot to Kill Malcolm X, pp. 205–206, Thunder's Mouth Press, NY, 1992; Marable, Manni
    https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html
  45. Washington Post, May 6, 1967, p. E-15, July 2, 1967, January 30, 1975, p. B7; Hakim Jamal, From the Dead Level, pp. 247–
  46. Rolinson, Mary, Grassroots Garveyism, p. 193, UNC Press Books, 2007.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=TjiezD52cZoC&dq=muhammad+farms%2C+terrell&pg=PA193
  47. "The Messenger Passes", Time, March 10, 1975.
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917218-1,00.html
  48. anthonyflood.com
    http://www.anthonyflood.com/rockwellelijah.htm
  49. "Defending the Indefensible, in Feathers and All"
    https://www.ozy.com/true-and-stories/defending-the-indefensible-in-feathers-and-all/76154/
  50. The Autobiography of Malcolm X, pp. 301–03; The Messenger, pp. 452–54.
  51. "Gladys Towles Root and families"
    https://calisphere.org/item/e97e79862ed265410075b8b6890889f7/
  52. "19 Children of Muslim Leader Battle a Bank for $5.7 Million". The New York Times. November 3, 1987.
    https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/03/us/19-children-of-muslim-leader-battle-a-bank-for-5.7-million.html?pagewanted=1
  53. "Court Gives Leader's Money to Black Muslims", The New York Times. January 2, 1988.
    https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/02/us/court-gives-leader-s-money-to-black-muslims.html?pagewanted=1
  54. Broken Legacy, Chicago, December 1991.
  55. Asante, Molefi Kete (2002), 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus B
  56. IMDb
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0248667/
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