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EF5 drought

Updated: Wikipedia source

EF5 drought

From 2013 to 2025, the United States experienced a record lack of tornadoes rated EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale by the National Weather Service. This period, which has been dubbed the EF5 drought or EF5 gap by some media outlets, was the longest drought of tornadoes rated F5 or EF5 in recorded history. The drought began following the 2013 Moore tornado, occurring on May 20, 2013. Several tornadoes since then had subsequently been rated as high-end EF4 tornadoes, with many of these ratings attracting significant controversy, with notable examples being the 2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado, the 2015 Rochelle–Fairdale tornado, the 2021 Western Kentucky tornado, the 2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City tornado, and the 2024 Greenfield tornado. According to a study in January 2025, the drought had a 0.3% chance of running for as long as it did. The drought ended on June 20, 2025, with the 2025 Enderlin tornado; it had spanned 4,414 days.

Tables

EF4 tornadoes outlined in the 2025 study[5] · History › January 2025 study
2011 Cullman–Arab, AL tornado
2011 Cullman–Arab, AL tornado
Tornado
2011 Cullman–Arab, AL tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 Pisgah–Higdon, AL tornado
2011 Pisgah–Higdon, AL tornado
Tornado
2011 Pisgah–Higdon, AL tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham, AL tornado
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham, AL tornado
Tornado
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham, AL tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 New Harmony, TN tornado
2011 New Harmony, TN tornado
Tornado
2011 New Harmony, TN tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 Ringgold, GA/Apison, TN tornado
2011 Ringgold, GA/Apison, TN tornado
Tornado
2011 Ringgold, GA/Apison, TN tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 Chickasha–Blanchard, OK tornado
2011 Chickasha–Blanchard, OK tornado
Tornado
2011 Chickasha–Blanchard, OK tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
200 miles per hour (320 km/h)
2011 Goldsby, OK tornado
2011 Goldsby, OK tornado
Tornado
2011 Goldsby, OK tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
200 miles per hour (320 km/h)
2013 Shawnee, OK tornado
2013 Shawnee, OK tornado
Tornado
2013 Shawnee, OK tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2013 Washington, IL tornado
2013 Washington, IL tornado
Tornado
2013 Washington, IL tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2014 Mayflower–Vilonia, AR tornado
2014 Mayflower–Vilonia, AR tornado
Tornado
2014 Mayflower–Vilonia, AR tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2014 Pilger, NE tornado
2014 Pilger, NE tornado
Tornado
2014 Pilger, NE tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2015 Rochelle–Fairdale, IL tornado
2015 Rochelle–Fairdale, IL tornado
Tornado
2015 Rochelle–Fairdale, IL tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
200 miles per hour (320 km/h)
2020 Bassfield–Soso, MS tornado
2020 Bassfield–Soso, MS tornado
Tornado
2020 Bassfield–Soso, MS tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2021 Western KY tornado
2021 Western KY tornado
Tornado
2021 Western KY tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City, MS tornado
2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City, MS tornado
Tornado
2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City, MS tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
195 miles per hour (314 km/h)
Tornado
Max. estimated windspeeds
2011 Cullman–Arab, AL tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 Pisgah–Higdon, AL tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham, AL tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 New Harmony, TN tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 Ringgold, GA/Apison, TN tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2011 Chickasha–Blanchard, OK tornado
200 miles per hour (320 km/h)
2011 Goldsby, OK tornado
200 miles per hour (320 km/h)
2013 Shawnee, OK tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2013 Washington, IL tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2014 Mayflower–Vilonia, AR tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2014 Pilger, NE tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2015 Rochelle–Fairdale, IL tornado
200 miles per hour (320 km/h)
2020 Bassfield–Soso, MS tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2021 Western KY tornado
190 miles per hour (310 km/h)
2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City, MS tornado
195 miles per hour (314 km/h)

References

  1. The spike of EF5 tornadoes during the year 2011 includes the 2011 Smithville tornado, 2011 Rainsville tornado, 2011 Hack
  2. WBTW
    https://www.wbtw.com/news/grand-strand/myrtle-beach/how-rare-is-an-ef-5-tornado/
  3. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/05/22/tornado-drought-record-moore-ef5/
  4. The Weather Channel
    https://weather.com/safety/tornado/news/2021-12-11-ef5-f5-tornadoes-streak-record-longest
  5. Arkansas Times
    http://www.arktimes.com/ArkansasBlog/archives/2014/05/05/meteorologist-defends-ef4-rating-on-vilonia-tornado
  6. American Meteorological Society
    https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/aop/BAMS-D-24-0066.1/BAMS-D-24-0066.1.xml?tab_body=pdf
  7. Iowa Environmental Mesonet
    https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSFGF&e=202510061430
  8. Keraunos
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  9. International Journal of Climatology
    https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.5369
  10. Reporting Platform and Voluntary Network of Severe Storm Observers (PREVOTS)
    http://prevots.org/2023/06/prets-completa-5-anos-de-dados/#:~:text=Em%201%20jun%202023,%20a%20plataforma%20de%20registros,severo%20no%20Brasil%20s%C3%A3o%20catalogados%20a%20cada%20ano.
  11. National Weather Service
    https://www.weather.gov/oun/efscale?os=av/&ref=app
  12. United Press International
    https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2024/05/20/EF5-tornado-11-year-gap/4221716215687/
  13. FOX Weather
    https://www.foxweather.com/extreme-weather/last-ef5-tornado-united-states-record-longest-span
  14. The Oklahoman
    https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/columns/2013/06/05/el-reno-tornado-is-super-rare-national-record-breaker/60928429007/
  15. National Weather Service Chicago, Illinois
    https://www.weather.gov/lot/2015_04_09_tornadoes
  16. AL
    https://www.al.com/breaking/2013/09/record_26-mile_wide_oklahoma_t.html
  17. The Wichita Eagle
    https://www.kansas.com/news/article1123440.html
  18. National Weather Service
    https://www.weather.gov/lzk/anchor0514.htm
  19. American Meteorological Society
    https://ams.confex.com/ams/27SLS/webprogram/Paper254346.html
  20. WKRN-TV
    https://www.wkrn.com/weather-headlines/weather-stories/new-record-ef-5-tornado-drought-likely-this-week/
  21. Academia.edu
    https://www.academia.edu/90132303
  22. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/05/22/tornado-drought-record-moore-ef5/
  23. YouTube
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUaYOCI-0K4
  24. Z94
    https://z94.com/oklahoma-tornadoes-ef-scale-changes/
  25. "Did Oklahoma Really See the Most Powerful Tornado Ever?"
    https://klaw.com/oklahoma-most-powerful-tornado-ever/
  26. KCCI
    https://www.kcci.com/article/may-21-2024-greenfield-iowa-tornado-had-some-of-the-strongest-winds-ever-recorded/61423120
  27. The Des Moines Register
    https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/weather/2024/06/27/greenfield-iowa-tornado-strongest-highest-wind-speeds-doppler-on-wheels-university-of-illinois/74231908007/
  28. who13.com
    https://who13.com/news/iowa-news/why-wasnt-the-greenfield-tornado-rated-an-ef-5/
  29. Tornado at the Ground: How DOW data on the Greenfield, IA EF4+ Could Advance Research - 23 July 2024
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZDYC1ukWi8
  30. Monthly Weather Review
    https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/aop/MWR-D-23-0251.1/MWR-D-23-0251.1.xml
  31. The Weather Channel
    https://weather.com/storms/tornado/video/11-year-ef5-tornado-drought-explained
  32. Siouxland Proud
    https://www.siouxlandproud.com/weather/weather-news/enderlin-ef-5-tornado-an-in-depth-look-at-the-first-ef-5-in-12-years/
  33. National Weather Service
    https://weather.com/news/news/2025-10-06-north-dakota-ef5-tornado-drought-ends
  34. USA Today
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/weather/2025/10/06/america-ef5-tornado-drought-enderlin-north-dakota/86550272007/
  35. WLUK
    https://fox11online.com/weather/weather-stories/enderlin-tornado-tossed-train-cars-as-it-ended-nation-wide-ef-5-drought
  36. KATC-FM
    https://www.katc.com/weather/nws-upgrades-enderlin-tornado-to-ef-5-ending-u-s-ef-5-drought-since-moore-2013
  37. Yale Climate Connections
    https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/05/its-been-a-record-long-time-since-the-last-ef5-tornado-what-does-that-mean/
  38. Weather & Radar
    https://www.weatherandradar.com/weather-news/greenfield-tornado-upgraded-to-ef-4-ef-5-drougth-continues--7cf9c185-e995-4ce1-bf69-c60bd79ac969
  39. The Weather Network
    https://www.theweathernetwork.com/en/news/science/explainers/the-frightening-reason-violent-ef-5-tornadoes-are-so-rare
  40. The Weather Channel
    https://weather.com/storms/tornado/news/2025-02-25-the-reason-behind-us-ef5-tornado-drought
  41. FOX Weather
    https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/enhanced-tornado-scale
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