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Education in the United States

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Education in the United States

The United States does not have a national or federal educational system. Although there are more than fifty independent systems of education (one run by each state and territory, the Bureau of Indian Education, and the Department of Defense Dependents Schools), there are a number of similarities between them. Education is provided in public and private schools and by individuals through homeschooling. Educational standards are set at the state or territory level by the supervising organization, usually a board of regents, state department of education, state colleges, or a combination of systems. The bulk of the $1.3 trillion in funding comes from state and local governments, with federal funding accounting for about $260 billion in 2021 compared to around $200 billion in past years. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, most schools in the United States did not mandate regular attendance. In many areas, students attended school for no more than three to four months out of the year. By state law, education is compulsory over an age range starting between five and eight and ending somewhere between ages sixteen and nineteen, depending on the state. This requirement can be satisfied in public or state-certified private schools, or an approved home school program. Compulsory education is divided into three levels: elementary school, middle or junior high school, and high school. As of 2013, about 87% of school-age children attended state-funded public schools, about 10% attended tuition and foundation-funded private schools, and roughly 3% were home-schooled. Enrollment in public kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary schools declined by 4% from 2012 to 2022 and enrollment in private schools or charter schools for the same age levels increased by 2% each. Numerous publicly and privately administered colleges and universities offer a wide variety of post-secondary education. Post-secondary education is divided into college, as the first tertiary degree, and graduate school. Higher education includes public and private research universities, usually private liberal arts colleges, community colleges, for-profit colleges, and many other kinds and combinations of institutions. College enrollment rates in the United States have increased over the long term. At the same time, student loan debt has also risen to $1.5 trillion. The large majority of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25, and the most prestigious – Harvard University. Enrollment in post-secondary institutions in the United States declined from 18.1 million in 2010 to 15.4 million in 2021. Total expenditures for American public elementary and secondary schools amounted to $927 billion in 2020–21 (in constant 2021–22 dollars). In 2010, the United States had a higher combined per-pupil spending for primary, secondary, and post-secondary education than any other OECD country (which overlaps with almost all of the countries designated as being developed by the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations) and the U.S. education sector consumed a greater percentage of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) than the average OECD country. In 2014, the country spent 6.2% of its GDP on all levels of education—1.0 percentage points above the OECD average of 5.2%. In 2014, the Economist Intelligence Unit rated U.S. education as 14th best in the world. The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of American 15-year-olds as 19th in the world in reading literacy, mathematics, and science with the average American student scoring 495, compared with the OECD Average of 488. In 2017, 46.4% of Americans aged 25 to 64 attained some form of post-secondary education. 48% of Americans aged 25 to 34 attained some form of tertiary education, about 4% above the OECD average of 44%. 35% of Americans aged 25 and over have achieved a bachelor's degree or higher.

Infobox

Budget
$222.1 billion (0.8% of GDP)
Per student
More than $11,000 (2005)
Primary languages
English
System type
Federal, state, local, private
Total
49.4 million
Male
99%
Female
99%
Primary
34.1 million1
Secondary
15.3 million2
Post secondary
19 million3
Secondary diploma
91% (among 25–68 year-olds, 2018)
Post-secondary diploma
46.4% (among 25–64 year-olds, 2017)

Tables

· Educational stages
Preschool
Preschool
Category
Preschool
School Grade Level
Pre-kindergarten
Ages
3–5
Compulsory education
Compulsory education
Category
Compulsory education
Elementary school
Elementary school
Category
Elementary school
School Grade Level
Kindergarten
Ages
5–6
1st grade
1st grade
Category
1st grade
School Grade Level
6–7
2nd grade
2nd grade
Category
2nd grade
School Grade Level
7–8
3rd grade
3rd grade
Category
3rd grade
School Grade Level
8–9
4th grade
4th grade
Category
4th grade
School Grade Level
9–10
5th grade
5th grade
Category
5th grade
School Grade Level
10–11
Middle school
Middle school
Category
Middle school
School Grade Level
6th grade
Ages
11–12
7th grade
7th grade
Category
7th grade
School Grade Level
12–13
8th grade
8th grade
Category
8th grade
School Grade Level
13–14
High school
High school
Category
High school
School Grade Level
9th grade / Freshman
Ages
14–15
10th grade / Sophomore
10th grade / Sophomore
Category
10th grade / Sophomore
School Grade Level
15–16
11th grade / Junior
11th grade / Junior
Category
11th grade / Junior
School Grade Level
16–17
12th grade / Senior
12th grade / Senior
Category
12th grade / Senior
School Grade Level
17–18
Continuing education
Continuing education
Category
Continuing education
Vocational education
Vocational education
Category
Vocational education
School Grade Level
16 and up[citation needed]
Adult education
Adult education
Category
Adult education
School Grade Level
18 and up
Category
School Grade Level
Ages
Preschool
Pre-kindergarten
3–5
Compulsory education
Elementary school
Kindergarten
5–6
1st grade
6–7
2nd grade
7–8
3rd grade
8–9
4th grade
9–10
5th grade
10–11
Middle school
6th grade
11–12
7th grade
12–13
8th grade
13–14
High school
9th grade / Freshman
14–15
10th grade / Sophomore
15–16
11th grade / Junior
16–17
12th grade / Senior
17–18
Continuing education
Vocational education
16 and up[citation needed]
Adult education
18 and up
· Educational stages
College, University
College, University
Higher education
College, University
Grade level
Freshman
Sophomore
Sophomore
Higher education
Sophomore
Junior
Junior
Higher education
Junior
Senior
Senior
Higher education
Senior
Graduate school(with various degrees and curricular partitions thereof)
Graduate school(with various degrees and curricular partitions thereof)
Higher education
Graduate school(with various degrees and curricular partitions thereof)
Higher education
Grade level
College, University
Freshman
Sophomore
Junior
Senior
Graduate school(with various degrees and curricular partitions thereof)
Educational attainment in the United States, age 25 and over (2018)[29] · Higher education
High school graduate
High school graduate
Education
High school graduate
Percentage
89.8%
Some college
Some college
Education
Some college
Percentage
61.20%
Associate degree
Associate degree
Education
Associate degree
Percentage
45.16%
Bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree
Education
Bachelor's degree
Percentage
34.9%
Master's degree
Master's degree
Education
Master's degree
Percentage
13.05%
Doctorate or professional degree
Doctorate or professional degree
Education
Doctorate or professional degree
Percentage
3.5%
Education
Percentage
High school graduate
89.8%
Some college
61.20%
Associate degree
45.16%
Bachelor's degree
34.9%
Master's degree
13.05%
Doctorate or professional degree
3.5%
· Issues › Affirmative action
Harvard
Harvard
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
Harvard
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
10.0%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
16.7%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
+ 67.0%
MIT
MIT
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
MIT
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
15.9%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
31.6%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
+ 98.7%
Brown
Brown
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
Brown
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
16.6%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
26.3%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
+ 58.4%
Penn
Penn
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
Penn
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
21.2%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
30.1%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
+ 42.0%
Georgetown
Georgetown
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
Georgetown
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
22.0%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
30.7%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
+ 39.5%
Acceptance rates at private universities (2005)
Overall admit rate
Black admit rate
% difference
Harvard
10.0%
16.7%
+ 67.0%
MIT
15.9%
31.6%
+ 98.7%
Brown
16.6%
26.3%
+ 58.4%
Penn
21.2%
30.1%
+ 42.0%
Georgetown
22.0%
30.7%
+ 39.5%

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