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Edward I of England

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Edward I of England

Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he was Lord of Ireland, and from 1254 to 1306 ruled Gascony as Duke of Aquitaine in his capacity as a vassal of the French king. Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward. The eldest son of Henry III, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciling with his father, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was held hostage by the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Within two years, the rebellion was extinguished and, with England pacified, Edward left to join the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1270. He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed of his father's death. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Edward spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, he investigated the tenure of several feudal liberties. The law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law, but the King's attention was increasingly drawn towards military affairs. After suppressing a minor conflict in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second one in 1282–83 by conquering Wales. He then established English rule, built castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people. After the death of the heir to the Scottish throne, Edward was invited to arbitrate a succession dispute. He claimed feudal suzerainty over Scotland and invaded the country, and the ensuing First Scottish War of Independence continued after his death. Simultaneously, Edward found himself at war with France (a Scottish ally) after King Philip IV confiscated the Duchy of Gascony. The duchy was eventually recovered but the conflict relieved English military pressure against Scotland. By the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation and this met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition in England. In Ireland, he had extracted soldiers, supplies and money, leaving decay, lawlessness and a revival of the fortunes of his enemies in Gaelic territories. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son Edward II a war with Scotland and other financial and political burdens. Edward's temperamental nature and height (6 ft 2 in, 188 cm) made him an intimidating figure. He often instilled fear in his contemporaries, although he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship as a soldier, an administrator, and a man of faith. Modern historians are divided in their assessment of Edward; some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, but others have criticised his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility. Edward is credited with many accomplishments, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III and establishing Parliament as a permanent institution, which allowed for a functional system for raising taxes and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is often condemned for vindictiveness, opportunism and untrustworthiness in his dealings with Wales and Scotland, coupled with a colonialist approach to their governance and to Ireland, and for antisemitic policies leading to the 1290 Edict of Expulsion, which expelled all Jews from England.

Infobox

Reign
20 November 1272 – 7 July 1307
Coronation
19 August 1274
Predecessor
Henry III
Successor
Edward II
Born
17/18 June 1239Palace of Westminster, London, England
Died
7 July 1307 (aged 68)Burgh by Sands, Cumberland, England
Burial
27 October 1307Westminster Abbey, London
Spouses
mw- Eleanor of Castile (m. 1254; died 1290) Margaret of France (m. 1299)
Issuemore...
Henry of England Eleanor, Countess of Bar Joan, Countess of Hertford Alphonso, Earl of Chester Margaret, Duchess of Brabant Berengaria of England Mary of Woodstock Elizabeth, Countess of Holland Edward II, King of England Thomas, Earl of Norfolk Edmund, Earl of Kent
House
Plantagenet
Father
Henry III of England
Mother
Eleanor of Provence
Battles / wars
mw- li Second Barons' War Battle of Lewes (POW) Battle of Evesham Siege of Kenilworth Lord Edward's crusade Conquest of Wales Gascon War First War of Scottish Independence Sack of Berwick Battle of Dunbar Battle of Falkirk Siege of Caerlaverock Siege of Stirling Castle
Conflicts
mw- li Second Barons' War Battle of Lewes (POW) Battle of Evesham Siege of Kenilworth Lord Edward's crusade Conquest of Wales Gascon War First War of Scottish Independence Sack of Berwick Battle of Dunbar Battle of Falkirk Siege of Caerlaverock Siege of Stirling Castle

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Regnal titles
Preceded byHenry III
Preceded byHenry III
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Preceded byHenry III
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
King of EnglandLord of Ireland 1272–1307
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Succeeded byEdward II
Duke of AquitaineDuke of Gascony 1254–1306
Duke of AquitaineDuke of Gascony 1254–1306
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Duke of AquitaineDuke of Gascony 1254–1306
Preceded byJoan
Preceded byJoan
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Preceded byJoan
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Count of Ponthieu 1279–1290with Eleanor
Political offices
Political offices
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Political offices
Preceded byMatthew de Hastings
Preceded byMatthew de Hastings
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Preceded byMatthew de Hastings
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1265–1266
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Succeeded bySir Matthew de Bezille
Edward I of England House of PlantagenetBorn: 17/18 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
Regnal titles
Preceded byHenry III
King of EnglandLord of Ireland 1272–1307
Succeeded byEdward II
Duke of AquitaineDuke of Gascony 1254–1306
Preceded byJoan
Count of Ponthieu 1279–1290with Eleanor
Political offices
Preceded byMatthew de Hastings
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1265–1266
Succeeded bySir Matthew de Bezille

References

  1. A medieval English mark was an accounting unit equivalent to two-thirds of a pound sterling.
  2. Henry III's mother Isabella of Angoulême married Hugh X of Lusignan after the death of King John of England.
  3. The Dictum restored land to the disinherited rebels, in exchange for a fine decided by their level of involvement in the
  4. The essential concession was that the disinherited would now be allowed to take possession of their lands before paying
  5. The price of 50,000 cows, or 23,000 horses.
  6. The May 1270 Parliament confirmed an ordinance drafted at the Hilary Parliament of January 1269 preventing Jewish moneyl
  7. The disease was either dysentery or typhus.
  8. The anecdote of Queen Eleanor saving Edward's life by sucking the poison out of his wound is almost certainly a later fa
  9. Though no written proof exists, it is assumed that this arrangement was agreed on before Edward's departure.
  10. Lancaster's post was held by Payne de Chaworth until April.
  11. Clauses in the town charters were also included stating that "Jews shall not sojourn in the borough at any time", both b
  12. David Powel, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was borne in W
  13. This title became the traditional title of the heir apparent to the English throne. Prince Edward was not born heir appa
  14. It has generally been assumed the expulsion was an attempt to raise capital to secure Charles's release. However, Edward
  15. The term is an 18th-century invention.
  16. Even though the principle of primogeniture did not necessarily apply to descent through female heirs, there is little do
  17. Among those singled out in particular by the royal justices was Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, who was seen to
  18. A value of approximately 1.6m days of work for a skilled tradesman.
  19. Rokéah's figures make it clear that the vast majority of this windfall came from Jews, but it is not possible to be exac
  20. The date for the Edict of Expulsion, 18 July 1290, was the fast of the ninth of Ab, commemorating the fall of the Temple
  21. For example, Eleanor of Castile gave the Canterbury synagogue to her tailor.
  22. A value of about 11 million days' work for a skilled tradesman.
  23. For example, Philip II of France, John I, Duke of Brittany and Louis IX of France, had temporarily expelled Jews.
  24. The tomb featured the Royal Crest. The association with the Eleanor crosses is likely to have been an attempt by Edward
  25. £141m at 2017 prices, or 20 million days' labour for a skilled tradesman.
  26. Winchelsey's consecration was held up by the protracted 1292–1294 papal election.
  27. 14,300 days labour for a skilled tradesman, or approximately £101,000 at 2017 prices.
  28. Archaeologia
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  346. Hamilton 2010, p. 81.
  347. Barrow 1965, pp. 206–207, 212–213.
  348. Prestwich 2005, p. 506.
  349. Prestwich 1997, pp. 506–507.
  350. Barrow 1965, p. 216.
  351. Prestwich 1997, pp. 507–508.
  352. Salzman 1968, p. 173.
  353. Cornell 2009, pp. 63–65.
  354. Prestwich 1997, pp. 508–509.
  355. Prestwich 2005, p. 239.
  356. Barrow 1965, p. 244.
  357. Prestwich 1997, pp. 556–557; Hamilton 2010, p. 86, Jenks 1989, p. 303.
  358. Hamilton 2010, p. 86.
  359. Jenks 1989, p. 303.
  360. Powicke 1962, p. 719.
  361. Prestwich 1997, p. 557.
  362. Morris 2009, p. 377.
  363. Barrow 1965, p. 246; Hamilton 2010, p. 99.
  364. Prestwich 2005, p. 179.
  365. Duffy 2003, p. 96, Salzman 1968, p. 175.
  366. National Archives 2024
  367. Duffy 2003, pp. 96–98.
  368. Prestwich 1997, pp. 566–567.
  369. Hamilton 2010, p. 87.
  370. Morris 2009, p. 378; Duffy 2003, p. 97.
  371. Prestwich 1997, p. 566; Duffy 2003, p. 97.
  372. Templeman 1950, pp. 16–18.
  373. Templeman 1950, pp. 16–18, Morris 2009, pp. 364–365.
  374. Templeman 1950, p. 17.
  375. Templeman 1950, p. 18.
  376. Templeman 1950, pp. 21–22.
  377. Stubbs 1880; Templeman 1950, p. 22.
  378. Burt 2013, p. 2.
  379. Templeman 1950, pp. 25–26.
  380. Templeman 1950, p. 25; Tout 1920, p. 190.
  381. Burt 2013, p. 1.
  382. Prestwich 1997, pp. 38, 567, Templeman 1950, p. 16; Cazel 1991, p. 225; Spencer 2014, p. 265; Burt 2013, pp. 1–3, Gillin
  383. Templeman 1950, p. 16.
  384. Morris 2009, p. viii; Burt 2013, p. 1; Spencer 2014, p. 4.
  385. For Powicke's works and views, see Powicke 1947 and Powicke 1962. For their reception, see Burt 2013, p. 2; Cazel 1991,
  386. Prestwich 1997; Denton 1989, p. 982; Cazel 1991, p. 225; Carpenter 2004, p. 566.
  387. Morris 2009, p. 371; Burt 2013, p. 1; Goldsmith 2009.
  388. McFarlane 1981, p. 267; Burt 2013, pp. 7–8.
  389. Prestwich 1997, pp. xi–xii.
  390. Cazel 1991, p. 225, 226.
  391. Prestwich 1997, pp. 38, 567.
  392. Barrow 1989, pp. 207–208; quote at p. 208
  393. Gillingham 2008.
  394. Veach 2014, pp. 13, 15.
  395. Spencer 2014, p. 265; Burt quoted in Veach 2014, p. 13. See also Burt & Partington 2024, pp. 232–234, 266–269
  396. Veach 2014, p. 13.
  397. Morris 2009, pp. 375–377.
  398. Barrow 1965, p. 44.
  399. Brown 2004, p. 344.
  400. Davies 2000, pp. 346–347, 366, 383
  401. Davies 2000, p. 384
  402. Davies 2007, pp. 173–175, quote p. 174.
  403. Davies 2000, pp. 384–385, Davies 2007, pp. 173–175
  404. Lydon 2008a, pp. 185–186, 203, Lydon 2008b, pp. 272–273
  405. Schama 2000, pp. 168, 185, 203, Davies 1999, pp. 314, 325, Frame 1990, pp. 142–144, Barrow 1983, pp. 306–309, 408–409, D
  406. Schama 2000, pp. 168, 185, 203, Davies 1999, pp. 314, 325, Frame 1990, pp. 142–144, Barrow 1983, pp. 306–309, 408–409
  407. Brown 2004, pp. 288–290.
  408. Davies 1990, pp. 118–119, Frame 1998, p. 172
  409. Frame 1990, pp. 142–143, Schama 2000, pp. 185–186, Davies 1999, pp. 314–315
  410. Davies 1990, pp. 62–63, Barrow 1983, p. 408, Frame 1998, p. 172
  411. Quoted in Richmond 1992, p. 43, see note 2.
  412. Richmond 1992, p. 45, Stacey 1990, p. 303
  413. Hyams 1974, p. 288
  414. Richmond 1992, pp. 44–47, quote at p. 44; Stacey 2001, p. 177
  415. Richmond 1992, p. 44
  416. Moore 2006, pp. 113–114, 179, also Richmond 1992, pp. 55–56
  417. Shapiro 1996, p. 42, Tomasch 2002, pp. 69–70, Richmond 1992, pp. 55–57, Despres 1998, p. 47, Glassman 1975 See chapters
  418. Prestwich 1997, p. 126.
  419. Waugh 2004b
  420. Waugh 2004a.
  421. Parsons 2008
  422. Prestwich 1997, p. 131, Gorski 2009
  423. Prestwich 2008, pp. 572–573.
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