Topzle Topzle

East Germany

Updated: Wikipedia source

East Germany

East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) on 3 October 1990. Until 1989, it was generally viewed as a communist state and described itself as a socialist workers' and peasants' state. The economy of the country was centrally planned and state-owned. Although the GDR had to pay substantial war reparations to the Soviet Union, its economy became the most successful in the Eastern Bloc. Before its establishment, the country's territory was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the Berlin Declaration abolishing German sovereignty in World War II. The Potsdam Agreement established the Soviet-occupied zone, bounded on the east by the Oder–Neiße line. The GDR was dominated by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), a communist party, before being democratized and liberalized amid the revolutions of 1989; this paved the way for East Germany's reunification with West Germany. Unlike the government of West Germany, the SED did not see its state as the successor to the German Reich (1871–1945). In 1974, it abolished the goal of unification in the constitution. The SED-ruled GDR was often described as a Soviet satellite state; historians describe it as an authoritarian regime. Geographically, the GDR bordered the Baltic Sea to the north, Poland to the east, Czechoslovakia to the southeast, and West Germany to the west. Internally, the GDR bordered East Berlin, the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin, which was also administered as the country's de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom, and France, known collectively as West Berlin (de facto part of the FRG). Emigration to the West was a significant problem; as many emigrants were well-educated young people, this trend economically weakened the state. In response, the GDR government fortified its inner German border and built the Berlin Wall in 1961. Many people attempting to flee were killed by border guards or booby traps such as landmines. In 1989, numerous social, economic, and political forces in the GDR and abroad—one of the most notable being peaceful protests starting in the city of Leipzig—led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the establishment of a government committed to liberalization. The following year, a free and fair election was held in the country, and international negotiations between the four former Allied countries and the two German states commenced. The negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty, which replaced the Potsdam Agreement on the status and borders of a future, reunited Germany. The GDR ceased to exist when its five states ("Länder") joined the Federal Republic of Germany under Article 23 of the Basic Law, and its capital East Berlin united with West Berlin on 3 October 1990. Several of the GDR's leaders, notably its last communist leader Egon Krenz, were later prosecuted for offenses committed during the GDR era.

Infobox

Status
Satellite state of the Soviet Union, member of the Warsaw Pact and Comecon
Capitaland largest city
East Berlin[a].mw- 52°31′N 13°24′E / 52.517°N 13.400°E / 52.517; 13.400
Official languages
GermanSorbian (only in parts of Bezirk Dresden and Bezirk Cottbus districts)
Religion
See Religion in East Germany
Demonyms
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li East GermanGerman
Government
Communist state
• 1946–1950[c]
Wilhelm Pieck and Otto Grotewohl[d]
• 1950–1971
Walter Ulbricht
• 1971–1989
Erich Honecker
• 1989[e]
Egon Krenz
• 1949–1960 (first)
Wilhelm Pieck
• 1990 (last)
Lothar de Maizière
• 1949–1964 (first)
Otto Grotewohl
Legislature
Volkskammer
• Upper house
Länderkammer[f]
Historical era
Cold War
• Original constitution
7 October 1949
• 1953 uprising
16 June 1953
• Warsaw Pact
14 May 1955
• Sovereignty recognized by the USSR[g]
20 September 1955
• Berlin Crisis
4 June 1961
• Socialist constitution
9 April 1968
• Basic Treaty with the FRG
21 December 1972
• Admitted to the UN
18 September 1973
• Peaceful Revolution
Autumn 1989
• Fall of the Berlin Wall
9 November 1989
• Final Settlement
12 September 1990
• Reunification
3 October 1990
• Full sovereignty of the united Germany
15 March 1991
• Total
$160 billion
• 1950
18,388,000[h]
• 1970
17,068,000
• 1990
16,111,000
• Density
149/km2 (385.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
1989 estimate
• Per capita
$9,679
GDP (nominal)
1989 estimate
Gini (1990)
18.5 } }low inequality
HDI (1990 formula)
0.953very high
Currency
mw- East German mark (until 1 July 1990) Deutsche Mark (from 1 July 1990)
Time zone
(UTC 1)
Calling code
37
ISO 3166 code
DD
Internet TLD
dd[i]
Today part of
Germany

Tables

Growth in GDP per capita in East and West Germany[133] · Economy › Consumption and jobs
1945–1960
1945–1960
Col 1
1945–1960
East Germany
6.2
West Germany
10.9
1950–1960
1950–1960
Col 1
1950–1960
East Germany
6.7
West Germany
8.0
1960–1970
1960–1970
Col 1
1960–1970
East Germany
2.7
West Germany
4.4
1970–1980
1970–1980
Col 1
1970–1980
East Germany
2.6
West Germany
2.8
1980–1989
1980–1989
Col 1
1980–1989
East Germany
0.3
West Germany
1.9
Total 1950–1989
Total 1950–1989
Col 1
Total 1950–1989
East Germany
3.1
West Germany
4.3
East Germany
West Germany
1945–1960
6.2
10.9
1950–1960
6.7
8.0
1960–1970
2.7
4.4
1970–1980
2.6
2.8
1980–1989
0.3
1.9
Total 1950–1989
3.1
4.3
· Demographics › Vital statistics
1946
1946
Col 1
1946
Live births
188,679
Deaths
413,240
Natural change
−224,561
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
10.2
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
22.4
Natural change (per 1,000)
−12.1
Total fertility rate
1.30
1947
1947
Col 1
1947
Live births
247,275
Deaths
358,035
Natural change
−110,760
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
13.1
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
19.0
Natural change (per 1,000)
−5.9
Total fertility rate
1.75
1948
1948
Col 1
1948
Live births
243,311
Deaths
289,747
Natural change
−46,436
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
12.7
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
15.2
Natural change (per 1,000)
−2.4
Total fertility rate
1.76
1949
1949
Col 1
1949
Live births
274,022
Deaths
253,658
Natural change
20,364
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
14.5
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.4
Natural change (per 1,000)
1.1
Total fertility rate
2.03
1950
1950
Col 1
1950
Average population (thousand)
18,388
Live births
303,866
Deaths
219,582
Natural change
84,284
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
16.5
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
11.9
Natural change (per 1,000)
4.6
Total fertility rate
2.35
1951
1951
Col 1
1951
Average population (thousand)
18,350
Live births
310,772
Deaths
208,800
Natural change
101,972
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
16.9
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
11.4
Natural change (per 1,000)
5.6
Total fertility rate
2.46
1952
1952
Col 1
1952
Average population (thousand)
18,300
Live births
306,004
Deaths
221,676
Natural change
84,328
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
16.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.1
Natural change (per 1,000)
4.6
Total fertility rate
2.42
1953
1953
Col 1
1953
Average population (thousand)
18,112
Live births
298,933
Deaths
212,627
Natural change
86,306
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
16.4
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
11.7
Natural change (per 1,000)
4.7
Total fertility rate
2.40
1954
1954
Col 1
1954
Average population (thousand)
18,002
Live births
293,715
Deaths
219,832
Natural change
73,883
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
16.3
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.2
Natural change (per 1,000)
4.1
Total fertility rate
2.38
1955
1955
Col 1
1955
Average population (thousand)
17,832
Live births
293,280
Deaths
214,066
Natural change
79,215
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
16.3
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
11.9
Natural change (per 1,000)
4.4
Total fertility rate
2.38
1956
1956
Col 1
1956
Average population (thousand)
17,604
Live births
281,282
Deaths
212,698
Natural change
68,584
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
15.8
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.0
Natural change (per 1,000)
3.9
Total fertility rate
2.30
1957
1957
Col 1
1957
Average population (thousand)
17,411
Live births
273,327
Deaths
225,179
Natural change
48,148
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
15.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.9
Natural change (per 1,000)
2.7
Total fertility rate
2.24
1958
1958
Col 1
1958
Average population (thousand)
17,312
Live births
271,405
Deaths
221,113
Natural change
50,292
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
15.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.7
Natural change (per 1,000)
2.9
Total fertility rate
2.22
1959
1959
Col 1
1959
Average population (thousand)
17,286
Live births
291,980
Deaths
229,898
Natural change
62,082
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
16.9
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.3
Natural change (per 1,000)
3.6
Total fertility rate
2.37
1960
1960
Col 1
1960
Average population (thousand)
17,188
Live births
292,985
Deaths
233,759
Natural change
59,226
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
16.9
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.5
Natural change (per 1,000)
3.4
Total fertility rate
2.35
1961
1961
Col 1
1961
Average population (thousand)
17,079
Live births
300,818
Deaths
222,739
Natural change
78,079
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
17.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.0
Natural change (per 1,000)
4.6
Total fertility rate
2.42
1962
1962
Col 1
1962
Average population (thousand)
17,136
Live births
297,982
Deaths
233,995
Natural change
63,987
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
17.4
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.7
Natural change (per 1,000)
3.7
Total fertility rate
2.42
1963
1963
Col 1
1963
Average population (thousand)
17,181
Live births
301,472
Deaths
222,001
Natural change
79,471
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
17.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.9
Natural change (per 1,000)
4.6
Total fertility rate
2.47
1964
1964
Col 1
1964
Average population (thousand)
17,004
Live births
291,867
Deaths
226,191
Natural change
65,676
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
17.1
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.3
Natural change (per 1,000)
3.9
Total fertility rate
2.48
1965
1965
Col 1
1965
Average population (thousand)
17,040
Live births
281,058
Deaths
230,254
Natural change
50,804
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
16.5
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.5
Natural change (per 1,000)
3.0
Total fertility rate
2.48
1966
1966
Col 1
1966
Average population (thousand)
17,071
Live births
267,958
Deaths
225,663
Natural change
42,295
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
15.7
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.2
Natural change (per 1,000)
2.5
Total fertility rate
2.43
1967
1967
Col 1
1967
Average population (thousand)
17,090
Live births
252,817
Deaths
227,068
Natural change
25,749
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
14.8
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.3
Natural change (per 1,000)
1.5
Total fertility rate
2.34
1968
1968
Col 1
1968
Average population (thousand)
17,087
Live births
245,143
Deaths
242,473
Natural change
2,670
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
14.3
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
14.2
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.1
Total fertility rate
2.30
1969
1969
Col 1
1969
Average population (thousand)
17,075
Live births
238,910
Deaths
243,732
Natural change
−4,822
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
14.0
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
14.3
Natural change (per 1,000)
−0.3
Total fertility rate
2.24
1970
1970
Col 1
1970
Average population (thousand)
17,068
Live births
236,929
Deaths
240,821
Natural change
−3,892
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
13.9
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
14.1
Natural change (per 1,000)
−0.2
Total fertility rate
2.19
1971
1971
Col 1
1971
Average population (thousand)
17,054
Live births
234,870
Deaths
234,953
Natural change
−83
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
13.8
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.8
Natural change (per 1,000)
−0.0
Total fertility rate
2.13
1972
1972
Col 1
1972
Average population (thousand)
17,011
Live births
200,443
Deaths
234,425
Natural change
−33,982
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
11.7
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.7
Natural change (per 1,000)
−2.0
Total fertility rate
1.79
1973
1973
Col 1
1973
Average population (thousand)
16,951
Live births
180,336
Deaths
231,960
Natural change
−51,624
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
10.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.7
Natural change (per 1,000)
−3.0
Total fertility rate
1.58
1974
1974
Col 1
1974
Average population (thousand)
16,891
Live births
179,127
Deaths
229,062
Natural change
−49,935
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
10.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.5
Natural change (per 1,000)
−3.0
Total fertility rate
1.54
1975
1975
Col 1
1975
Average population (thousand)
16,820
Live births
181,798
Deaths
240,389
Natural change
−58,591
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
10.8
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
14.3
Natural change (per 1,000)
−3.5
Total fertility rate
1.54
1976
1976
Col 1
1976
Average population (thousand)
16,767
Live births
195,483
Deaths
233,733
Natural change
−38,250
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
11.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.9
Natural change (per 1,000)
−2.3
Total fertility rate
1.64
1977
1977
Col 1
1977
Average population (thousand)
16,758
Live births
223,152
Deaths
226,233
Natural change
−3,081
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
13.3
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.5
Natural change (per 1,000)
−0.2
Total fertility rate
1.85
1978
1978
Col 1
1978
Average population (thousand)
16,751
Live births
232,151
Deaths
232,332
Natural change
−181
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
13.9
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.9
Natural change (per 1,000)
−0.0
Total fertility rate
1.90
1979
1979
Col 1
1979
Average population (thousand)
16,740
Live births
235,233
Deaths
232,742
Natural change
2,491
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
14.0
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.9
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.1
Total fertility rate
1.90
1980
1980
Col 1
1980
Average population (thousand)
16,740
Live births
245,132
Deaths
238,254
Natural change
6,878
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
14.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
14.2
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.4
Total fertility rate
1.94
1981
1981
Col 1
1981
Average population (thousand)
16,706
Live births
237,543
Deaths
232,244
Natural change
5,299
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
14.2
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.9
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.3
Total fertility rate
1.85
1982
1982
Col 1
1982
Average population (thousand)
16,702
Live births
240,102
Deaths
227,975
Natural change
12,127
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
14.4
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.7
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.7
Total fertility rate
1.86
1983
1983
Col 1
1983
Average population (thousand)
16,701
Live births
233,756
Deaths
222,695
Natural change
11,061
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
14.0
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.3
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.7
Total fertility rate
1.79
1984
1984
Col 1
1984
Average population (thousand)
16,660
Live births
228,135
Deaths
221,181
Natural change
6,954
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
13.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.2
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.4
Total fertility rate
1.74
1985
1985
Col 1
1985
Average population (thousand)
16,640
Live births
227,648
Deaths
225,353
Natural change
2,295
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
13.7
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.5
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.2
Total fertility rate
1.73
1986
1986
Col 1
1986
Average population (thousand)
16,640
Live births
222,269
Deaths
223,536
Natural change
−1,267
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
13.4
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
13.5
Natural change (per 1,000)
−0.1
Total fertility rate
1.70
1987
1987
Col 1
1987
Average population (thousand)
16,661
Live births
225,959
Deaths
213,872
Natural change
12,087
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
13.6
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.8
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.8
Total fertility rate
1.74
1988
1988
Col 1
1988
Average population (thousand)
16,675
Live births
215,734
Deaths
213,111
Natural change
2,623
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
12.9
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.8
Natural change (per 1,000)
0.1
Total fertility rate
1.67
1989
1989
Col 1
1989
Average population (thousand)
16,434
Live births
198,992
Deaths
205,711
Natural change
−6,789
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
12.0
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.4
Natural change (per 1,000)
−0.4
Total fertility rate
1.56
1990
1990
Col 1
1990
Average population (thousand)
16,028
Live births
178,476
Deaths
208,110
Natural change
−29,634
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
11.1
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
12.9
Natural change (per 1,000)
−1.8
Total fertility rate
1.51
Source:
Source:
Col 1
Source:
Average population (thousand)
Live births
Deaths
Natural change
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
Natural change (per 1,000)
Total fertility rate
1946
188,679
413,240
−224,561
10.2
22.4
−12.1
1.30
1947
247,275
358,035
−110,760
13.1
19.0
−5.9
1.75
1948
243,311
289,747
−46,436
12.7
15.2
−2.4
1.76
1949
274,022
253,658
20,364
14.5
13.4
1.1
2.03
1950
18,388
303,866
219,582
84,284
16.5
11.9
4.6
2.35
1951
18,350
310,772
208,800
101,972
16.9
11.4
5.6
2.46
1952
18,300
306,004
221,676
84,328
16.6
12.1
4.6
2.42
1953
18,112
298,933
212,627
86,306
16.4
11.7
4.7
2.40
1954
18,002
293,715
219,832
73,883
16.3
12.2
4.1
2.38
1955
17,832
293,280
214,066
79,215
16.3
11.9
4.4
2.38
1956
17,604
281,282
212,698
68,584
15.8
12.0
3.9
2.30
1957
17,411
273,327
225,179
48,148
15.6
12.9
2.7
2.24
1958
17,312
271,405
221,113
50,292
15.6
12.7
2.9
2.22
1959
17,286
291,980
229,898
62,082
16.9
13.3
3.6
2.37
1960
17,188
292,985
233,759
59,226
16.9
13.5
3.4
2.35
1961
17,079
300,818
222,739
78,079
17.6
13.0
4.6
2.42
1962
17,136
297,982
233,995
63,987
17.4
13.7
3.7
2.42
1963
17,181
301,472
222,001
79,471
17.6
12.9
4.6
2.47
1964
17,004
291,867
226,191
65,676
17.1
13.3
3.9
2.48
1965
17,040
281,058
230,254
50,804
16.5
13.5
3.0
2.48
1966
17,071
267,958
225,663
42,295
15.7
13.2
2.5
2.43
1967
17,090
252,817
227,068
25,749
14.8
13.3
1.5
2.34
1968
17,087
245,143
242,473
2,670
14.3
14.2
0.1
2.30
1969
17,075
238,910
243,732
−4,822
14.0
14.3
−0.3
2.24
1970
17,068
236,929
240,821
−3,892
13.9
14.1
−0.2
2.19
1971
17,054
234,870
234,953
−83
13.8
13.8
−0.0
2.13
1972
17,011
200,443
234,425
−33,982
11.7
13.7
−2.0
1.79
1973
16,951
180,336
231,960
−51,624
10.6
13.7
−3.0
1.58
1974
16,891
179,127
229,062
−49,935
10.6
13.5
−3.0
1.54
1975
16,820
181,798
240,389
−58,591
10.8
14.3
−3.5
1.54
1976
16,767
195,483
233,733
−38,250
11.6
13.9
−2.3
1.64
1977
16,758
223,152
226,233
−3,081
13.3
13.5
−0.2
1.85
1978
16,751
232,151
232,332
−181
13.9
13.9
−0.0
1.90
1979
16,740
235,233
232,742
2,491
14.0
13.9
0.1
1.90
1980
16,740
245,132
238,254
6,878
14.6
14.2
0.4
1.94
1981
16,706
237,543
232,244
5,299
14.2
13.9
0.3
1.85
1982
16,702
240,102
227,975
12,127
14.4
13.7
0.7
1.86
1983
16,701
233,756
222,695
11,061
14.0
13.3
0.7
1.79
1984
16,660
228,135
221,181
6,954
13.6
13.2
0.4
1.74
1985
16,640
227,648
225,353
2,295
13.7
13.5
0.2
1.73
1986
16,640
222,269
223,536
−1,267
13.4
13.5
−0.1
1.70
1987
16,661
225,959
213,872
12,087
13.6
12.8
0.8
1.74
1988
16,675
215,734
213,111
2,623
12.9
12.8
0.1
1.67
1989
16,434
198,992
205,711
−6,789
12.0
12.4
−0.4
1.56
1990
16,028
178,476
208,110
−29,634
11.1
12.9
−1.8
1.51
Source:
East Germany major cities (1988) · Demographics › Vital statistics
East Berlin
East Berlin
City
East Berlin
Population
1,200,000
Leipzig
Leipzig
City
Leipzig
Population
556,000
Dresden
Dresden
City
Dresden
Population
520,000
Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)
Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)
City
Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)
Population
314,437
Magdeburg
Magdeburg
City
Magdeburg
Population
290,579
Rostock
Rostock
City
Rostock
Population
253,990
Halle (Saale)
Halle (Saale)
City
Halle (Saale)
Population
236,044
Erfurt
Erfurt
City
Erfurt
Population
220,016
Potsdam
Potsdam
City
Potsdam
Population
142,862
Gera
Gera
City
Gera
Population
134,834
Schwerin
Schwerin
City
Schwerin
Population
130,685
Cottbus
Cottbus
City
Cottbus
Population
128,639
Zwickau
Zwickau
City
Zwickau
Population
121,749
Jena
Jena
City
Jena
Population
108,010
Dessau
Dessau
City
Dessau
Population
103,867
City
Population
Source
East Berlin
1,200,000
Leipzig
556,000
Dresden
520,000
Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)
314,437
Magdeburg
290,579
Rostock
253,990
Halle (Saale)
236,044
Erfurt
220,016
Potsdam
142,862
Gera
134,834
Schwerin
130,685
Cottbus
128,639
Zwickau
121,749
Jena
108,010
Dessau
103,867
· Culture › Official and public holidays
New Year's Day
New Year's Day
Date
1 January
English name
New Year's Day
German name
Neujahr
Good Friday
Good Friday
Date
March–April
English name
Good Friday
German name
Karfreitag
Easter Sunday
Easter Sunday
Date
March–April
English name
Easter Sunday
German name
Ostersonntag
Easter Monday
Easter Monday
Date
March–April
English name
Easter Monday
German name
Ostermontag
Remarks
Was not an official holiday after 1967.
International Workers' Day/May Day
International Workers' Day/May Day
Date
1 May
English name
International Workers' Day/May Day
German name
Tag der Arbeit (name in FRG)
Remarks
The official name was Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen (approx. "International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers")
Victory in Europe Day
Victory in Europe Day
Date
8 May
English name
Victory in Europe Day
German name
Tag der Befreiung
Remarks
The translation means "Day of Liberation"
Father's Day/Ascension Day
Father's Day/Ascension Day
Date
April–June
English name
Father's Day/Ascension Day
German name
Vatertag/Christi Himmelfahrt
Remarks
Thursday after the 5th Sunday after Easter. Was not an official holiday after 1967.
Whit Monday
Whit Monday
Date
May–June
English name
Whit Monday
German name
Pfingstmontag
Remarks
50 days after Easter Sunday
Republic Day
Republic Day
Date
7 October
English name
Republic Day
German name
Tag der Republik
Remarks
National holiday
Day of Repentance and Prayer
Day of Repentance and Prayer
Date
November
English name
Day of Repentance and Prayer
German name
Buß- und Bettag
Remarks
Wednesday before Totensonntag. Originally a Protestant feast day, it was demoted as an official holiday in 1967.
First Day of Christmas
First Day of Christmas
Date
25 December
English name
First Day of Christmas
German name
1. Weihnachtsfeiertag
Second Day of Christmas
Second Day of Christmas
Date
26 December
English name
Second Day of Christmas
German name
2. Weihnachtsfeiertag
Date
English name
German name
Remarks
1 January
New Year's Day
Neujahr
March–April
Good Friday
Karfreitag
March–April
Easter Sunday
Ostersonntag
March–April
Easter Monday
Ostermontag
Was not an official holiday after 1967.
1 May
International Workers' Day/May Day
Tag der Arbeit (name in FRG)
The official name was Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen (approx. "International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers")
8 May
Victory in Europe Day
Tag der Befreiung
The translation means "Day of Liberation"
April–June
Father's Day/Ascension Day
Vatertag/Christi Himmelfahrt
Thursday after the 5th Sunday after Easter. Was not an official holiday after 1967.
May–June
Whit Monday
Pfingstmontag
50 days after Easter Sunday
7 October
Republic Day
Tag der Republik
National holiday
November
Day of Repentance and Prayer
Buß- und Bettag
Wednesday before Totensonntag. Originally a Protestant feast day, it was demoted as an official holiday in 1967.
25 December
First Day of Christmas
1. Weihnachtsfeiertag
26 December
Second Day of Christmas
2. Weihnachtsfeiertag
· External links
Preceded byAllied Occupation Zones in Germanyand theSoviet Military Administration in Germany(1945–1949)
German Democratic Republic(concurrent with theFederal Republic of Germany) 1949–1990
Succeeded byFederal Republic of Germany

References

  1. Partially recognised
  2. The SED's leaders went by different names. Until 1950, there were two co-chairmen, after which the office of General Sec
  3. The SED was established in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, before the GDR's foundation.
  4. Jointly as Chairmen.
  5. October–December
  6. Dissolved by the Volkskammer on 8 December 1958.
  7. Date of abolition of the Soviet Control Commission in East Germany, the last vestige of Soviet occupation, as part of th
  8. Population statistics according to Statistisches Bundesamt.
  9. Although .dd was reserved as corresponding ISO code for East Germany, it was not entered to the root before the country
  10. German: Ostdeutschland [ˈɔstˌdɔʏtʃlant] ⓘ.
  11. German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk] ⓘ, DDR [ˌdeːdeːˈʔɛʁ] ⓘ.
  12. The use of the abbreviation BRD (FRG) for West Germany, the Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany), on
  13. For example, the economist Jörg Roesler – see: Jörg Roesler: Ein Anderes Deutschland war möglich. Alternative Programme
  14. 'In the age of detente, the Stasi's main method of combating subversive activity was 'operational decomposition' (operat
  15. The Eastern churches were the Evangelical Church of Anhalt, Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper
  16. This quote has no cross-referencing to ground its authenticity. For a detailed overview of the issues of Brecht's legacy
  17. Marxists.org
    https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch04.htm
  18. "GDR"
    https://wid.world/world/#agdpro_p0p100_z/DD/last/eu/k/p/yearly/a/false/6676.3185/35000/curve/false/country
  19. "Bevölkerungsstand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131113231041/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/Indikatoren/LangeReihen/Bevoelkerung/lrbev03.html
  20. hdr.undp.org
    http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf
  21. "Top-Level-Domain .DD"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151104112107/http://internet.robert-scheck.de/tld-dd
  22. The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht, 1945–71
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uOm6CTDBV1oC&pg=PA21
  23. Quint 1991, pp. 125–126.
  24. Business America
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071109185421/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1052/is_n4_v110/ai_7373809
  25. The New Yorker
    https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/eastern-germany-experience-economic-miracle
  26. www.iwh-halle.de
    https://www.iwh-halle.de/en/topics/east-germany
  27. Erdmann, Karl Dietrich [de], Kocka, Jürgen, Mommsen, Wolfgang J., Blänsdorf, Agnes [de]. Towards a Global Community of H
    https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Erdmann
  28. Civil Society & Dictatorship in Modern German History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=j8mo4uP3SQMC&pg=PA37
  29. Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal
    https://www.academia.edu/17812963
  30. Sarasota Herald-Tribune
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7n0cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zWQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2806%2C3656351
  31. The Victoria Advocate
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19920728&id=D0lSAAAAIBAJ&pg=880,639718&hl=en
  32. Democratization in Eastern Europe
  33. The New Worker
    http://www.newworker.org/nw29897.htm#international
  34. Die Zeit
    http://www.zeit.de/1949/22/nationale-front-in-der-ostzone
  35. Der Spiegel
    https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-45935352.html
  36. Facts about Germany: The Federal Republic of Germany, 1959 – Germany (West)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9gQMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA20
  37. The Language of Human Rights in West Germany
  38. Worlds of Work: Building an International Sociology of Work
  39. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251114867
  40. The Sanctity of Rural Life: Nobility, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Prussia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cfeX8QS7DeMC&pg=PA187
  41. Political Romanticism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx0uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11
  42. "Each spring, millions of workmen from all parts of western Russia arrived in eastern Germany, which, in political langu
  43. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
    https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/2002_2_2_ritter.pdf
  44. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
    https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/2002_2_2_ritter.pdf
  45. spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110514081136/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWyalta.htm
  46. 2001-2009.state.gov
    https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/107189.htm
  47. On the discussion about Social Democrats joining the SED see Steffen Kachel, Entscheidung für die SED 1946 – ein Verrat
  48. hdg.de
    http://www.hdg.de/lemo/html/Nachkriegsjahre/PolitischerNeubeginn/sed.html
  49. See Anna M. Cienciala "History 557 Lecture Notes" Archived 20 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
    http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect17.htm
  50. The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification
  51. Roth, Gary. "Review of Hoffmann, Dierk: Otto Grotewohl (1894–1964): Eine politische Biographie" H-German, H-Net Reviews.
    https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31618
  52. Gomez Gutiérrez, J.J. & Bruschi, V. (2003). "Socialist Unity Party of Germany". In N. Schlager (Ed.), St. James Encyclop
  53. Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic | Communist Crimes
    https://communistcrimes.org/en/political-prisoners-german-democratic-republic
  54. Russian Commands and German Resistance: The Soviet Occupation, 1945–1949
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38207545
  55. Russian Commands and German Resistance: The Soviet Occupation, 1945–1949
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38207545
  56. Constructing Socialism: Technology and Change in East Germany 1945–1990
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51480817
  57. Journal of Cold War Studies
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/26924047
  58. State Symbols: The Quest for Legitimacy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, 1949–1959
  59. Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities after Hitler
  60. City Under Siege: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948–1949
  61. Weitz 1997, p. 350 Following a Soviet order in February 1948, the German Economic Commission became a nascent state stru
  62. McCauley 1983, p. 38 The DWK had become the de facto government of the Soviet zone. Its chairman was Heinrich Rau (SED),
  63. East Berlin 17 June 1953: Stones Against Tanks Archived 23 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Deutsche Welle. Retrieve
    http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,894998,00.html
  64. Soviet Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668137508411013
  65. Norman M. Naimark. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949. Harvard University Pr
  66. Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961–1989
  67. Contemporary Germany: Essays and Texts on Politics, Economics & Society
    https://books.google.com/books?id=osIeBAAAQBAJ
  68. East Central Europe
    https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633079X00150
  69. TIME
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111218025533/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903634,00.html
  70. Quint 1991, p. 14.
  71. The Constitutional Jursiprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany
  72. "Texas Law: Foreign Law Translations 1973"
    https://law.utexas.edu/transnational/foreign-law-translations/german/case.php?id=589
  73. Touring Beyond the Nation: A Transnational Approach to European Tourism History
  74. David Priestland, Red Flag: A History of Communism, New York: Grove Press, 2009.
  75. Le Monde diplomatique
    https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2020/04/COMBE/61583
  76. Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung 'Neues Deutschland' über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen
  77. Le Monde diplomatique
    https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2021/01/COMBE/62660
  78. Einverstanden. E.H: Parteiinterne Hausmitteilungen, Briefe, Akten und Intrigen aus der Honecker-Zeit
  79. L'Allemagne paiera
  80. L'Allemagne paiera
  81. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
    https://www.bpb.de/themen/deutschlandarchiv/307645/die-ddr-als-zankapfel-in-forschung-und-politik/#footnode48-48
  82. Judt 2005, p. 612
  83. German Notes
    https://archive.today/20050419213613/http://www.germannotes.com/hist_east_wall.shtml
  84. Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.
  85. Wiener Zeitung
    https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/welt-europa/weltpolitik/364731_Die-Berliner-Mauer-begann-im-Burgenland-zu-broeckeln.html
  86. profil
  87. Die Zeit
    https://www.zeit.de/wissen/geschichte/2014-08/ddr-flucht-1989-grenzpicknick-sopron
  88. profil
  89. Die Presse
    https://www.diepresse.com/3855470/ddr-massenflucht-ein-picknick-hebt-die-welt-aus-den-angeln
  90. Süddeutsche Zeitung
    https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/paneuropaeisches-picknick-mit-dem-picknickkorb-in-die-freiheit-1.170802-0
  91. Judt 2005, p. 613
  92. Berlin Journal
  93. Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall
  94. Judt 2005, p. 614
  95. Judt 2005, p. 615.
  96. The Constitutional Jursiprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany
  97. The German Polity
  98. Weitz 1997, p. [page needed]
  99. history.state.gov
    https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/potsdam-conf
  100. webarchiv.bundestag.de
    https://webarchiv.bundestag.de/archive/2007/0206/htdocs_e/history/parlia/east_1949_89.html
  101. 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe
  102. www.documentarchiv.de
    http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1959/ddr-staatswappen-staatsflagge-aender_ges.html
  103. Young Pioneer Tours
    https://www.youngpioneertours.com/east-german-flag
  104. Virtual Globetrotting
    https://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/coat-of-arms-of-east-germany/view/google
  105. "Domestic Protocol Office of the Federal Government"
    https://www.protokoll-inland.de/Webs/PI/EN/topics/state-symbols/national-anthem/national-anthem.html
  106. German History in Documents and Images
    https://germanhistorydocs.org/en/occupation-and-the-emergence-of-two-states-1945-1961/the-national-anthem-of-the-german-democratic-republic-auferstanden-aus-ruinen-1949
  107. German History Intersections
    https://germanhistory-intersections.org/en/germanness/ghis:audio-5
  108. "Pioneer Organization"
    https://global.museum-digital.org/?id=3580&t=people_to_people
  109. Wall Museum
    https://thewallmuseum.com/en/free-german-youth
  110. Repainting the Little Red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German education, 1945–1995
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39633454
  111. Antifascism & the Historical Identity of East German Youth, 1961–1989
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63683865
  112. German Studies Review
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1431716
  113. Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR 1949–1989
  114. "The Rules of the Thälmann Pioneers"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100604194907/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/tp.htm
  115. "Free German Youth 1949–1990 (East Germany)"
    http://flagspot.net/flags/de%7Dfdj.html
  116. Staatssozialismus und gesellschaftliche Differenzierung: eine empirische Studie
  117. Youth Politics in East Germany: The Free German Youth Movement, 1946–1968
  118. Moscow's Third World Strategy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rOoyp-1UOH4C&pg=PA184
  119. Undeclared Wars with Israel: East Germany and the West German Far Left, 1967–1989
  120. Journal of Cold War Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00450
  121. The Road to Jerusalem: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
    https://archive.org/details/roadtojerusalemt00laqu
  122. Israel's struggle in the UN
  123. "The GDR and the PLO: East Germany's Palestine Policy"
    https://www.berlinerkolleg.com/en/blog/gdr-and-plo-east-germanys-palestine-policy
  124. Cold War History
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740802222155
  125. Cold War History
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713999929
  126. Routledge & CRC Press
    https://www.routledge.com/The-East-German-Army-The-Second-Power-in-the-Warsaw-Pact/Forster/p/book/9780367609771
  127. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/content/51cf54ed-55df-4369-bdef-6f98be17d26c
  128. Comrades in Arms: Military Masculinities in East German Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_8irDwAAQBAJ
  129. Germany: A country study
    https://www.loc.gov/item/96020927
  130. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/08/world/east-german-military-warsaw-pact-s-finest.html
  131. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2014/11/07/world/europe/stasi-files-east-germany-secret-police/index.html
  132. The New York Times Archive
    https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html?_r=1
  133. Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler
  134. Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler
  135. The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR: An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control
  136. Social Analysis
    https://doi.org/10.3167%2F015597703782353023
  137. The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR: An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control
  138. The Stasi: Myth and Reality
  139. The Stasi: Myth and Reality
  140. Political Epistemics: The Secret Police, the Opposition, and the End of East German Socialism
  141. irct.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210909114942/https://irct.org/media-and-resources/latest-news/article/788?ref=tjournal.ru
  142. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/06/ive-been-shafted-twice-stasi-victims-and-their-quest-for-compensation
  143. www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de
    https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/vermitteln/wissenschaft/publikationen-wissenstransfer/stipendiaten-lesebuecher/die-ddr-im-blick/selbsttoetung
  144. "Mielkes Horchposten lauerten überall. | TP-Presseagentur"
    https://tp-presseagentur.de/mielkes-horchposten-lauerten-ueberall-interview-mit-dr-manfred-uschner-persoenlicher-mitarbeiter-des-politbueromitgliedes-hermann-axen/
  145. Transition Economies
  146. The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany
    https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Currency_of_Socialism.html?id=_k7_dBtKx2gC&source=kp_book_description
  147. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
    https://www.bpb.de/themen/deutsche-einheit/deutsche-teilung-deutsche-einheit/43787/probleme-der-inneren-einigung
  148. The Shortest History of Germany: From Roman Frontier to the Heart of Europe - A Retelling for Our Times
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ1vDwAAQBAJ
  149. High Growth of an Underachiever?
    https://books.google.com/books?id=80vnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49
  150. Oppression and Scarcity: The History and Institutional Structure of the Marxist-Leninist Government of East Germany and Some Perspectives on Life in a Socialist System
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3xm9Fd3QgEcC
  151. "Ich liebe Thüringen, ich liebe Deutschland"
    http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/zeca-schall-im-portraet-ich-liebe-thueringen-ich-liebe-deutschland/1578230.html
  152. The Digital Flood: The Diffusion of Information Technology Across the U.S., Europe and Asia
  153. Histories of Computing in Eastern Europe
  154. "East Germany: country population"
    http://www.populstat.info/Europe/germanec.htm
  155. The Power of Freedom: Central and Eastern Europe After 1945
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131111025246/http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf
  156. "Germany Population – Historical Background"
    http://www.country-studies.com/germany/population---historical-background.html
  157. Destatis.de Archived 13 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine page 17
    http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Fachveroeffentlichungen/Bevoelkerung/BroschuereGeburtenDeutschland,property=file.pdf
  158. DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt
    https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/CurrentPopulation/Tables_/lrbev03.html
  159. "Zusammenfassende Übersichten – Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene 1946 bis 2015"
    https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsbewegung/ZusammenEheschliessungenGeboreneGestorbene.html
  160. www.macrotrends.net
    https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/204439/leipzig/population
  161. www.macrotrends.net
    https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/204437/dresden/population
  162. The Statesman's Year-Book 1990–91
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DMjDDQAAQBAJ&q=karl+marx+stadt+population+1988&pg=PA526
  163. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679269
  164. Contemporary European History
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EF8B25B6831AAC5687891F10C5BD4646/S0960777320000065a.pdf/div-class-title-dialogue-as-a-strategy-of-struggle-religious-politics-in-east-germany-1957-1968-div.pdf
  165. East Germany: Continuity and Change
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PAR5nQudwUUC
  166. Paul Tillich. Christianity and the Encounter of the World Religions (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), p. 20.
  167. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679269
  168. Martin Onnasch, "Konflikt und Kompromiss: Die Haltung der evangelischen Kirchen zu den gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen
  169. East European Quarterly
  170. "Startseite - Manfred Stolpe"
    https://manfred-stolpe.de
  171. German Studies Review
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140983
  172. The East German State and the Catholic Church, 1945–1989
    https://books.google.com/books?id=96QzpCRH2agC
  173. Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919
    https://books.google.com/books?id=omjBEYM3IK4C&pg=PA185
  174. The East German penal system in Torgau from 1950 to 1990
    https://en.stsg.de/cms/node/884
  175. Nationalities Papers
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/east-german-music-and-the-problem-of-national-identity/286E182F956087B8B7DFF08F52AFA750
  176. "Censorship and Dissent of GDR"
    https://www.academia.edu/121902949
  177. Cultural Sociology
    https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17499755221078713
  178. Pence and Betts, Socialist modern: East German everyday culture and politics. p. 37 for Maaz, 58.
  179. Gesellschaft zur Verbreitung wissenschaftlicher Kenntnisse: Gründungsbeschluss, Statut, Präsidium
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UzlfPwAACAAJ
  180. blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk
    http://www.blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk/whos-watching-who/tales-archive/secrets-of-east-german-censorship
  181. Emmerich, W., 1996. Kleine Literaturgeschichte der DDR. Leipzig: Aufbau Verlag.
  182. German Economic Review
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10005892
  183. Bericht auf wdr4.de vom 22. Juli 2007 Archived 27 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 30 September 2014.
    http://www.wdr4.de/musik/schallplattenbar/ostseelaender100.html
  184. Götz Hintze: Rocklexikon der DDR. 2. Auflage. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89602-303-9, Eintrag zum In
  185. Informationen zu Chris Doerk Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 23 December 2010.
    http://www.aus-der-ddr.de/person/chris_doerk-pid_4000005786.html
  186. rote-gitarren.de
    http://www.rote-gitarren.de/
  187. Deutsche Mugge
    http://www.deutsche-mugge.de/portraits/3782-rote-gitarren.html
  188. DDR-Tanzmusik
    http://www.ddr-tanzmusik.de/index.php/Karel_Gott
  189. Deutsche Mugge
    http://www.deutsche-mugge.de/portraits/2372-omega.html
  190. Opusteno.rs
    http://www.opusteno.rs/biografije-poznatih-f151/biografija-muzicar-dado-topic-t18595.html
  191. Brown, Timothy S. "'Keeping it Real' in a Different 'Hood: (African-) Americanization and Hip-hop in Germany." In The Vi
  192. Popular Music
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0095
  193. Theatre for the People: The Story of the Volksbühne
  194. Virtual Walls?: Political Unification and Cultural Difference in Contemporary Germany
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9JBDwAAQBAJ&dq=east+Germany+support+classical+music+orchestra+fifty&pg=PA131
  195. Spiegel Online
    http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/interview-with-conductor-kurt-masur-the-spirit-of-1989-has-been-exhausted-a-721851.html
  196. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/05/10/specials/tynan-brecht.html
  197. Organisation von Nationale Volksarmee Uniformsammler
    https://www.onvauc.org/ddr-civilian
  198. Joshua Feinstein, The Triumph of the Ordinary: Depictions of Daily Life in the East German Cinema, 1949–1989 (Chapel Hil
  199. Brecht and the GDR: Politics, Culture, Posterity
  200. Brecht, Turkish Theater, and Turkish-German Literature: Reception, Adaptation, and Innovation After 1960
  201. Daring to Play: A Brecht Companion
  202. Brecht and Political Theatre: The Mother on Stage
  203. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/25/theater/benno-besson-83-director-of-plays-and-brecht-disciple-is-dead.html
  204. www.berlinstory-andtravels.info
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050829/http://www.berlinstory-andtravels.info/2016/01/25/east-germany
  205. "Friedrichstadt-Palast"
    https://www.palast.berlin/en
  206. "Das BE – ein Theater für Zeitgenossen"
    http://www.berliner-ensemble.de/
  207. "Deutsches Theater: Home"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100326013548/http://www.deutsches-theater.de/
  208. "Gorki.de"
    http://www.gorki.de/
  209. "Volksbühne Berlin"
    http://www.volksbuehne-berlin.de/
  210. Das Grosse Haus: Insider berichten aus dem ZK der SED
  211. Representing East Germany Since Unification: From Colonization to Nostalgia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=H7ajL_aNu6oC&pg=PA146
  212. "DEFA – Stiftung – Home"
    http://www.defa-stiftung.de/
  213. Filmernst | Das Kompetenzzentrum für Film – Schule – Kino im Land Brandenburg
    https://www.filmernst.de/Filme/Filmdetails.html?movie_id=24
  214. Stasi-Zensur-Machtdiskurse: Publikationsgeschichten und Materialien zu Jurek Beckers Werk
  215. The Women's Film, Konrad Wolf, and Defa After the "Biermann Affair": Solo Sunny (Konrad Wolf, 1980)
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137322326_14
  216. Forbes
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/sheenascott/2019/11/05/the-berlin-wall-and-the-cinema-films-made-after-1989/?sh=716591bb683e
  217. Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsmr.2007.0027
  218. 2006 Academy Award for "The Lives of Others" Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine,
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0405094/awards
  219. Screen
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fscreen%2Fhjm049
  220. The Globe and Mail
    https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/east-german-doping-trial/article4165918
  221. Hartgens and Kuipers (2004), p. 515
  222. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
    https://archive.today/20120629013117/http://acb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12880534
  223. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/12/sports/political-pressure-dismantles-east-german-sports-machine.html
  224. FIFA.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170127142420/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany1974/teams/team=44023/matches.html
  225. "30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany recalls the economic gulf between East and West"
    https://www.marketplace.org/2019/11/04/30-years-after-the-fall-of-the-berlin-wall-germany-recalls-the-economic-gulf-between-east-and-west
  226. "'76 E. German Nuclear Incident Described"
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-01-21-mn-999-story.html
  227. "East German nuclear plant demolition proves challenging"
    https://www.dw.com/en/east-german-nuclear-plant-demolition-proves-challenging/a-5096451
  228. "World Nuclear Association"
    https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/germany
  229. Journal of Popular Culture
  230. That Was the Wild East: Film Culture, Unification, and the 'New' Germany
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AugFhjJZz0QC&pg=PA14
  231. Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post-Unification Germany
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sELghp1BIbgC&pg=PA10
  232. The Transparent State: Architecture and Politics in Postwar Germany
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dkO_WwhyXWMC&pg=PA92
  233. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/01/germany.kateconnolly
  234. Der Spiegel
    https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/homesick-for-a-dictatorship-majority-of-eastern-germans-feel-life-better-under-communism-a-634122.html
  235. Goodbye, Lenin
    https://generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk/cifr/2017/10/02/rewriting-ideal-history-the-ostalgie-expression-in-goodbye-lenin-2003
  236. Deutsche Welle
    https://www.dw.com/en/ostalgia-romanticizing-the-gdr/a-17959366
  237. "33 Jahre Wiedervereinigung"
    https://www.infratest-dimap.de/umfragen-analysen/bundesweit/umfragen/aktuell/33-jahre-wiedervereinigung/
  238. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/07/east-germany-west-far-right-afd-gdr
  239. Deutsche Welle
    https://www.dw.com/en/why-is-everyone-in-germany-talking-about-thuringia-and-afd/a-52277013
  240. KATAPULT-Magazin
    https://katapult-magazin.de/de/artikel/die-rechten-ziehen-in-den-osten-auslaender-in-den-westen
  241. "Ausländische Bevölkerung nach Ländern – bpb"
    https://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/zahlen-und-fakten/soziale-situation-in-deutschland/61625/auslaendische-bevoelkerung-nach-laendern
  242. www.laenderdaten.de
    http://www.laenderdaten.de/europa/deutschland/bundeslaender/auslaenderanteil.aspx
  243. Spiegel Online
    https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/report-shows-highest-percentage-of-atheists-in-former-east-germany-a-828526.html
  244. The Local
    https://www.thelocal.de/20120420/42081
  245. Die Welt
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120826093254/http://www.worldcrunch.com/why-eastern-germany-most-godless-place-planet/culture-society/why-eastern-germany-is-the-most-godless-place-on-earth/c3s5177/#.UHNiqk3Ex_0
  246. "East Germany the 'most atheistic' of any region"
    http://www.dialoginternational.com/dialog_international/2012/05/east-germany-the-most-atheistic-of-any-region.html
  247. The Guardian
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120826093254/http://www.worldcrunch.com/why-eastern-germany-most-godless-place-planet/culture-society/why-eastern-germany-is-the-most-godless-place-on-earth/c3s5177/#.UHNiqk3Ex_0
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.