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Edward the Black Prince

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Edward the Black Prince

Edward of Woodstock (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376), known as the Black Prince, was the eldest son and heir apparent of King Edward III of England. He died before his father and so his son, Richard II, succeeded to the throne instead. Nevertheless, Edward earned distinction as one of the most successful English commanders during the Hundred Years' War, being regarded by his English contemporaries as a model of chivalry and one of the greatest knights of his age. Edward was made Duke of Cornwall, the first English dukedom, in 1337. He was guardian of the kingdom in his father's absence in 1338, 1340, and 1342. He was created Prince of Wales in 1343 and knighted by his father at La Hougue in 1346. In 1346, Prince Edward commanded the vanguard at the Battle of Crécy, his father intentionally leaving him to win the battle. He took part in Edward III's 1349 Calais expedition. In 1355, he was appointed the king's lieutenant in Gascony and ordered to lead an army into Aquitaine on a chevauchée, during which he pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary, sacked Carcassonne, and plundered Narbonne. In 1356, on another chevauchée, he ravaged Auvergne, Limousin, and Berry but failed to take Bourges. The forces of King John II of France met Edward's armies near the city of Poitiers. After negotiations between the two sides broke down, the Anglo-Gascon forces under Edward routed the French army and captured King John at the Battle of Poitiers. In 1360, he negotiated the Treaty of Brétigny. He was created Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony in 1362, but his suzerainty was not recognised by the lord of Albret or other Gascon nobles. He was directed by his father to forbid the marauding raids of the English and Gascon free companies in 1364. He entered into an agreement with Kings Peter of Castile and Charles II of Navarre, by which Peter covenanted to mortgage Castro Urdiales and the province of Biscay to him as security for a loan; in 1366 a passage was secured through Navarre. In 1367, he received a letter of defiance from Henry of Trastámara, Peter's half-brother and rival. The same year, after an obstinate conflict, he defeated Henry at the Battle of Nájera. However, after a wait of several months during which he failed to obtain either the province of Biscay or liquidation of the debt from Don Pedro, he returned to Aquitaine. Edward persuaded the estates of Aquitaine to allow him a hearth tax of ten sous for five years in 1368, thereby alienating the lord of Albret and other nobles. Prince Edward returned to England in 1371 and resigned the principality of Aquitaine and Gascony in 1372. He led the Commons in their attack upon the Lancastrian administration in 1376. He died in 1376 of dysentery and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, where his surcoat, helmet, shield, and gauntlets are still preserved.

Infobox

Born
15 June 1330Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire, England
Died
8 June 1376 (aged 45)Westminster Palace, London, England
Burial
29 September 1376Canterbury Cathedral, Kent
Spouse
mw- Joan of Kent (m. 1361; ann. 1361) (m. 1361)
Issuemore...
mw- Edward of AngoulêmeRichard II of EnglandRoger Clarendon (ill.)
House
Plantagenet
Father
Edward III of England
Mother
Philippa of Hainault

Tables

· External links
English royalty
English royalty
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
English royalty
Preceded byEdward III
Preceded byEdward III
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
Preceded byEdward III
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
Prince of Aquitaine 1362–1372
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
Succeeded byEdward III
VacantTitle last held byEnglish title: Edward of Carnarvon Welsh title: Dafydd ap Gruffudd (1283)
VacantTitle last held byEnglish title: Edward of Carnarvon Welsh title: Dafydd ap Gruffudd (1283)
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
VacantTitle last held byEnglish title: Edward of Carnarvon Welsh title: Dafydd ap Gruffudd (1283)
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
Prince of Wales 1343–1376
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
VacantTitle next held byEnglish title: Richard of Bordeaux Welsh title: Owain Glyndwr (1400/15)
New title
New title
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
New title
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
Duke of Cornwall 1337–1376
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
VacantTitle next held byRichard of Bordeaux
Edward the Black Prince House of PlantagenetBorn: 15 June 1330 Died: 8 June 1376
English royalty
Preceded byEdward III
Prince of Aquitaine 1362–1372
Succeeded byEdward III
VacantTitle last held byEnglish title: Edward of Carnarvon Welsh title: Dafydd ap Gruffudd (1283)
Prince of Wales 1343–1376
VacantTitle next held byEnglish title: Richard of Bordeaux Welsh title: Owain Glyndwr (1400/15)
New title
Duke of Cornwall 1337–1376
VacantTitle next held byRichard of Bordeaux

References

  1. Edward of Woodstock after the place of his birth, (Hunt 1889, p. 90 cites le Baker Chronicle) was Duke of Cornwall (from
  2. It is widely believed that he contracted amoebic dysentery but some argue against the likelihood that he could sustain a
  3. As regards the story that the prince took the crest of three ostrich feathers and the motto "Ich dien" from the King Joh
  4. "Whiteval. Q. if not Whitwell. Barnes calls him sir Thomas Wake" .
  5. Jean Froissart (1337 – c. 1405), a contemporary court historian and a major historical source of the Prince's campaigns
  6. It is asserted by Caxton, in his continuation of the "Polychronicon", cap.8, that the Prince died at his manor of Kennin
  7. The shield of Edward the Black Prince: Quarterly, 1 and 4 France (ancient); 2 and 3 England, and a label of three points
  8. The ich dien motto is attributed to Edward according to a long-standing but unhistorical tradition (Siddons 2009, pp. 17
  9. Barber 2008.
  10. Wagner 2006, p. 116.
  11. Hunt 1889, p. 90 cites Fœdera, ii. pp. 798, 811.
  12. Hunt 1889, p. 90 cites Fœdera, ii. p. 822.
  13. Hunt 1889, p. 90 cites Courthope, p. 9.
  14. Hunt 1889, p. 90 cites Fœdera, ii. p. 880.
  15. Hunt 1889, p. 90 cites Fœdera, ii. p. 919.
  16. Hunt 1889, pp. 90–91 cites Holinshed.
  17. Hunt 1889, p. 91 cites Fœdera, ii. pp. 1049, 1125, 1212.
  18. Hunt 1889, p. 91 cites Fœdera, ii. p. 1083, iii. pp. 32, 35.
  19. Hunt 1889, p. 91 cites Fœdera, iii. p. 84.
  20. Hunt 1889, p. 91 cites Fœdera, iii. p. 90; letter of Edward III to Archbishop of York, Retrospective Review, i. 119; Rot
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  21. Hunt 1889, p. 91 cites Baron Seymour de Constant, Bataille de Crécy, ed, 1846; Louandre, Histoire d'Abbeville; Archæolog
  22. Hunt 1889, p. 91.
  23. Barber 1978, p. 67.
  24. Hunt 1889, p. 92 cites Sloane MS. 56, f. 74, 14th cent.
  25. Hunt 1889, p. 92 notes: see also John of Arderne's Miscellanea medica et chirurgica,' in Sloane MS. 335, f. 68, 14th cen
  26. Hunt 1889, p. 92 cites a poem in Baron Reiffenburg's Barante, Ducs de Bourgogne; Olivier de Vrée, Généalogie des Comtes
  27. Hunt 1889, p. 92 cites Archæologia, xxix, 32–59.
  28. Hunt 1889, p. 92 cites Archæologia, xxxi. 361.
  29. Hunt 1889, p. 92.
  30. Hunt 1889, p. 92 cites Archæologia, xxxi. 354–379.
  31. Hunt 1889, p. 92 cites Camden p. 161.
  32. Hunt 1889, p. 92 cites Camden 1614, p. 214.
  33. Hunt 1889, p. 92 cites Archæologia, xxxi. 381.
  34. Hunt 1889, p. 92 cites Archæologia, xxxii. 69.
  35. Hunt 1889, p. 92cites Knighton, c. 2595.
  36. Hunt 1889, pp. 92–93.
  37. Hunt 1889, p. 93 cites Froissart, iv. p. 82.
  38. Hunt 1889, pp. 93 cites Froissart, iv. p. 95; Nicolas, Royal Navy, ii. 112.
  39. Hunt 1889, p. 93 cites Knighton, c. 2606; Monasticon, v. 626, 704; Barnes 1688, p. 468.
  40. Hunt 1889, p. 93 cites Fœdera, iii. 302, 312.
  41. Hunt 1889, p. 93 cites Avesbury, p. 201.
  42. Hunt 1889, p. 93 cites Froissart, iv. 163, 373
  43. Taylor 2018.
  44. Hunt 1889, p. 93 cites Jehan le Bel, ii. 188; Froissart, iv. 165).
  45. Hunt 1889, p. 93 cites Avesbury, p. 215.
  46. Hunt 1889, p. 93 cites a letter of Sir John Wingfield, in Avesbury, p. 222.
  47. Hunt 1889, p. 94 cites another letter of Sir J. Wingfield, in Avesbury, p. 224).
  48. Hunt 1889, p. 94 cites a letter of the prince dated 20 October, Archæologia, i. 212; Froissart, iv. 196.
  49. Hunt 1889, p. 94 states for itinerary of this expedition see Eulogium, iii. 215 sq.
  50. Hunt 1889, p. 94.
  51. Hunt 1889, p. 94 cites Chronique de Bertrand du Guesclin, p. 7.
  52. Hunt 1889, p. 94 cites Froissart, v. 29; MATT. VILLANI, vii. c. 16.
  53. Hunt 1889, pp. 94–95.
  54. Hunt 1889, p. 95.
  55. Hunt 1889, p. 95 Froissart, v. 64, 288.
  56. Hunt 1889, p. 95 Knighton, c. 2615; Eulogium, iii. 227; Walsingham, i. 283; Fœdera, iii. 348, not at Sandwich as Froissa
  57. Hunt 1889, p. 95 cites Matt. Villani, vii. c. 66.
  58. Hunt 1889, p. 95 cites Barnes 1688, p. 564.
  59. Hunt 1889, p. 95 cites Fœdera, iii, 445.
  60. Hunt 1889, p. 95 cites Fœdera, iii, 486; Chandos, l. 1539
  61. Hunt 1889, pp. 95 cites James, ii. 223 n.
  62. Hunt 1889, p. 95 Froissart, vi. 24.
  63. Hunt 1889, pp. 95–96.
  64. Shaw, Amy (2002). Joan of Kent: Life and Legends. The Ohio State University. p. 52
  65. Goodman, Anthony (2017). Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent: A Fourteenth-Century .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- body:not(.skin-
  66. Goodman, Anthony (2017). Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent: A Fourteenth-Century Princess and her World. Boydell & Brewer. pp.
  67. Shaw, Amy (2002). Joan of Kent: Life and Legends. The Ohio State University. pp. 74-76.
  68. Hunt 1889, p. 96 cites Fœdera, iii. 626.
  69. Shaw, Amy (2002). Joan of Kent: Life and Legends. The Ohio State University. p. 55.
  70. Hunt 1889, p. 96.
  71. Chilterns Conservation Board
    https://web.archive.org/web/20211016213819/https://www.chilternsaonb.org/ccbmaps/1317/137/the-black-prince.html
  72. Hunt 1889, p. 96 cites Fœdera, iii. 667.
  73. Hunt 1889, p. 96 cites Froissart, vi. 82.
  74. Hunt 1889, p. 96 cites Fœdera, iii. 779.
  75. Hunt 1889, p. 96 cites Froissart, vi. 183.
  76. Hunt 1889, p. 96 cites Fœdera, iii. 754.
  77. Hunt 1889, pp. 96–97.
  78. Froissart 1848, p. Book I, ch. 231, page 344.
  79. Hunt 1889, p. 97.
  80. Hunt 1889, p. 97 cites Fœdera, iii. 799–807.
  81. Hunt 1889, p. 97 cites Fœdera, iii. p. 787.
  82. Hunt 1889, p. 97 cites Ayala; Chandos.
  83. Hunt 1889, p. 97 cites Ayala, xviii. 2.
  84. Hunt 1889, p. 97 cites Froissart, vii. 10.
  85. Hunt 1889, pp. 97–98.
  86. Sumption 2001, p. 547.
  87. Hunt 1889, p. 98.
  88. Hunt 1889, p. 98 cites Ayala, xviii. c. 23; Friossart, vii. 37; Chandos, 1. 3107 sq.; Du Guesclin, p. 49.
  89. Hunt 1889, p. 99 cites Ayala.
  90. Hunt 1889, p. 98 cites Fœdera, iii. 825.
  91. Hunt 1889, p. 98 cites Knighton, c. 2629.
  92. Hunt 1889, p. 98 cites Walsingham, i. 305.
  93. Hunt 1889, p. 98 cites Chandos, 1. 3670 sq.
  94. Hunt 1889, pp. 98–99.
  95. Hunt 1889, p. 99.
  96. Hunt 1889, p. 99 cites Froissart, i. 548 n., Buchon.
  97. Froissart 1848, p. 398.
  98. Froissart 1848, p. 411.
  99. Hunt 1889, p. 99 cites Froissart, vii. Pref. p. lviii.
  100. Dictionary of National Biography
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Edward_III
  101. Hunt 1889, p. 99 cite Chandos, 1. 4043.
  102. Hunt 1889, p. 99 cites Froissart, i. 620, Buchon; Cont. Murimuth, p. 209.
  103. Hunt 1889, p. 100 cites Froissart, i. 620, Buchon; Cont. Murimuth, p. 209.
  104. Barber 2008; and Jones 2017, pp. 365–367
  105. Hunt 1889, p. 100.
  106. Hunt 1889, p. 100 cites Fœdera, iii. 967.
  107. Hunt 1889, p. 100 cites Wilkins, Concilia, iii. 91.
  108. Hunt 1889, p. 100 cites Rot. Parl. ii. 310; Hallam, Const Hist, iii. 47.
    https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000020573638&seq=316
  109. Hunt 1889, p. 100 cites Chron. Angliæ, Pref. xxix, pp. 74, 75, 393.
  110. Hunt 1889, p. 100 cites Chron. Angliæ, Pref. xxix, p. 80).
  111. Anderson JR, Burns DS, Naumann DN. BMJ Mil Health 2024;170:169–170.
  112. Hunt 1889, p. 101 cites Walsingham, i, 321; Froissart, i, 706, Buchonl
  113. Hunt 1889, pp. 100–101.
  114. Hunt 1889, p. 101.
  115. Jones 2014, p. 524.
  116. Velde 2013.
  117. Hunt 1889, p. 101 cites Eulogia, 1365 Murimuth, or 1363 Froissart
  118. Hunt 1889, p. 101cites Weive, Funeral Monuments, p, 419
  119. Weir 2008, p. 95.
  120. Costain 1962, p. 387.
  121. Armitage-Smith 1905, p. 21.
  122. Redlich 2009, p. 64.
  123. Weir 1999, pp. 75, 92.
  124. Selby, Harwood & Murray 1895, p. 228.
  125. Barber 1978, p. 242; and Leland 1774, pp. 307, 479
  126. Ascham 1545, p. 40.
  127. Grafton 1569, pp. 223, 293, 324.
  128. Holinshed 1577, pp. 893, 997, 1001.
  129. Harvey 1976, p. 15.
  130. Barber 1978, pp. 242–3.
  131. Green 2007, pp. 184–5.
  132. Hoskins 2011, p. 57.
  133. Speed 1611, p. 567.
  134. The Holy State
    https://archive.org/details/holystate1642full
  135. Barnes 1688, p. 363
  136. Barber 1978, p. 243.
  137. A history of the life of Edward the Black Prince: and of various events connected therewith, which occurred during the reign of Edward III, King of England
    https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005945085
  138. The image of Edward the Black Prince in Georgian and Victorian England: negotiating the late medieval past
  139. Edward the Black Prince: a study of power in medieval Europe
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