Dynasties of China
Updated: 12/10/2025, 10:22:48 AM Wikipedia source
For most of its history, China was organized into various dynastic kingdoms or states under the rule of hereditary monarchs. Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule by Yu the Great c. 2070 BC, and ending with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912, China came to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties. Besides those established by the dominant Han ethnic group or its spiritual Huaxia predecessors, dynasties throughout Chinese history were also founded by non-Han peoples. Dividing Chinese history into dynastic epochs is a convenient and conventional method of periodization. Accordingly, a dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, as well as to describe events, trends, personalities, artistic compositions, and artifacts of that period. For example, porcelain made during the Ming dynasty may be referred to as "Ming porcelain". The longest-reigning orthodox dynasty of China was the Zhou dynasty, ruling for a total length of about 790 years, albeit it is divided into the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou in Chinese historiography. The largest orthodox Chinese dynasty in terms of territorial size was either the Yuan dynasty or the Qing dynasty, depending on the historical source. The term "Tiāncháo" (天朝; "Celestial Dynasty" or "Heavenly Dynasty") was frequently employed as a self-reference by Chinese dynasties. As a form of respect and subordination, Chinese tributary states referred to these dynasties as "Tiāncháo Shàngguó" (天朝上國; "Celestial Dynasty of the Exalted State") or "Tiāncháo Dàguó" (天朝大國; "Celestial Dynasty of the Great State").
Tables
| Dynasty | Ruling house | Period of rule | Rulers | ||||||
| Name(English / Chinese / Hanyu Pinyin / Wade–Giles / Bopomofo) | Surname(English / Chinese) | Ethnicity | Status | Year | Term | Founder | Last monarch | List / Family tree | |
| Semi-legendary | |||||||||
| Xia dynasty夏朝Xià CháoHsia4 Ch῾ao2ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄔㄠˊ | Si姒 | Huaxia | Royal | 2070–1600 BC | 470 years | Yu of Xia | Jie of Xia | (list)(tree) | |
| Ancient China | |||||||||
| Shang dynasty商朝Shāng CháoShang1 Ch῾ao2ㄕㄤ ㄔㄠˊ | Zi子 | Huaxia | Royal | 1600–1046 BC | 554 years | Tang of Shang | Zhou of Shang | (list)(tree) | |
| Western Zhou西周Xī ZhōuHsi1 Chou1ㄒㄧ ㄓㄡ | Ji姬 | Huaxia | Royal | 1046–771 BC | 275 years | Wu of Zhou | You of Zhou | (list)(tree) | |
| Eastern Zhou東周Dōng ZhōuTung1 Chou1ㄉㄨㄥ ㄓㄡ | Ji姬 | Huaxia | Royal | 770–256 BC | 514 years | Ping of Zhou | Nan of Zhou | (list)(tree) | |
| Early Imperial China | |||||||||
| Qin dynasty秦朝Qín CháoCh῾in2 Ch῾ao2ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ | Ying嬴 | Huaxia | Imperial(221–207 BC)Royal(207 BC) | 221–207 BC | 14 years | Qin Shi Huang | Ying Ziying | (list)(tree) | |
| Western Han西漢Xī HànHsi1 Han4ㄒㄧ ㄏㄢˋ | Liu劉 | Han | Imperial | 202 BC–AD 9 | 211 years | Gao of Han | Liu Ying | (list)(tree) | |
| Xin dynasty新朝Xīn CháoHsin1 Ch῾ao2ㄒㄧㄣ ㄔㄠˊ | Wang王 | Han | Imperial | AD 9–23 | 14 years | Wang Mang | (list)(tree) | ||
| Eastern Han東漢Dōng HànTung1 Han4ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄢˋ | Liu劉 | Han | Imperial | AD 25–220 | 195 years | Guangwu of Han | Xian of Han | (list)(tree) | |
| Three Kingdoms三國Sān GuóSan1 Kuo2ㄙㄢ ㄍㄨㄛˊ | AD 220–280 | 60 years | (list)(tree) | ||||||
| Cao Wei曹魏Cáo WèiTs῾ao2 Wei4ㄘㄠˊ ㄨㄟˋ | Cao曹 | Han | Imperial | AD 220–266 | 46 years | Wen of Cao Wei | Yuan of Cao Wei | (list)(tree) | |
| Shu Han蜀漢Shǔ HànShu3 Han4ㄕㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋ | Liu劉 | Han | Imperial | AD 221–263 | 42 years | Zhaolie of Shu Han | Huai of Shu Han | (list)(tree) | |
| Eastern Wu東吳Dōng WúTung1 Wu2ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨˊ | Sun孫 | Han | Royal(AD 222–229)Imperial(AD 229–280) | AD 222–280 | 58 years | Da of Eastern Wu | Sun Hao | (list)(tree) | |
| Western Jin西晉Xī JìnHsi1 Chin4ㄒㄧ ㄐㄧㄣˋ | Sima司馬 | Han | Imperial | AD 266–316 | 50 years | Wu of Jin | Min of Jin | (list)(tree) | |
| Eastern Jin東晉Dōng JìnTung1 Chin4ㄉㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄣˋ | Sima司馬 | Han | Imperial | AD 317–420 | 103 years | Yuan of Jin | Gong of Jin | (list)(tree) | |
| Sixteen Kingdoms十六國Shíliù GuóShih2-liu4 Kuo2ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ | AD 304–439 | 135 years | (list)(tree) | ||||||
| Han-Zhao漢趙Hàn ZhàoHan4 Chao4ㄏㄢˋ ㄓㄠˋ | Liu劉 | Xiongnu | Royal(AD 304–308)Imperial(AD 308–329) | AD 304–329 | 25 years | Guangwen of Han-Zhao | Liu Yao | (list)(tree) | |
| Cheng-Han成漢Chéng HànCh῾eng2 Han4ㄔㄥˊ ㄏㄢˋ | Li李 | Di | Princely(AD 304–306)Imperial(AD 306–347) | AD 304–347 | 43 years | Wu of Cheng-Han | Li Shi | (list)(tree) | |
| Later Zhao後趙Hòu ZhàoHou4 Chao4ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄠˋ | Shi石 | Jie | Royal(AD 319–330)Imperial(AD 330–351)Princely(AD 351) | AD 319–351 | 32 years | Ming of Later Zhao | Shi Zhi | (list)(tree) | |
| Former Liang前涼Qián LiángCh῾ien2 Liang2ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ | Zhang張 | Han | Princely(AD 320–354, AD 355–363)Imperial(AD 354–355)Ducal(AD 363–376) | AD 320–376 | 56 years | Cheng of Former Liang | Dao of Former Liang | (list)(tree) | |
| Former Yan前燕Qián YānCh῾ien2 Yen1ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄢ | Murong慕容 | Xianbei | Princely(AD 337–353)Imperial(AD 353–370) | AD 337–370 | 33 years | Wenming of Former Yan | You of Former Yan | (list)(tree) | |
| Former Qin前秦Qián QínCh῾ien2 Ch῾in2ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ | Fu苻 | Di | Imperial | AD 351–394 | 43 years | Jingming of Former Qin | Fu Chong | (list)(tree) | |
| Later Yan後燕Hòu YānHou4 Yen1ㄏㄡˋ ㄧㄢ | Murong慕容 | Xianbei | Princely(AD 384–386)Imperial(AD 386–409) | AD 384–409 | 25 years | Chengwu of Later Yan | Zhaowen of Later YanHuiyi of Yan | (list)(tree) | |
| Later Qin後秦Hòu QínHou4 Ch῾in2ㄏㄡˋ ㄑㄧㄣˊ | Yao姚 | Qiang | Royal(AD 384–386)Imperial(AD 386–417) | AD 384–417 | 33 years | Wuzhao of Later Qin | Yao Hong | (list)(tree) | |
| Western Qin西秦Xī QínHsi1 Ch῾in2ㄒㄧ ㄑㄧㄣˊ | Qifu乞伏 | Xianbei | Princely | AD 385–400, AD 409–431 | 37 years | Xuanlie of Western Qin | Qifu Mumo | (list)(tree) | |
| Later Liang後涼Hòu LiángHou4 Liang2ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ | Lü呂 | Di | Ducal(AD 386–389)Princely(AD 389–396)Imperial(AD 396–403) | AD 386–403 | 17 years | Yiwu of Later Liang | Lü Long | (list)(tree) | |
| Southern Liang南涼Nán LiángNan2 Liang2ㄋㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ | Tufa禿髮 | Xianbei | Princely | AD 397–404, AD 408–414 | 13 years | Wu of Southern Liang | Jing of Southern Liang | (list)(tree) | |
| Northern Liang北涼Běi LiángPei3 Liang2ㄅㄟˇ ㄌㄧㄤˊ | Juqu沮渠 | Lushuihu | Ducal(AD 397–399, AD 401–412)Princely(AD 399–401, AD 412–439) | AD 397–439 | 42 years | Duan Ye | Ai of Northern Liang | (list)(tree) | |
| Southern Yan南燕Nán YānNan2 Yen1ㄋㄢˊ ㄧㄢ | Murong慕容 | Xianbei | Princely(AD 398–400)Imperial(AD 400–410) | AD 398–410 | 12 years | Xianwu of Southern Yan | Murong Chao | (list)(tree) | |
| Western Liang西涼Xī LiángHsi1 Liang2ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄤˊ | Li李 | Han | Ducal | AD 400–421 | 21 years | Wuzhao of Western Liang | Li Xun | (list)(tree) | |
| Hu Xia胡夏Hú XiàHu2 Hsia4ㄏㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ | Helian赫連 | Xiongnu | Imperial | AD 407–431 | 24 years | Wulie of Hu Xia | Helian Ding | (list)(tree) | |
| Northern Yan北燕Běi YānPei3 Yen1ㄅㄟˇ ㄧㄢ | Feng馮 | Han | Imperial | AD 407–436 | 29 years | Huiyi of YanWencheng of Northern Yan | Zhaocheng of Northern Yan | (list)(tree) | |
| Northern dynasties北朝Běi CháoPei3 Ch῾ao2ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ | AD 386–581 | 195 years | (list)(tree) | ||||||
| Northern Wei北魏Běi WèiPei3 Wei4ㄅㄟˇ ㄨㄟˋ | Tuoba拓跋 | Xianbei | Princely(AD 386–399)Imperial(AD 399–535) | AD 386–535 | 149 years | Daowu of Northern Wei | Xiaowu of Northern Wei | (list)(tree) | |
| Eastern Wei東魏Dōng WèiTung1 Wei4ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨㄟˋ | Yuan元 | Xianbei | Imperial | AD 534–550 | 16 years | Xiaojing of Eastern Wei | (list)(tree) | ||
| Western Wei西魏Xī WèiHsi1 Wei4ㄒㄧ ㄨㄟˋ | Yuan元 | Xianbei | Imperial | AD 535–557 | 22 years | Wen of Western Wei | Gong of Western Wei | (list)(tree) | |
| Northern Qi北齊Běi QíPei3 Ch῾i2ㄅㄟˇ ㄑㄧˊ | Gao高 | Han | Imperial | AD 550–577 | 27 years | Wenxuan of Northern Qi | Gao Heng | (list)(tree) | |
| Northern Zhou北周Běi ZhōuPei3 Chou1ㄅㄟˇ ㄓㄡ | Yuwen宇文 | Xianbei | Imperial | AD 557–581 | 24 years | Xiaomin of Northern Zhou | Jing of Northern Zhou | (list)(tree) | |
| Southern dynasties南朝Nán CháoNan2 Ch῾ao2ㄋㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ | AD 420–589 | 169 years | (list)(tree) | ||||||
| Liu Song劉宋Liú SòngLiu2 Sung4ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ | Liu劉 | Han | Imperial | AD 420–479 | 59 years | Wu of Liu Song | Shun of Liu Song | (list)(tree) | |
| Southern Qi南齊Nán QíNan2 Ch῾i2ㄋㄢˊ ㄑㄧˊ | Xiao蕭 | Han | Imperial | AD 479–502 | 23 years | Gao of Southern Qi | He of Southern Qi | (list)(tree) | |
| Liang dynasty梁朝Liáng CháoLiang2 Ch῾ao2ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ | Xiao蕭 | Han | Imperial | AD 502–557 | 55 years | Wu of Liang | Jing of Liang | (list)(tree) | |
| Chen dynasty陳朝Chén CháoCh῾en2 Ch῾ao2ㄔㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ | Chen陳 | Han | Imperial | AD 557–589 | 32 years | Wu of Chen | Chen Shubao | (list)(tree) | |
| Middle Imperial China | |||||||||
| Sui dynasty隋朝Suí CháoSui2 Ch῾ao2ㄙㄨㄟˊ ㄔㄠˊ | Yang楊 | Han | Imperial | AD 581–619 | 38 years | Wen of Sui | Gong of Sui | (list)(tree) | |
| Tang dynasty唐朝Táng CháoT῾ang2 Ch῾ao2ㄊㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ | Li李 | Han | Imperial | AD 618–690, AD 705–907 | 274 years | Gaozu of Tang | Ai of Tang | (list)(tree) | |
References
- While the Xia dynasty is typically considered to be the first orthodox Chinese dynasty, numerous sources including the Bhttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%94%90%E6%B0%8F
- All attempts at restoring monarchical and dynastic rule in China following the Xinhai Revolution ended in failure. Hence
- As per contemporary historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in
- While the character 王 (wáng) is translated as "king", this term is often more broadly applied to all dynasties, includin
- In AD 1906, the Qing dynasty initiated a series of reforms under the auspices of the Empress Xiaoqinxian to transition t
- A powerful consort kin, usually a male, could force the reigning monarch to abdicate in his favor, thereby prompting a c
- The term "kingdom" is potentially misleading as not all rulers held the title of king. For example, all sovereigns of th
- As proposed by scholars such as Fu Sinian and Ray Huang, there were three major Chinese empires historically. The "First
- "Anterior" is employed in some sources in place of "Former".
- "Latter" or "Posterior" is employed in some sources in place of "Later".
- The English and Chinese names stated are historiographical denominations. These should not be confused with the guóhào o
- The English names shown are based on the Hanyu Pinyin renditions, the most common form of Mandarin romanization currentl
- The Chinese characters shown are in Traditional Chinese. Some characters may have simplified versions that are currently
- While Chinese historiography tends to treat dynasties as being of specific ethnic stocks, there were some monarchs who h
- The status of a dynasty was dependent upon the supreme title bore by its monarch at any given time. For instance, since
- The monarchs listed were the de facto founders of dynasties. However, it was common for Chinese monarchs to posthumously
- In addition to the ancestral name Si (姒), the ruling house of the Xia dynasty also bore the lineage name Xiahou (夏后).
- Youqiong Yi, surnamed Youqiong (有窮), was of Dongyi descent. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succes
- Yun Zhuo, surnamed Yun (妘), was of Dongyi descent. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
- The dates given for the Xia dynasty, the Shang dynasty, and the Western Zhou prior to the start of the Gonghe Regency in
- The rule of the Xia dynasty was traditionally dated 2205–1766 BC as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.
- The rule of the Shang dynasty was traditionally dated 1766–1122 BC as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin
- The Western Zhou (西周) and the Eastern Zhou (東周) are collectively known as the Zhou dynasty (周朝; Zhōu Cháo; Chou1 Ch῾ao2;
- The rule of the Western Zhou was traditionally dated 1122–771 BC as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.
- The terms "Chinese Empire" and "Empire of China" usually refer to the Chinese state under the rule of various imperial d
- In addition to the ancestral name Ying (嬴), the ruling house of the Qin dynasty also bore the lineage name Zhao (趙).
- The Western Han (西漢) and the Eastern Han (東漢) are collectively known as the Han dynasty (漢朝; Hàn Cháo; Han4 Ch῾ao2; ㄏㄢˋ
- Some historians consider 206 BC, the year in which the Emperor Gao of Han was proclaimed "King of Han", to be the start
- Liu Ying was not officially enthroned and maintained the title huáng tàizǐ (皇太子; "crown prince") during the regency of W
- The Western Jin (西晉) and the Eastern Jin (東晉) are collectively known as the Jin dynasty (晉朝; Jìn Cháo; Chin4 Ch῾ao2; ㄐㄧㄣ
- The names of the Jin dynasty (晉朝) of the Sima clan and the Jin dynasty (金朝) of the Wanyan clan are rendered similarly us
- The Sixteen Kingdoms are also referred to as the "Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians" (五胡十六國; Wǔ Hú Shíliù Guó), al
- The ruling house of the Han-Zhao initially bore the surname Luandi (攣鞮). Liu (劉) was subsequently adopted as the surname
- As Jin Zhun, surnamed Jin (靳), was not a member of the Liu (劉) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynasti
- Some historians consider AD 303, the year in which the Emperor Jing of Cheng-Han declared the era name "Jianchu" (建初), thttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%9D_(%E6%88%90%E6%B1%89)
- The ruling house of the Former Qin initially bore the surname Pu (蒲). The Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin subsequently adopt
- Some historians consider AD 350, the year in which the Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin was proclaimed "Prince of Three Qins"
- As Lan Han, surnamed Lan (蘭), was not a member of the Murong (慕容) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dyna
- The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Gaogouli descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕
- Depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan, the Later Yan ended in either AD 407 or AD 409 and lasted either 23
- The Emperor Huiyi of Yan could either be the last Later Yan monarch or the founder of the Northern Yan depending on the
- The Western Qin was interrupted by the Later Qin between AD 400 and AD 409. Chinese historiography does not make a disti
- The names of the Later Liang (後涼) of the Lü clan and the Later Liang (後梁) of the Zhu clan are rendered similarly using t
- The ruling house of the Southern Liang initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). Tufa Pigu subsequently adopted Tufa (禿髮) a
- The Southern Liang was interrupted by the Later Qin between AD 404 and AD 408. Chinese historiography does not make a di
- Duan Ye, surnamed Duan (段), was of Han descent. The enthronement of the Prince Wuxuan of Northern Liang was therefore no
- The ruling house of the Hu Xia initially bore the surname Luandi (攣鞮). Liu (劉) was adopted as the surname prior to the e
- The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Gaogouli descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕
- Depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan, the Northern Yan was established in either AD 407 or AD 409 and las
- The ruling house of the Northern Wei initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei subseque
- The ruling house of the Eastern Wei initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei subsequen
- The ruling house of the Western Wei initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei subsequen
- The ruling house of the Sui dynasty initially bore the surname Yang (楊). The Western Wei later bestowed the surname Puli
- The ruling house of the Tang dynasty initially bore the surname Li (李). The Western Wei later bestowed the surname Daye
- The Tang dynasty was interrupted by the Wu Zhou between AD 690 and AD 705. Chinese historiography does not make a distin
- The ruling house of the Later Tang initially bore the surname Zhuye (朱邪). The Emperor Xianzu of Later Tang subsequently
- The Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang, originally without surname, was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan. His enthroneme
- Li Congke was of Han descent. Originally surnamed Wang (王), he was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan. His enthronemen
- The names of the Later Jin (後晉) of the Shi clan and the Later Jin (後金) of the Aisin Gioro clan are rendered similarly us
- The Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, originally surnamed Chai (柴), was an adopted member of the Guo (郭) clan. His enthrone
- Some historians consider AD 902, the year in which the Emperor Taizu of Yang Wu was proclaimed "Prince of Wu", to be the
- As Zhu Wenjin, surnamed Zhu (朱), was not a member of the Wang (王) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dyna
- The ruling house of the Jingnan initially bore the surname Gao (高). The Prince Wuxin of Chu subsequently adopted Zhu (朱)
- The ruling house of the Southern Tang initially bore the surname Li (李). The Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang subsequently
- Liu Ji'en was of Han descent. Originally surnamed Xue (薛), he was an adopted member of the Liu (劉) clan. His enthronemen
- The Emperor Yingwu of Northern Han was of Han descent. Originally surnamed He (何), he was an adopted member of the Liu (
- Some historians consider AD 907, the year in which the Emperor Taizu of Liao was proclaimed "Khagan of the Khitans", to
- Kuchlug, originally without surname, was of Naiman descent. As he was not a member of the Yelü (耶律) clan by birth, his e
- Some historians consider AD 1132, the year in which the Emperor Dezong of Western Liao was proclaimed "Gurkhan", to be t
- The Northern Song (北宋) and the Southern Song (南宋) are collectively known as the Song dynasty (宋朝; Sòng Cháo; Sung4 Ch῾ao
- The ruling house of the Western Xia initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty later b
- The ruling house of the Yuan dynasty initially bore the surname Kiyad (乞顏). Borjigin Munkhag and Kiyad-Borjigin Khabul r
- Some historians consider AD 1260, the year in which the Emperor Shizu of Yuan was proclaimed "Khagan of the Great Mongolhttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B5%B1_(%E5%B9%B4%E8%99%9F)
- The ruling house of the Northern Yuan initially bore the surname Kiyad (乞顏). Borjigin Munkhag and Kiyad-Borjigin Khabul
- Choros Esen, surnamed Choros (綽羅斯), was of Oirat descent. As he was not a member of the Borjigin (孛兒只斤) clan by birth, h
- Traditional Chinese historiography considers the Northern Yuan to have ended in either AD 1388 or AD 1402 when the dynashttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC_(%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4)
- Some historians consider AD 1664, the year in which the reign of the Dingwu Emperor came to an end, to be the end of the
- The Jurchen ethnic group was renamed "Manchu" in AD 1635 by the Emperor Taizong of Qing.
- The Articles of Favorable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor After His Abdication allowed the Xuantong Emperor to retaihttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7
- The Qing dynasty was briefly restored between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917 when Zhang Xun reinstalled the Xuantong Emper
- As proposed by scholars such as Tan Qixiang, the geographical extent of "China" as defined in Chinese historical geograp
- The dynastic regimes included in this timeline are the same as the list above.
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- In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasiahttps://books.google.com/books?id=itKyDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA50
- Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongolshttps://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA293
- Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khanhttps://books.google.com/books?id=6p1WDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA45
- China and the Chinesehttps://books.google.com/books?id=lvt8GobNM5MC&q=heavenly+dynasty+china&pg=PA22
- 历史的瀑布与峡谷:中华文明的文化结构和现代转型https://books.google.com/books?id=EXoLAQAAMAAJ&q=中国朝代自称天朝
- The Paperhttps://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1864544
- The Cambridge Illustrated History of Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=vr81YoYK0c4C&q=yu+the+great+dynastic+rule&pg=PA10
- Confucian Perfectionism: A Political Philosophy for Modern Timeshttps://books.google.com/books?id=Zaj3AAAAQBAJ&q=jia+tian+xia&pg=PA213
- Politics of the 'Other' in India and China: Western Concepts in Non-Western Contextshttps://books.google.com/books?id=3GeaCwAAQBAJ&q=Principles+of+the+Constitution+qing&pg=PA157
- The Road to the Rule of Law in Modern Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=6eBsBgAAQBAJ&q=qing+constitution+1911+19+creed&pg=PA135
- China's Quest for a Modern Constitutional Polity: from dynastic empires to modern republicshttps://books.google.com/books?id=ZsEzDwAAQBAJ&q=qing+constitution+1911+19+creed&pg=PA54
- Area Handbook for the People's Republic of Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=gXl80SVbbjoC&q=chinese+throne+inheritance+male+line&pg=PA37
- Social History Of Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=90stDQAAQBAJ&q=wang+mang+wang+zhengjun+emperor+yuan&pg=PA95
- 中國現當代人學史:思想演變的時代特徵及其歷史軌跡https://books.google.com/books?id=DPcCDAAAQBAJ&q=公天下&pg=PA21
- Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan
- The Lloyd Cotsen Study Collection of Chinese Bronze Mirrors: Volume 2
- The Archaeology of Early China
- Age of Empires: Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties
- Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000-250 BC)
- China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasiahttps://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&q=dynastic+cycle+china&pg=PA6
- Modern China: Continuity and Change, 1644 to the Presenthttps://books.google.com/books?id=8-SEDwAAQBAJ&q=dynastic+cycle&pg=PA19
- Market in State: The Political Economy of Domination in Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=CHpnDwAAQBAJ&q=dynastic+cycle+john+fairbank&pg=PA83
- "我国古代改朝换代的方式不外乎两种,哪种才是主流?"https://kknews.cc/history/2vj832e.html
- 国史精讲https://books.google.com/books?id=9xgzAQAAIAAJ&q=禅让+篡位
- Chinese History: A Manualhttps://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&q=chinese+dynastic+name+guohao&pg=PA13
- Encyclopedia of China: History and Culturehttps://books.google.com/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+later+jin&pg=PA1
- The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseohttps://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&q=southern+ming&pg=PA1
- A Cultural History of Modern Science in Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=cIfkH9EWUngC&q=southern+ming&pg=PA46
- China: A Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&q=shun+dynasty&pg=PA335
- The Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=hwoM6gOPydEC&q=zhang+xianzhong+great+xi&pg=PA157
- Imperial China 900-1800https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&q=zhang+xianzhong+great+xi&pg=PA798
- Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800https://books.google.com/books?id=qTm6Yka5GigC&q=rebel+during+sui+tang+transition&pg=PA80
- 中国民族政策史https://books.google.com/books?id=gxhKAQAAIAAJ&q=東魏孝静帝+中山王
- 禅让:中国历史上的一种权力游戏https://books.google.com/books?id=k-gyAQAAIAAJ&q=柴咏+崇义公
- Fifty Key Works of History and Historiographyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=9pem7Ip_WUgC&q=a+new+dynasty+took+on+responsibility+to+write+the+history+of+the+previous+dynasty&pg=PA143
- Rising China and Its Postmodern Fate: Memories of Empire in a New Global Contexthttps://books.google.com/books?id=debJCgAAQBAJ&q=draft+history+of+qing+republic+of+china&pg=PA59
- Global Modernists on Modernism: An Anthologyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=DLjIDwAAQBAJ&q=china+dynastic+rule+four+millennia&pg=PA282
- The Global Manager's Guide to Cultural Literacyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=5n-XDwAAQBAJ&q=xinhai+revolution+dynastic+rule&pg=PA71
- Modernisation of Chinese Culture: Continuity and Changehttps://books.google.com/books?id=ECJQBwAAQBAJ&q=put+a+descendant+of+Confucius+on+the+throne+Duke+Yansheng&pg=PA74
- The Search for a Vanishing Beijing: A Guide to China's Capital Through the Ageshttps://books.google.com/books?id=TMMvxX67FpIC&q=Marquis+of+Extended+Grace&pg=PA176
- The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China: The Art of Governing Soldiershttps://books.google.com/books?id=moZwDQAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+of+yuan+shikai+empire+of+china&pg=PA176
- China's Solution to Its Ethno-national Issueshttps://books.google.com/books?id=Qcm1DwAAQBAJ&q=puyi+restoration+1917&pg=PA51
- The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japanhttps://books.google.com/books?id=_ptE9EGO_WUC&q=legitimacy+of+manchukuo&pg=PA167
- Government Performance Management in China: Theory and Practicehttps://books.google.com/books?id=dl6mDwAAQBAJ&q=political+legitimacy+of+imperial+china&pg=PA45
- "历史上的国和代到底有什么区别?"https://web.archive.org/web/20200115035420/http://www.todayonhistory.com/people/201910/36697.html
- Three Kingdoms and Chinese Culturehttps://books.google.com/books?id=yhogHgTrzyEC&q=legitimacy+during+three+kingdoms&pg=PA64
- China and the World: Ancient and Modern Silk Roadhttps://doi.org/10.1142%2FS2591729318500037
- Confucianism and Tokugawa Culturehttps://books.google.com/books?id=bcTE3TUssCAC&q=shu+han+continuation+of+the+legitimate+Han+dynasty+chu+hsi&pg=PA68
- A History of East Asiahttps://books.google.com/books?id=kYKlDQAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+eastern+jin+dynasty+sixteen+kingdoms&pg=PA63
- The Way of the Barbarians: Redrawing Ethnic Boundaries in Tang and Song Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=O5K3DwAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+northern+and+southern+dynasties&pg=PA63
- The Revival of Buddhist Monasticism in Medieval Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=8qCNXQSG7mUC&q=daoyi+northern+and+southern+dynasties&pg=PA24
- The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Volume 1https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=suolu+barbarian&pg=PA446
- 正统与华夷:中国传统政治文化研究https://books.google.com/books?id=YWZ0DwAAQBAJ&q=十国正统&pg=PT29
- Education in Traditional China: A Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=EvLACfv6egkC&q=five+dynasties+and+ten+kingdoms+legitimacy&pg=PA238
- Mirroring the Past: The Writing And Use of History in Imperial Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=wN99fsHpbTsC&q=legitimacy+during+song+liao+jin&pg=PA177
- "宋和辽究竟哪个才是正统王朝?"https://web.archive.org/web/20200731074611/https://xw.qq.com/partner/hwbrowser/20191010A0H8X2/20191010A0H8X200?ADTAG=hwb&pgv_ref=hwb&appid=hwbrowser&ctype=news
- Brook, Walt van Praag & Boltjes (2018). p. 52.
- The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic Worldhttps://books.google.com/books?id=B934LaVBaz8C&q=qara+khitai+legitimate+dynasty+of+china
- "试论清人的辽金"正统观"——以辽宋金"三史分修""各与正统"问题讨论为中心"http://www.360doc.com/content/19/1105/08/60669552_871172581.shtml
- Chinese Hegemony: Grand Strategy and International Institutions in East Asian Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=ynr8CAAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+ming+northern+yuan&pg=PA126
- Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orienthttps://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/befeo_0336-1519_1994_num_81_1_2245.pdf
- Brook, Walt van Praag & Boltjes (2018). p. 54.
- East Asian History, Issues 19-20https://books.google.com/books?id=yH8wAQAAIAAJ&q=legitimacy+of+southern+ming+and+qing
- Modern Notions of Civilization and Culture in Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=HheJDwAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+Qing+southern+ming&pg=PA30
- Ming China and Vietnamhttps://books.google.com/books?id=6u6xCwAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+Qing+southern+ming&pg=PA206
- The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=kmCpDwAAQBAJ&q=Ch%C5%ABch%C5%8D+jijitsu+imperial+japan+central+dynasty+china&pg=PA294
- Imagining China in Tokugawa Japan: Legends, Classics, and Historical Termshttps://books.google.com/books?id=g4KKDwAAQBAJ&q=kai+hentai+qing+dynasty&pg=PR17
- 從現代到後現代的自我追尋:夏目漱石與村上春樹的比較研究https://books.google.com/books?id=7fmaBQAAQBAJ&q=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC+%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E8%AE%8A%E6%85%8B&pg=PA224
- An Historical Sketch of Chinese Historiographyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=7QdGDwAAQBAJ&q=orthodox+northern+and+southern+dynasties&pg=PA321
- The China Handbookhttps://books.google.com/books?id=hm63AwAAQBAJ&q=prc+and+roc+legitimacy&pg=PA59
- Best of Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=hUb_BQNkXdQC&q=western+Zhou+eastern+zhou+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA11
- China at War: An Encyclopediahttps://books.google.com/books?id=R7qNuIJJsNEC&q=han+dynasty+divided+into+two+periods&pg=PA485
- 三字经与中国民俗画https://books.google.com/books?id=o_vtGt6L4GQC&q=jin+dynasty+western+jin+eastern+jin&pg=PP90
- 东亚文化环流十讲https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhRhEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%A7%83%E5%8F%91+%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E6%B0%8F%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90+%E7%A7%83%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%B9%E5%AD%A4&pg=PA27
- 中国政治制度史https://books.google.com/books?id=zGtMAAAAIAAJ&q=宋朝+北宋+南宋
- Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistancehttps://books.google.com/books?id=iB0oCwAAQBAJ&q=zhongyuan+wangchao&pg=PA5
- "Chinese Empire"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/chinese-empire
- "经常提到的波斯帝国,那你知道波斯第一、第二、第三帝国吗?"https://www.360kuai.com/pc/9f72d57dccdee86f4?cota=3&kuai_so=1&sign=360_7bc3b157
- 中国文化发展轨迹https://books.google.com/books?id=PY7kAAAAMAAJ&q=大一统+最早
- 图说治水与中华文明https://books.google.com/books?id=UWWADwAAQBAJ&q=大一统+公羊传+隐公元年&pg=PT60
- 历史文化探研──兰州大学历史文化学院专门史论文集https://books.google.com/books?id=boOjDwAAQBAJ&q=大一统+公羊传+最早&pg=PT785
- 世界伟人传记丛书(上)https://books.google.com/books?id=iqo3CgAAQBAJ&q=大一统+孔子&pg=PT969
- 传统文化与治国理政https://books.google.com/books?id=mA61DwAAQBAJ&q=大一统+孟子&pg=PT200
- "中国历史上十个大一统王朝,其中四个国祚不过百年"https://kknews.cc/history/p5qxl3e.html
- "我国历史上这两大王朝均是大一统王朝,却教科书上却极少被提及"https://kknews.cc/history/ygblbka.html
- A Military History of Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=wKpj1YfXfHEC&q=A+Military+History+of+China+sixteen+prefectures+song+emperor&pg=PA70
- Chinese Studies in Historyhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00094633.2018.1466564?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=mcsh20
- Warfare in Chinese Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=IXKkCXDvYFYC&q=conquest+dynasties&pg=PA77
- Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China's Mongolian Frontierhttps://books.google.com/books?id=sQLiMYUk-nIC&q=conquest+dynasty+nationalist&pg=PA56
- Wilkinson (2000). pp. 13–14.
- 中国文化ABChttps://books.google.com/books?id=aVp_DwAAQBAJ&q=中国朝代国号&pg=PT195
- "历代王朝国号的分类"https://www.diyifanwen.com/tool/lishichaodai/126900432717083.htm
- "名不正则言不顺:中国各朝代名称、国号的由来"http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/200709/0929_335_243492.shtml
- "唐朝的皇帝姓李,为什么不叫李朝而叫唐朝?"https://kknews.cc/history/2la3op9.html
- "先秦时期的诸侯国名,哪些最受后世的青睐?"https://web.archive.org/web/20200731132305/https://new.qq.com/omn/20180701/20180701A024FI.html
- "后周皇帝列表及简介 后周太祖世宗恭帝简介 后周是怎么灭亡的"http://www.8794.cn/lishi/shijian/55356.html
- From the Mongols to the Ming Dynasty: How a Begging Monk Became Emperor of China, Zhu Yuan Zhanghttps://books.google.com/books?id=rf8gDAAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+da+zai+qian+yuan&pg=PA13
- "南越国与南汉国"https://web.archive.org/web/20200731132304/http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2017-01/04/c_129431196.htm
- 中国国号的故事https://books.google.com/books?id=kDUzAQAAIAAJ&q=国号加大字,始于胡元%E3%80%82
- "明朝为何定国号为"大明",绝大部分人只知道五个原因中的一个"https://www.jianshu.com/p/a6fffb05cb05
- "辽朝国号考释"https://web.archive.org/web/20200731132305/http://www.iqh.net.cn/info.asp?column_id=478
- 金宋史論叢https://books.google.com/books?id=t21yghJHIpEC&q=大金+金史&pg=PA4
- The Cultural Dimensions of Sino-Japanese Relations: Essays on the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centurieshttps://books.google.com/books?id=krq5CAAAQBAJ&q=It+was+the+ideal+of+every+dynasty+throughout+Chinese+history%2C+even+when+the+leaders+may+not+have+been+conscious+of+it%2C+to+make+their+dynastic+name+completely+identifiable+with+%E2%80%9CChina.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA66
- 士商工农──等级制度构建文明社会https://books.google.com/books?id=o-OPDAAAQBAJ&q=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B7%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5&pg=PA379
- Remaking the Chinese Empire: Manchu-Korean Relations, 1616–1911https://books.google.com/books?id=QF9oCgAAQBAJ&q=zhongguo+geographical+political+cultural+concept&pg=PA71
- The China Order: Centralia, World Empire, and the Nature of Chinese Powerhttps://books.google.com/books?id=chUwDwAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+zhongguo+dulimbai+gurun+international+treaties&pg=PA11
- Western-Centrism and Contemporary Korean Political Thoughthttps://books.google.com/books?id=QF9oCgAAQBAJ&q=zhongguo+geographical+political+cultural+concept&pg=PA71
- "为何中国古代的一些朝代前要加上"东西南北",比如"西汉"呢?"https://kknews.cc/history/bb4gb6.html
- Conflict in the Far Easthttps://books.google.com/books?id=KdkUAAAAIAAJ&q=anterior+han+dynasty&pg=PA5
- Painted Buddhas of Xinjiang: Hidden Treasures from the Silk Roadhttps://books.google.com/books?id=IS7rAAAAMAAJ&q=anterior+qin+dynasty
- The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Frontier, immigration, and empire in Han China, 130 B.C.–A.D. 157https://books.google.com/books?id=IpP5uMHSQ0AC&q=latter+dynasty&pg=PA180
- The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&q=latter+jin+dynasty&pg=PA223
- More Than the Great Wall: The Northern Frontier and Ming National Security, 1368–1644https://books.google.com/books?id=t8y4DwAAQBAJ&q=latter+jin+dynasty&pg=PA512
- A Handbook for 1,000 Basic Chinese Charactershttps://books.google.com/books?id=c9NNC3UjRTwC&q=posterior+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA828
- 私家藏宝:粤桂港澳台私人藏品珍集https://books.google.com/books?id=YsbQaTDWseYC&q=posterior+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA7
- The Government of the Qin and Han Empires: 221 BCE – 220 CEhttps://books.google.com/books?id=wcpgDwAAQBAJ&q=western+han+former+han&pg=PR6
- "五代十国时期的十国政权之一:南吴的发展史"http://www.qulishi.com/article/201903/324855.html
- The Psychology of Chinese Gambling: A Cultural and Historical Perspectivehttps://books.google.com/books?id=CpuHDwAAQBAJ&q=jingkang+incident+northern+song+southern+song&pg=PA21
- "先秦、秦国、秦朝、前秦、后秦、西秦是什么关系?"http://www.xixik.com/content/ef840f0c74a814ec
- 两晋南北朝史(第一册)https://books.google.com/books?id=X-8LEAAAQBAJ&dq=404%E5%B9%B4+%E5%82%89%E6%AA%80%E5%8E%BB%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7%E3%80%81%E7%BD%A2%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%B8%9E%E9%83%8E%E5%AE%98+%E9%99%8D%E4%BA%8E%E5%90%8E%E7%A7%A6&pg=PT228
- "汉分东西汉因为中间有新莽为什么唐朝中间有武周却不分东西唐"https://kknews.cc/history/bz3g6z6.html
- This is China: The First 5,000 Yearshttps://books.google.com/books?id=8GpQEIU0PGkC&q=northern+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA40
- The Human Tradition in Premodern Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=hXgKLvo1LicC&q=tang+china&pg=PA77
- Hainan – State, Society, and Business in a Chinese Provincehttps://books.google.com/books?id=t6t9AgAAQBAJ&q=hainan+han+dynasty&pg=PA11
- Hong Kong, Macau and the Pearl River Delta: A Geographical Surveyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=NR4qAwAAQBAJ&q=chinese+dynasty+macau&pg=PA242
- Hong Kong: The Pearl Made of British Mastery and Chinese Docile-diligencehttps://books.google.com/books?id=hwPUGWBTsX4C&q=chinese+dynasty+hong+kong&pg=PA3
- Taiwan and Chinese Nationalism: National Identity and Status in International Societyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=fVX2aAuOt1EC&q=taiwan+qing+dynasty&pg=PA21
- China: A New Cultural Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=a2_GQpLPPl8C&q=Manchuria+qing+dynasty&pg=PA421
- Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=xW7LDwAAQBAJ&q=tang+dynasty+rule+siberia&pg=PA260
- A Concise Reader of Chinese Culturehttps://books.google.com/books?id=RR2nDwAAQBAJ&q=tang+dynasty+aral+sea&pg=PA24
- Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750https://books.google.com/books?id=uL8NoXZtyxMC&q=sakhalin
- Historical Dictionary of Mongoliahttps://books.google.com/books?id=Z5umNthHltQC&q=mongolia+qing+dynasty&pg=PR55
- Agrarian Revolutionhttps://books.google.com/books?id=iuROQYHKmL8C&q=vietnam+chinese+rule&pg=PA278
- Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=jRhHphtBg-QC&q=xinjiang+tang+dynasty&pg=PA16
- Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspectivehttps://books.google.com/books?id=OVSMAAAAQBAJ&q=han+dynasty+korean+peninsula&pg=PA25
- Tanner (2009). p. 167.
- Lockard (2020). p. 262.
- Hsu (2012). p. 268.
- History of the World Map by Maphttps://books.google.com/books?id=dxGnDwAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+map&pg=RA1-PA33
- The Historical Atlas of Chinahttp://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/pic/14/01.jpg
- The Historical Atlas of Chinahttp://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/pic/14/20.jpg
- Asian Thought on China's Changing International Relationshttps://books.google.com/books?id=IRhvBAAAQBAJ&q=chinese+tributary+system&pg=PA57
- Military Thought in Early Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=2hLVDgAAQBAJ&q=chinese+tributary+system+western+han&pg=PA142
- China's 19th Party Congress: Start Of A New Erahttps://books.google.com/books?id=jvZtDwAAQBAJ&q=chinese+tributary+system+19th+century&pg=PA197
- Tanner (2009). p. 419.
- Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern Worldhttps://books.google.com/books?id=reKxAAAAQBAJ&q=complete+territories+of+manchu,+han,+mongol,+hui,+tibetan&pg=PA245
- 憲法何以中國https://books.google.com/books?id=ziEwDwAAQBAJ&q=仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國&pg=PA190
- 政治憲法與未來憲制https://books.google.com/books?id=P46rDAAAQBAJ&q=仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國&pg=PA273
- "Qing dynasty"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qing-dynasty
- "中国历史上的十大混血皇帝,有人居然有黑人血统"https://kknews.cc/history/yp5kj2n.html
- Rereading Modern Chinese Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=fTu2CAAAQBAJ&q=Jiaqing+Emperor+mixed+blood&pg=PA301
- 中國古代文明與國家形成硏究https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtKQ6wVo-k4C&q=%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D+%E5%A7%92%E5%A7%93+%E5%A4%8F%E5%90%8E%E6%B0%8F&pg=PA358
- 一本書讀懂史記故事https://books.google.com/books?id=xUg5EAAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%90%8E%E7%BE%BF+%E6%9C%89%E7%AA%AE%E6%B0%8F+%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D&pg=PT23
- 中国亡国帝王全传https://books.google.com/books?id=eugEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%AF%92%E6%B5%9E+%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%8E%E6%B0%8F+%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D&pg=PT13
- Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relationshttps://books.google.com/books?id=-lbStS1LOXUC&q=xia+dynasty+2070-1600+bc&pg=PA44
- Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=Y8tgDwAAQBAJ&q=zhou+dynasty+1122-256&pg=PA385
- Dynastic China: An Elementary Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=bnCMBAAAQBAJ&q=Xia+dynasty+liu+xin&pg=PA8
- Life's Wondershttps://books.google.com/books?id=cdbHDwAAQBAJ&q=shang+dynasty+1600-1046+bc&pg=PT89
- Tan (2014). p. 17.
- Descendants of the Bird Hunters of Old Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=rRXGDwAAQBAJ&q=western+zhou+1046-771+bc&pg=PT170
- 名人取名的故事https://books.google.com/books?id=hE3WDwAAQBAJ&q=%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87+%E5%AC%B4%E5%A7%93+%E8%B5%B5%E6%B0%8F&pg=PT14
- Unearthing the Changes: Recently Discovered Manuscripts of the Yi Jing (I Ching) and Related Textshttps://books.google.com/books?id=DcuJAwAAQBAJ&q=qin+dynasty+221-207+bc&pg=PA19
- An Introduction to Chinese History and Culturehttps://books.google.com/books?id=1QhJCAAAQBAJ&q=western+han+dynasty+202+bc-9+ad&pg=PA92
- China Economic Review's China Business Guide 2005https://books.google.com/books?id=yHDqMz0zPjgC&q=western+han+206+bc+-+9+ad&pg=PA30
- 中华古文明史辞典https://books.google.com/books?id=wQoWAQAAIAAJ&q=刘婴+皇太子
- Astronomy in the Ancient World: Early and Modern Views on Celestial Eventshttps://books.google.com/books?id=NuJ6DAAAQBAJ&q=xin+dynasty+9-23&pg=PA85
- The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 AD: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empirehttps://books.google.com/books?id=-y9iDwAAQBAJ&q=eastern+han+25-220&pg=PT18
- Gale Researcher Guide for: The Three Kingdoms and the Jinhttps://books.google.com/books?id=PfN1DwAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+220-280&pg=PP4
- 幻化之龍:兩千年中國歷史變遷中的孔子https://books.google.com/books?id=UuoqDwAAQBAJ&q=曹魏+220-266&pg=PA122
- Introduction to the Urban History of Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=YjulDwAAQBAJ&q=shu+han+221-263&pg=PA123
- 香港通史:遠古至清代https://books.google.com/books?id=wYKgDwAAQBAJ&q=东吴+222-280&pg=PA39
- 近代中國海防史新論https://books.google.com/books?id=j-GnDgAAQBAJ&q=西晋+266-316&pg=PT265
- Shaping the Lotus Sutra: Buddhist Visual Culture in Medieval Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=8X2bNasjuW4C&q=eastern+jin+317-420&pg=PA13
- A History of Chinese Civilizationhttps://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&q=Sixteen+Kingdoms+of+the+Five+Barbarians&pg=PA186
- 闲读中国史https://books.google.com/books?id=_Vp_DwAAQBAJ&q=十六国+304-439&pg=PT79
- 汉赵国史https://books.google.com/books?id=iNx-AAAAIAAJ&q=攣鞮+汉赵+刘渊
- 贵姓何来https://books.google.com/books?id=E9iFAAAAIAAJ&q=攣鞮+汉赵+刘渊
- 一次讀完二十五史故事https://books.google.com/books?id=cjZFDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E9%9D%B3%E5%87%86%E8%87%AA%E7%AB%8B&pg=PA169
- Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liaohttps://books.google.com/books?id=gc_3IXkwG3QC&q=han+Zhao+304-329&pg=PA123
- 中外歷史大事年表https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZSTAgAAQBAJ&q=成汉+304-347&pg=PA213
- Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Formhttps://books.google.com/books?id=4gNk5HzIIKgC&q=cheng+han+303-347&pg=PP25
- Early Medieval China: A Sourcebookhttps://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&q=later+Zhao+319-351&pg=PA30
- Where Dragon Veins Meet: The Kangxi Emperor and His Estate at Rehehttps://books.google.com/books?id=jtTHDwAAQBAJ&q=former+liang+320-376&pg=PA225
- Man'yōshū and the Imperial Imagination in Early Japanhttps://books.google.com/books?id=xa62AgAAQBAJ&q=former+yan+337-370&pg=PA27
- 人物評話:古今人物逍遙遊https://books.google.com/books?id=ybe2AAAAQBAJ&q=前秦+蒲姓&pg=PT115
- Buddhism in China: Collected Papers of Erik Zürcherhttps://books.google.com/books?id=xP0QBQAAQBAJ&q=former+qin+350-394&pg=PA589
- 歷代胡族王朝之民族政策https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy_bvJCtRrkC&q=蘭汗自立&pg=PA41
- 鮮卑列國:大興安嶺傳奇https://books.google.com/books?id=FadeDwAAQBAJ&q=高云+后燕末代&pg=PT90
- Chinese Architecture in an Age of Turmoil, 200-600https://books.google.com/books?id=ZB_HDwAAQBAJ&q=later+384-409&pg=PA28
- 後秦政治外交史簡論五篇https://books.google.com/books?id=dztIBAAAQBAJ&q=后秦+384-417&pg=PA69
- Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Valueshttps://books.google.com/books?id=WzQrDwAAQBAJ&q=Western+Qin+385-400+409-431&pg=PA344
- 河西走廊藏文化史要https://books.google.com/books?id=bsSpDwAAQBAJ&q=后凉+386-403&pg=PT25
- A Short History of the Chinese Peoplehttps://books.google.com/books?id=BZf_L1V7NLUC&dq=southern+liang+397-404+408-414&pg=PA85
- 历代兴衰演义https://books.google.com/books?id=vYklDwAAQBAJ&q=段业+沮渠蒙逊+北凉&pg=PT161
- 2011:古丝绸之路https://books.google.com/books?id=7SJYDwAAQBAJ&q=北凉+397-439&pg=PA153
- 中国历史纪年表(精)https://books.google.com/books?id=4g61DwAAQBAJ&q=南燕+398-410&pg=PA102
- 秦汉魏晋南北朝史https://books.google.com/books?id=RIBttwx-v8IC&q=西凉+400-421&pg=PA335
- "匈奴嬌子的赫連大夏國"https://kknews.cc/history/znrxjja.html
- The Hunshttps://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&q=helian+bobo+surname&pg=PA30
- The Sinitic Civilization Book II: A Factual History Through the Lens of Archaeology, Bronzeware, Astronomy, Divination, Calendar and the Annalshttps://books.google.com/books?id=P1h7DwAAQBAJ&q=hu+xia+407-431&pg=PT610
- Infamous Chinese Emperors: Tales of Tyranny and Misrulehttps://books.google.com/books?id=DJF5DwAAQBAJ&q=northern+Yan+407-436&pg=PA180
- History and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicinehttps://books.google.com/books?id=F5qDqKBsrLwC&q=northern+dynasties+386-581&pg=PA94
- Historical Dictionary of Medieval Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=fCdCDgAAQBAJ&q=northern+wei+tuoba+surname&pg=PA613
- China: A New Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=nBDC2cqb6I0C&q=Northern+Wei+386-535&pg=PA73
- Great Walls and Linear Barriershttps://books.google.com/books?id=OfmxBgAAQBAJ&q=eastern+Wei+534-550&pg=PA211
- The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C.–A.D. 907https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&q=western+wei+tuoba+restored&pg=PA140
- 长沙通史(古代卷)https://books.google.com/books?id=p2J6DwAAQBAJ&q=南朝+420-589&pg=PT140
- Reading Medieval Chinese Poetry: Text, Context, and Culturehttps://books.google.com/books?id=NyieBQAAQBAJ&q=Liu+Song+420-479&pg=PA36
- The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religionshttps://books.google.com/books?id=FmnKSfAS4PcC&q=southern+qi+479-502&pg=PA147
- Demon Hordes and Burning Boats: The Cult of Marshal Wen in Late Imperial Chekianghttps://books.google.com/books?id=E71J2KpGt_IC&q=liang+dynasty+502-557&pg=PA79
- How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthologyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=h8fWf7pYOIUC&q=chen+dynasty+557-589&pg=PA152
- Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guidehttps://books.google.com/books?id=OWLPBAAAQBAJ&q=puliuru+yang+jian&pg=PA1818
- Ancient History of the Manchuriahttps://books.google.com/books?id=DyN-AwAAQBAJ&q=sui+dynasty+581-619&pg=PA115
- 唐代文化史研究https://books.google.com/books?id=jFlPE0esQxAC&q=%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D+%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E+%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F&pg=PA45
- A Good Son is Sad if He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Valueshttps://books.google.com/books?id=WzQrDwAAQBAJ&q=tang+dynasty+family+name+li+618-690+705-907&pg=PA348
- 那些顛覆時代的女人https://books.google.com/books?id=1d4rAwAAQBAJ&q=武周+690-705&pg=PT38
- Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossings in Liao Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=NAFLxMAbdGgC&q=five+dynasties+907-960&pg=PA1
- Sources of Tibetan Traditionhttps://books.google.com/books?id=VmkMBcsXxdkC&q=later+liang+907-923&pg=PA338
- 《百家姓》新解https://books.google.com/books?id=X2Z0DwAAQBAJ&q=朱邪赤心+赐姓李&pg=PT31
- 中國歷史人物的讀心術https://books.google.com/books?id=MS50DwAAQBAJ&q=李嗣源+邈佶烈+李克用养子&pg=PA154
- 皇权兴衰通鉴https://books.google.com/books?id=v9lzAAAAIAAJ&q=李從珂+王姓
- The Birth of Chinese Feminism: Essential Texts in Transnational Theoryhttps://books.google.com/books?id=3FmImaQfyDIC&q=later+tang+923-937&pg=PA164
- The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=krK8DwAAQBAJ&q=later+jin+936-947&pg=PT24
- The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynastyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=9UTjCgAAQBAJ&q=shizong+of+later+zhou+adopted&pg=PA45
- Bomb, Book and Compass: Joseph Needham and the Great Secrets of Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=XAeb6KVhoCMC&q=ten+kingdoms+907-979&pg=PT246
- 大动乱:中古时代:五代辽宋夏金https://books.google.com/books?id=Tku8DwAAQBAJ&q=前蜀+907-925&pg=PT214
- Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644https://books.google.com/books?id=Cw0pAwAAQBAJ&q=yang+wu+907-937&pg=PR21
- Evaluations of Sung Dynasty Painters of Renownhttps://books.google.com/books?id=iavATHwhF6MC&q=yang+wu+902-937&pg=PA34
- 臺灣文學與中國童謠https://books.google.com/books?id=tXxCDwAAQBAJ&q=楚+907-951&pg=PA172
- 天变:中国历代宫廷政变全景https://books.google.com/books?id=W-NIDwAAQBAJ&q=朱文進+闽&pg=PT309
- 高姓简史https://books.google.com/books?id=4Vp_DwAAQBAJ&q=%E9%AB%98%E5%AD%A3%E5%85%B4+%E6%9C%B1%E5%A7%93&pg=PT136
- 李煜https://books.google.com/books?id=96kpK22u-MgC&q=南唐+徐+李&pg=PA7
- Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canonhttps://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ&q=southern+tang+937-976&pg=PA175
- 中國歴代帝王辭典https://books.google.com/books?id=GYVFgedgXmoC&q=刘继恩+姓薛
- 中國歷代帝王大觀https://books.google.com/books?id=k6MLAQAAMAAJ&q=劉繼元+何氏
- 中国历代重大战争详解:隋唐战争史https://books.google.com/books?id=c4yEDwAAQBAJ&q=北汉+951-979&pg=PT222
- The Sino-Tibetan Languageshttps://books.google.com/books?id=5MeWSTQ7F44C&q=liao+dynasty+916-1125&pg=PA7
- The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaninghttps://books.google.com/books?id=eTCI03Dp3NsC&q=liao+dynasty+907-1125&pg=PA189
- Hsu (2012). p. 272.
- Genghis Khan: A Biographyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=aFw1DgAAQBAJ&q=kuchlug+usurpation&pg=PT12
- A Companion to Chinese Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=VHmxDQAAQBAJ&q=western+liao+1124-1218&pg=PA130
- Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs: State and Identity in Post-Mongol Central Eurasiahttps://books.google.com/books?id=PkUpCwAAQBAJ&dq=qara+khitai+1132-1218&pg=PA59
- 北宋的外戚與政治https://books.google.com/books?id=C35CDwAAQBAJ&q=北宋+960-1127&pg=PA3
- Celestial Women: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Song to Qinghttps://books.google.com/books?id=aPbnCwAAQBAJ&q=southern+song+1127-1279&pg=PA24
- Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issueshttps://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&q=Western+Xia+weiming&pg=PA244
- The Tibetan History Readerhttps://books.google.com/books?id=REweJ02Xel8C&q=western+Xia+1038-1227&pg=PA562
- Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Roadhttps://books.google.com/books?id=iABEQXUfmhIC&q=jin+dynasty+1115-1234&pg=PA77
- Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the "New Reform Era"https://books.google.com/books?id=2x-aCAAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+1271-1368&pg=PA40
- The Orphan of Zhao and Other Yuan Plays: The Earliest Known Versionshttps://books.google.com/books?id=bG8kBQAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+1260-1368&pg=PR9
- 帝国的慢性病:冰火大明https://books.google.com/books?id=tBW1DwAAQBAJ&q=也先+绰罗斯&pg=PT40
- 古代民族史(下)https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch3IDwAAQBAJ&q=也先+绰罗斯&pg=PT7
- The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongolshttps://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ&q=northern+yuan+1368-1635&pg=PT437
- 甘肃文史精萃2:学术卷https://books.google.com/books?id=UY-EDwAAQBAJ&q=北元鞑靼&pg=PT160
- 少数民族入主中国史略https://books.google.com/books?id=jhE6DwAAQBAJ&q=北元1402&pg=PA223
- The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopediahttps://books.google.com/books?id=4gB9DQAAQBAJ&q=northern+yuan+1635&pg=PA28
- 甲申詩史:吳梅村書寫的一六四四https://books.google.com/books?id=n_-xBQAAQBAJ&q=明朝+1368-1644&pg=PA2
- 天崩地裂時代下的皇族https://books.google.com/books?id=x2i1DwAAQBAJ&q=南明+1644-1662&pg=PA2
- The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Political Theoryhttps://books.google.com/books?id=aMHADwAAQBAJ&q=southern+ming+1644-1664&pg=PA96
- The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&q=Jurchen+Manchu+1635&pg=PA71
- A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideologyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=hbEwDwAAQBAJ&q=Jurchen+Manchu+1635&pg=PA193
- China's Hegemony: Four Hundred Years of East Asian Dominationhttps://books.google.com/books?id=eAwmDQAAQBAJ&q=later+jin+1616-1636&pg=PA236
- Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprisehttps://books.google.com/books?id=tAfF7d-7ysEC&q=qing+dynasty+1636-1912&pg=PA13
- China's Solution to Its Ethno-national Issueshttps://books.google.com/books?id=Qcm1DwAAQBAJ&q=Articles+of+Favorable+Treatment+of+the+Great+Qing+Emperor+After+His+Abdication&pg=PA51
- 中国式民主的类型学意义——一种宪法学视角的阐释https://books.google.com/books?id=KolVDwAAQBAJ&q=中国历史地理学+地域范围+谭其骧+清朝&pg=PT202
- The China Order: Centralia, World Empire, and the Nature of Chinese Powerhttps://books.google.com/books?id=chUwDwAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+13+million+square+km&pg=PA68
- Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949)https://books.google.com/books?id=wJrLhcgog8oC&q=qing+dynasty+13+million+sq+km&pg=PR36
- 一本書讀懂亞洲史https://books.google.com/books?id=ev2FDwAAQBAJ&q=1300%E8%90%AC%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C+%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D&pg=PT148
- Relationship Between the Chinese Central Authorities and Regional Governments of Hong Kong and Macao: A Legal Perspectivehttps://books.google.com/books?id=f3dvDwAAQBAJ&q=Tannu+Uriankhai+qing+dynasty&pg=PA35
- China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilizationhttps://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC&q=Outer+Khingan+Range+qing+dynasty&pg=PA107
- 元明清史https://books.google.com/books?id=YXR8oHuHgZsC&q=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%9B%E8%87%B3%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4&pg=PA381
- Gan (2019). p. 26.
- The South China Sea Arbitration: A Chinese Perspectivehttps://books.google.com/books?id=TzTaBAAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+south+china+sea&pg=PA186
- Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Shipshttps://books.google.com/books?id=KyVnAwAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+lake+balkhash+Pamir+Mountains&pg=PA87
- 中国历史地理学研究https://books.google.com/books?id=bLltAAAAIAAJ&q=中国历史地理学+曾经在这个范围内活动的民族都是中国历史上的民族
- 20世纪中国学术大典:地理学https://books.google.com/books?id=erzI3apM1iUC&q=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6+%E6%9B%BE%E7%BB%8F%E5%9C%A8%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%AA%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E5%86%85%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F&pg=PA297
- Newsletter for Research in Chinese Studieshttp://ccs.ncl.edu.tw/newsletter_84/016_027.pdf
- Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnamhttps://books.google.com/books?id=PuBXBQAAQBAJ&q=Lý+Bôn+China&pg=PT43
- East Asia: A New Historyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&q=Ly+Bon+Chinese&pg=PA134
- The Chinese Émigrés of Thailand in the Twentieth Centuryhttps://books.google.com/books?id=xEMsg-FkbJIC&q=Thonburi+dynasty+Chinese&pg=PA47
- China on the Sea: How the Maritime World Shaped Modern Chinahttps://books.google.com/books?id=5bAyAQAAQBAJ&q=Thonburi+dynasty+Chinese&pg=PA112
- Vietnamhttps://books.google.com/books?id=kRi_BKq60OgC&dq=dinh+dynasty+chinese+tributary&pg=PA20
- Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopediahttps://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=first+sho+dynasty+tributary+china&pg=PA231
- The 'Global' and the 'Local' in Early Modern and Modern East Asiahttps://books.google.com/books?id=Vt3zDQAAQBAJ&q=little+china+%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E&pg=PA175
- Korea-China Relations in History and Contemporary Implicationshttps://books.google.com/books?id=_XIzDwAAQBAJ&q=little+china+%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E&pg=PA10
- 第三中国论https://books.google.com/books?id=3gh2CwAAQBAJ&q=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97+%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%87%AA%E5%B1%85&pg=PA202
- 東亞易學史論:《周易》在日韓越琉的傳播與影響https://books.google.com/books?id=iXU3DwAAQBAJ&q=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97+%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D+%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E&pg=PA161
- Are All Warriors Male?: Gender Roles on the Ancient Eurasian Steppehttps://books.google.com/books?id=Xd5bAAAAQBAJ&dq=sinicized+baekje&pg=PA126
- Vietnamese-Chinese Relationships at the Borderlands: Trade, Tourism and Cultural Politicshttps://books.google.com/books?id=cjoVAgAAQBAJ&dq=le+dynasty+sinicization&pg=PA28