Egyptian calendar

References

1. although, from 25 BC to 5 AD, the Julian calendar as in use in Rome was in error because the Roman priests misunderstood
2. In the 30 years prior to the completion of the Aswan Low Dam in 1902, the period between Egypt's "annual" floods varied
3. For further variations, see Brugsch.
4. Variant representations of the day of the new moon include , , , , , , , , ,
5. In later sources, Psḏntyw.
6. Variant representations of the day of the first crescent moon include , , , (properly N11A with the mo
7. Variant representations of the 6th day of the lunar month include , , , , , , and
8. Variant representations of the 1st-quarter day include and .
9. Properly, the first sign is not an animal jawbone but the rarer, similar-looking figure of a lion's forepaw F118B
10. Properly, the two circles are shrunk and placed within the curve of the sickle , forming U43 . The male figure
11. Variant representations of the day of the full moon include , , , , , and .
12. Properly, N12\t1 or N12A, with the crescent moon turned 90° clockwise.
13. Variant representations of the 21st day of the lunar month include and .
14. Variant representations of the 24th day of the lunar month include .
15. Variant representations of the 27th day of the lunar month include D310 . D310 is a foot crossed by a variant of p
16. Properly, the loaf and diagonal strokes are shrunk and fit under the two sides of the standard .
17. Other possibilities for the original basis of the calendar include comparison of a detailed record of lunar dates agains
18. It has been argued that the Ebers Papyrus shows a fixed calendar incorporating leap years, but this is no longer believe
19. 1460 Julian years (exactly) or Gregorian years (roughly) in modern calculations, equivalent to 1461 Egyptian civil years
20. Per O'Mara, actually ±16 years when including the other factors affecting the calculated Sothic year.
21. Using Roman dating, he said of the relevant New Year that "when the emperor Antoninus Pius was consul of Rome for a seco
22. Meyer himself accepted the earliest date, though before the Middle Chronology was shown to be more likely than the short
23. Specifically, the calculations are for 30° N with no adjustment for clouds and an averaged amount of aerosols for the re
24. Latin: ...ante diem XIII kal. Aug....
25. Most ancient sources place the heliacal rising of Sirius on 19 July, but Dositheus, probable source of the date of the 2
26. This seems to be the case, for example, with astronomical records of the XVIII Dynasty and its successors, including the
27. Reconstructed Egyptian accentuation Phaôphi (Φαῶφι).
28. Reconstructed Egyptian accentuation Khoíak (Χοίακ).
29. Reconstructed Egyptian accentuation Tûbi (Τῦβι).
30. Reconstructed Egyptian accentuation Mekheír (Μεχείρ).
31. Reconstructed Egyptian accentuation Pharmoûthi (Φαρμοῦθι).
32. Reconstructed Egyptian accentuation Paü̂ni (Παῧνι).
33. Reconstructed Egyptian accentuation Epeíph (Ἐπείφ).
34. Full version at Met Museum
    http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/100000870#fullscreen
35. www.metmuseum.org
    https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tell/hd_tell.htm
36. Winlock (1940), p. 450.
    https://archive.org/stream/H.e.WinlockTheOriginOfTheAncientEgyptianCalendar1840/Winlock_originOfTheAncientEgyptianCalendar_procAmerPhilosophSoc_1940_sep_v83_n3_447-464#page/n3/mode/2up
37. Clagett (1995), pp. 10–11.
38. Winlock (1940).
39. Tetley (2014), p. 40.
    https://www.egyptchronology.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Reconstructed-Chronology-of-the-Egyptian-Kings-2017-Internet.pdf
40. Winlock (1940), p. 452.
41. Histories
    http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh2000.htm
42. Tetley (2014), p. 39.
    https://www.egyptchronology.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Reconstructed-Chronology-of-the-Egyptian-Kings-2017-Internet.pdf
43. Winlock (1940), p. 453.
44. Clagett (1995), p. 4–5.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA4
45. Clagett (1995), p. 33.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA33
46. Neugebauer (1939).
47. Parker (1950), p. 32.
48. Parker (1950), p. 23.
49. Parker (1950), pp. 30–32.
50. Høyrup, p. 13.
51. Clagett (1995), p. 3–4.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA3
52. Schaefer (2000), p. 153–154.
    http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/gif/2000JHA....31..149S/0000153.000.html
53. Parker (1950), p. 29.
54. O'Mara (2003), p. 18.
55. Parker (1950), pp. 13–29.
56. Tetley (2014), p. 153.
    http://www.egyptchronology.com/uploads/2/6/9/4/26943741/ch_10_resolving_the_eponymous_month_conflict.pdf
57. Parker (1950), p. 17.
58. The Papyrus Carlsberg Collection
    http://pcarlsberg.ku.dk
59. Parker (1950), pp. 13–23.
60. Clagett (1995), p. 25.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA25
61. Clagett (1995), p. 26.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA26
62. Høyrup, p. 14.
63. Parker (1950), p. 27.
64. Parker (1950), pp. 11–12.
65. Thesaurus Inscriptionum Aegyptiacarum
66. Parker (1950), p. 11.
67. Vygus (2015), p. 1231.
68. Vygus (2015), p. 1232.
69. Vygus (2015), p. 1668.
70. Vygus (2015), p. 33.
71. Parker (1950), p. 12.
72. Parker (1950), p. 13.
73. Vygus (2015), p. 27.
74. Vygus (2015), p. 28.
75. Vygus (2015), p. 1885.
76. Vygus (2015), p. 1997.
77. Vygus (2015), p. 2464.
78. Vygus (2015), p. 277.
79. Everson (1999), p. 57.
80. Everson (1999), p. 5.
81. Vygus (2015), p. 1235.
82. Parker (1950), p. 18.
83. Vygus (2015), p. 917.
84. Vygus (2015), p. 2294.
85. Vygus (2015), p. 2472.
86. Everson (1999), p. 25.
87. Clagett (1995), p. 28.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA28
88. Clagett (1995), p. 37.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA37
89. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient,
90. Høyrup, pp. 12–13.
91. Clagett (1995), p. 6.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA6
92. Parker (1950), p. 7.
93. Spalinger (1995), p. 33.
94. Parker (1950), pp. 43–5.
95. Clagett (1995), p. 4.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA4
96. Jauhiainen (2009), p. 39.
97. Clagett (1995), p. 5.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA5
98. A Hieroglyphic Vocabulary to the Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead
    https://books.google.com/books?id=siXEAgAAQBAJ
99. Clagett (1995), p. 1.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA1
100. Thebes: A Reflection of the Sky on the Pharaoh's Earth
     http://www.ancientcartography.net/LEVERheliaqueAN.html
101. O'Mara (2003), p. 17.
102. Clagett (1995), p. 29.
     https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA29
103. The Star Sirius in Ancient Egypt and Babylonia
     http://www.gautschy.ch/~rita/archast/sirius/siriuseng.htm
104. De Die Natali
     https://archive.org/stream/dedienataliliber00cens
105. Schaefer (2000), p. 151.
     http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2000JHA....31..149S/0000151.000.html
106. The Timetables of History,
107. Clagett (1995), p. 31.
     https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA31
108. Parker (1950), p. 53.
109. Clagett (1995), p. 36–7.
     https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA36
110. Ancient Luni-Solar and Planetary Ephemerides
     http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/astro/almagestephemeris.htm
111. Schaefer (2000), p. 150.
     http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2000JHA....31..149S/0000150.000.html
112. Fourmilab
     http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/
113. Opus Novum de Emendatione Temporum
114. Grafton & al. (1985), p. 455.
115. Luft (2006), p. 314.
116. O'Mara (2003), p. 25.
117. Luft (2006), p. 312.
118. Forisek (2003), p. 12.
119. Clagett (1995), p. 30.
     https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA30
120. Schaefer (2000), p. 152–3.
     http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/gif/2000JHA....31..149S/0000152.000.html
121. Biblical Archaeology
     http://www.lavia.org/english/archivo/egyptiancalendaren.html
122. Tetley (2014), p. 43.
     http://www.egyptchronology.com/uploads/2/6/9/4/26943741/ch_3_investigating_ancient_egyptian_calendars.pdf
123. A Chronological Survey of Precisely Dated Demotic and Abnormal Hieratic Sources
     https://www.trismegistos.org/downloads/process.php?file=TOP_1.pdf
124. Alexandrian reform of the Egyptian calendar
     http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/egyptian/chron_eg_anl_augustus.htm
125. Clagett (1995), p. 14–15.
126. Vocabolario della Lingua Greca
127. Allen (2014), p. 133.
128. The New Papyrological Primer
129. Ancient Egyptian magic a hands-on guide
130. The British Museum
     https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA10184-7
131. The British Museum
     https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA10474-1
132. Searching the Years: Religion and Superstition in ancient Egypt as Seen Through Horoscopes
     https://hdl.handle.net/2292/64494
133. Egypt Gods, myths and religion
134. Cambridge Archaeological Journal
     https://zenodo.org/record/896419
135. The Astrophysical Journal
     https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.6206
136. PLOS ONE
     https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4683080
137. Open Astronomy
     https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.06412
138. Ahram Online
     https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1208/381146/AlAhram-Weekly/Features/Republished--Egypt-Three-calendars-of-identity.aspx