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Dynasties of China

Updated: 12/10/2025, 10:22:48 AM Wikipedia source

For most of its history, China was organized into various dynastic kingdoms or states under the rule of hereditary monarchs. Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule by Yu the Great c. 2070 BC, and ending with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912, China came to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties. Besides those established by the dominant Han ethnic group or its spiritual Huaxia predecessors, dynasties throughout Chinese history were also founded by non-Han peoples. Dividing Chinese history into dynastic epochs is a convenient and conventional method of periodization. Accordingly, a dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, as well as to describe events, trends, personalities, artistic compositions, and artifacts of that period. For example, porcelain made during the Ming dynasty may be referred to as "Ming porcelain". The longest-reigning orthodox dynasty of China was the Zhou dynasty, ruling for a total length of about 790 years, albeit it is divided into the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou in Chinese historiography. The largest orthodox Chinese dynasty in terms of territorial size was either the Yuan dynasty or the Qing dynasty, depending on the historical source. The term "Tiāncháo" (天朝; "Celestial Dynasty" or "Heavenly Dynasty") was frequently employed as a self-reference by Chinese dynasties. As a form of respect and subordination, Chinese tributary states referred to these dynasties as "Tiāncháo Shàngguó" (天朝上國; "Celestial Dynasty of the Exalted State") or "Tiāncháo Dàguó" (天朝大國; "Celestial Dynasty of the Great State").

Tables

Major dynasties of China · List of major Chinese dynasties
Last monarch
Last monarch
Col 1
Name(English / Chinese / Hanyu Pinyin / Wade–Giles / Bopomofo)
Dynasty
Surname(English / Chinese)
Ruling house
Ethnicity
Ruling house
Status
Ruling house
Year
Period of rule
Term
Period of rule
Founder
Rulers
Last monarch
Rulers
List / Family tree
Wu of Zhou
Wu of Zhou
Dynasty
Western Zhou西周Xī ZhōuHsi1 Chou1ㄒㄧ ㄓㄡ
Ruling house
Ji姬
Ruling house
Huaxia
Ruling house
Royal
Period of rule
1046–771 BC
Period of rule
275 years
Rulers
Wu of Zhou
Rulers
You of Zhou
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Ping of Zhou
Ping of Zhou
Dynasty
Eastern Zhou東周Dōng ZhōuTung1 Chou1ㄉㄨㄥ ㄓㄡ
Ruling house
Ji姬
Ruling house
Huaxia
Ruling house
Royal
Period of rule
770–256 BC
Period of rule
514 years
Rulers
Ping of Zhou
Rulers
Nan of Zhou
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Gao of Han
Gao of Han
Dynasty
Western Han西漢Xī HànHsi1 Han4ㄒㄧ ㄏㄢˋ
Ruling house
Liu劉
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
202 BC–AD 9
Period of rule
211 years
Rulers
Gao of Han
Rulers
Liu Ying
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Guangwu of Han
Guangwu of Han
Dynasty
Eastern Han東漢Dōng HànTung1 Han4ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄢˋ
Ruling house
Liu劉
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 25–220
Period of rule
195 years
Rulers
Guangwu of Han
Rulers
Xian of Han
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wen of Cao Wei
Wen of Cao Wei
Dynasty
Cao Wei曹魏Cáo WèiTs῾ao2 Wei4ㄘㄠˊ ㄨㄟˋ
Ruling house
Cao曹
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 220–266
Period of rule
46 years
Rulers
Wen of Cao Wei
Rulers
Yuan of Cao Wei
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Zhaolie of Shu Han
Zhaolie of Shu Han
Dynasty
Shu Han蜀漢Shǔ HànShu3 Han4ㄕㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋ
Ruling house
Liu劉
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 221–263
Period of rule
42 years
Rulers
Zhaolie of Shu Han
Rulers
Huai of Shu Han
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Da of Eastern Wu
Da of Eastern Wu
Dynasty
Eastern Wu東吳Dōng WúTung1 Wu2ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨˊ
Ruling house
Sun孫
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Royal(AD 222–229)Imperial(AD 229–280)
Period of rule
AD 222–280
Period of rule
58 years
Rulers
Da of Eastern Wu
Rulers
Sun Hao
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wu of Jin
Wu of Jin
Dynasty
Western Jin西晉Xī JìnHsi1 Chin4ㄒㄧ ㄐㄧㄣˋ
Ruling house
Sima司馬
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 266–316
Period of rule
50 years
Rulers
Wu of Jin
Rulers
Min of Jin
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Yuan of Jin
Yuan of Jin
Dynasty
Eastern Jin東晉Dōng JìnTung1 Chin4ㄉㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄣˋ
Ruling house
Sima司馬
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 317–420
Period of rule
103 years
Rulers
Yuan of Jin
Rulers
Gong of Jin
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Guangwen of Han-Zhao
Guangwen of Han-Zhao
Dynasty
Han-Zhao漢趙Hàn ZhàoHan4 Chao4ㄏㄢˋ ㄓㄠˋ
Ruling house
Liu劉
Ruling house
Xiongnu
Ruling house
Royal(AD 304–308)Imperial(AD 308–329)
Period of rule
AD 304–329
Period of rule
25 years
Rulers
Guangwen of Han-Zhao
Rulers
Liu Yao
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wu of Cheng-Han
Wu of Cheng-Han
Dynasty
Cheng-Han成漢Chéng HànCh῾eng2 Han4ㄔㄥˊ ㄏㄢˋ
Ruling house
Li李
Ruling house
Di
Ruling house
Princely(AD 304–306)Imperial(AD 306–347)
Period of rule
AD 304–347
Period of rule
43 years
Rulers
Wu of Cheng-Han
Rulers
Li Shi
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Ming of Later Zhao
Ming of Later Zhao
Dynasty
Later Zhao後趙Hòu ZhàoHou4 Chao4ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄠˋ
Ruling house
Shi石
Ruling house
Jie
Ruling house
Royal(AD 319–330)Imperial(AD 330–351)Princely(AD 351)
Period of rule
AD 319–351
Period of rule
32 years
Rulers
Ming of Later Zhao
Rulers
Shi Zhi
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Cheng of Former Liang
Cheng of Former Liang
Dynasty
Former Liang前涼Qián LiángCh῾ien2 Liang2ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Ruling house
Zhang張
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Princely(AD 320–354, AD 355–363)Imperial(AD 354–355)Ducal(AD 363–376)
Period of rule
AD 320–376
Period of rule
56 years
Rulers
Cheng of Former Liang
Rulers
Dao of Former Liang
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wenming of Former Yan
Wenming of Former Yan
Dynasty
Former Yan前燕Qián YānCh῾ien2 Yen1ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄢ
Ruling house
Murong慕容
Ruling house
Xianbei
Ruling house
Princely(AD 337–353)Imperial(AD 353–370)
Period of rule
AD 337–370
Period of rule
33 years
Rulers
Wenming of Former Yan
Rulers
You of Former Yan
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Jingming of Former Qin
Jingming of Former Qin
Dynasty
Former Qin前秦Qián QínCh῾ien2 Ch῾in2ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
Ruling house
Fu苻
Ruling house
Di
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 351–394
Period of rule
43 years
Rulers
Jingming of Former Qin
Rulers
Fu Chong
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Chengwu of Later Yan
Chengwu of Later Yan
Dynasty
Later Yan後燕Hòu YānHou4 Yen1ㄏㄡˋ ㄧㄢ
Ruling house
Murong慕容
Ruling house
Xianbei
Ruling house
Princely(AD 384–386)Imperial(AD 386–409)
Period of rule
AD 384–409
Period of rule
25 years
Rulers
Chengwu of Later Yan
Rulers
Zhaowen of Later YanHuiyi of Yan
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wuzhao of Later Qin
Wuzhao of Later Qin
Dynasty
Later Qin後秦Hòu QínHou4 Ch῾in2ㄏㄡˋ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
Ruling house
Yao姚
Ruling house
Qiang
Ruling house
Royal(AD 384–386)Imperial(AD 386–417)
Period of rule
AD 384–417
Period of rule
33 years
Rulers
Wuzhao of Later Qin
Rulers
Yao Hong
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Xuanlie of Western Qin
Xuanlie of Western Qin
Dynasty
Western Qin西秦Xī QínHsi1 Ch῾in2ㄒㄧ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
Ruling house
Qifu乞伏
Ruling house
Xianbei
Ruling house
Princely
Period of rule
AD 385–400, AD 409–431
Period of rule
37 years
Rulers
Xuanlie of Western Qin
Rulers
Qifu Mumo
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Yiwu of Later Liang
Yiwu of Later Liang
Dynasty
Later Liang後涼Hòu LiángHou4 Liang2ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Ruling house
Lü呂
Ruling house
Di
Ruling house
Ducal(AD 386–389)Princely(AD 389–396)Imperial(AD 396–403)
Period of rule
AD 386–403
Period of rule
17 years
Rulers
Yiwu of Later Liang
Rulers
Lü Long
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wu of Southern Liang
Wu of Southern Liang
Dynasty
Southern Liang南涼Nán LiángNan2 Liang2ㄋㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Ruling house
Tufa禿髮
Ruling house
Xianbei
Ruling house
Princely
Period of rule
AD 397–404, AD 408–414
Period of rule
13 years
Rulers
Wu of Southern Liang
Rulers
Jing of Southern Liang
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Duan Ye
Duan Ye
Dynasty
Northern Liang北涼Běi LiángPei3 Liang2ㄅㄟˇ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Ruling house
Juqu沮渠
Ruling house
Lushuihu
Ruling house
Ducal(AD 397–399, AD 401–412)Princely(AD 399–401, AD 412–439)
Period of rule
AD 397–439
Period of rule
42 years
Rulers
Duan Ye
Rulers
Ai of Northern Liang
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Xianwu of Southern Yan
Xianwu of Southern Yan
Dynasty
Southern Yan南燕Nán YānNan2 Yen1ㄋㄢˊ ㄧㄢ
Ruling house
Murong慕容
Ruling house
Xianbei
Ruling house
Princely(AD 398–400)Imperial(AD 400–410)
Period of rule
AD 398–410
Period of rule
12 years
Rulers
Xianwu of Southern Yan
Rulers
Murong Chao
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wuzhao of Western Liang
Wuzhao of Western Liang
Dynasty
Western Liang西涼Xī LiángHsi1 Liang2ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Ruling house
Li李
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Ducal
Period of rule
AD 400–421
Period of rule
21 years
Rulers
Wuzhao of Western Liang
Rulers
Li Xun
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wulie of Hu Xia
Wulie of Hu Xia
Dynasty
Hu Xia胡夏Hú XiàHu2 Hsia4ㄏㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Ruling house
Helian赫連
Ruling house
Xiongnu
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 407–431
Period of rule
24 years
Rulers
Wulie of Hu Xia
Rulers
Helian Ding
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Huiyi of YanWencheng of Northern Yan
Huiyi of YanWencheng of Northern Yan
Dynasty
Northern Yan北燕Běi YānPei3 Yen1ㄅㄟˇ ㄧㄢ
Ruling house
Feng馮
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 407–436
Period of rule
29 years
Rulers
Huiyi of YanWencheng of Northern Yan
Rulers
Zhaocheng of Northern Yan
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Daowu of Northern Wei
Daowu of Northern Wei
Dynasty
Northern Wei北魏Běi WèiPei3 Wei4ㄅㄟˇ ㄨㄟˋ
Ruling house
Tuoba拓跋
Ruling house
Xianbei
Ruling house
Princely(AD 386–399)Imperial(AD 399–535)
Period of rule
AD 386–535
Period of rule
149 years
Rulers
Daowu of Northern Wei
Rulers
Xiaowu of Northern Wei
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
Dynasty
Eastern Wei東魏Dōng WèiTung1 Wei4ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨㄟˋ
Ruling house
Yuan元
Ruling house
Xianbei
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 534–550
Period of rule
16 years
Rulers
Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wen of Western Wei
Wen of Western Wei
Dynasty
Western Wei西魏Xī WèiHsi1 Wei4ㄒㄧ ㄨㄟˋ
Ruling house
Yuan元
Ruling house
Xianbei
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 535–557
Period of rule
22 years
Rulers
Wen of Western Wei
Rulers
Gong of Western Wei
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wenxuan of Northern Qi
Wenxuan of Northern Qi
Dynasty
Northern Qi北齊Běi QíPei3 Ch῾i2ㄅㄟˇ ㄑㄧˊ
Ruling house
Gao高
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 550–577
Period of rule
27 years
Rulers
Wenxuan of Northern Qi
Rulers
Gao Heng
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Xiaomin of Northern Zhou
Xiaomin of Northern Zhou
Dynasty
Northern Zhou北周Běi ZhōuPei3 Chou1ㄅㄟˇ ㄓㄡ
Ruling house
Yuwen宇文
Ruling house
Xianbei
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 557–581
Period of rule
24 years
Rulers
Xiaomin of Northern Zhou
Rulers
Jing of Northern Zhou
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wu of Liu Song
Wu of Liu Song
Dynasty
Liu Song劉宋Liú SòngLiu2 Sung4ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ
Ruling house
Liu劉
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 420–479
Period of rule
59 years
Rulers
Wu of Liu Song
Rulers
Shun of Liu Song
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Gao of Southern Qi
Gao of Southern Qi
Dynasty
Southern Qi南齊Nán QíNan2 Ch῾i2ㄋㄢˊ ㄑㄧˊ
Ruling house
Xiao蕭
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 479–502
Period of rule
23 years
Rulers
Gao of Southern Qi
Rulers
He of Southern Qi
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Shengshen of Wu Zhou
Shengshen of Wu Zhou
Dynasty
Wu Zhou武周Wǔ ZhōuWu3 Chou1ㄨˇ ㄓㄡ
Ruling house
Wu武
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 690–705
Period of rule
15 years
Rulers
Shengshen of Wu Zhou
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Taizu of Later Liang
Taizu of Later Liang
Dynasty
Later Liang後梁Hòu LiángHou4 Liang2ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Ruling house
Zhu朱
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 907–923
Period of rule
16 years
Rulers
Taizu of Later Liang
Rulers
Zhu Youzhen
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Zhuangzong of Later Tang
Zhuangzong of Later Tang
Dynasty
Later Tang後唐Hòu TángHou4 T῾ang2ㄏㄡˋ ㄊㄤˊ
Ruling house
Li李
Ruling house
Shatuo
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 923–937
Period of rule
14 years
Rulers
Zhuangzong of Later Tang
Rulers
Li Congke
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Gaozu of Later Jin
Gaozu of Later Jin
Dynasty
Later Jin後晉Hòu JìnHou4 Chin4ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣˋ
Ruling house
Shi石
Ruling house
Shatuo
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 936–947
Period of rule
11 years
Rulers
Gaozu of Later Jin
Rulers
Chu of Later Jin
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Gaozu of Later Han
Gaozu of Later Han
Dynasty
Later Han後漢Hòu HànHou4 Han4ㄏㄡˋ ㄏㄢˋ
Ruling house
Liu劉
Ruling house
Shatuo
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 947–951
Period of rule
4 years
Rulers
Gaozu of Later Han
Rulers
Yin of Later Han
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Taizu of Later Zhou
Taizu of Later Zhou
Dynasty
Later Zhou後周Hòu ZhōuHou4 Chou1ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄡ
Ruling house
Guo郭
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 951–960
Period of rule
9 years
Rulers
Taizu of Later Zhou
Rulers
Gong of Later Zhou
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Gaozu of Former Shu
Gaozu of Former Shu
Dynasty
Former Shu前蜀Qián ShǔCh῾ien2 Shu3ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄕㄨˇ
Ruling house
Wang王
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 907–925
Period of rule
18 years
Rulers
Gaozu of Former Shu
Rulers
Wang Yan
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Liezu of Yang Wu
Liezu of Yang Wu
Dynasty
Yang Wu楊吳Yáng WúYang2 Wu2ㄧㄤˊ ㄨˊ
Ruling house
Yang楊
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Princely(AD 907–919)Royal(AD 919–927)Imperial(AD 927–937)
Period of rule
AD 907–937
Period of rule
30 years
Rulers
Liezu of Yang Wu
Rulers
Rui of Yang Wu
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wumu of Ma Chu
Wumu of Ma Chu
Dynasty
Ma Chu馬楚Mǎ ChǔMa3 Ch῾u3ㄇㄚˇ ㄔㄨˇ
Ruling house
Ma馬
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Royal(AD 907–930)Princely(AD 930–951)
Period of rule
AD 907–951
Period of rule
44 years
Rulers
Wumu of Ma Chu
Rulers
Ma Xichong
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Taizu of Wuyue
Taizu of Wuyue
Dynasty
Wuyue吳越WúyuèWu2-yüeh4ㄨˊ ㄩㄝˋ
Ruling house
Qian錢
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Royal(AD 907–932, AD 937–978)Princely(AD 934–937)
Period of rule
AD 907–978
Period of rule
71 years
Rulers
Taizu of Wuyue
Rulers
Zhongyi of Qin
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Taizu of Min
Taizu of Min
Dynasty
Min閩MǐnMin3ㄇㄧㄣˇ
Ruling house
Wang王
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Princely(AD 909–933, AD 944–945)Imperial(AD 933–944, AD 945)
Period of rule
AD 909–945
Period of rule
36 years
Rulers
Taizu of Min
Rulers
Tiande
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Gaozu of Southern Han
Gaozu of Southern Han
Dynasty
Southern Han南漢Nán HànNan2 Han4ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄢˋ
Ruling house
Liu劉
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 917–971
Period of rule
54 years
Rulers
Gaozu of Southern Han
Rulers
Liu Chang
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Wuxin of Chu
Wuxin of Chu
Dynasty
Jingnan荊南JīngnánChing1-nan2ㄐㄧㄥ ㄋㄢˊ
Ruling house
Gao高
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Princely
Period of rule
AD 924–963
Period of rule
39 years
Rulers
Wuxin of Chu
Rulers
Gao Jichong
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Gaozu of Later Shu
Gaozu of Later Shu
Dynasty
Later Shu後蜀Hòu ShǔHou4 Shu3ㄏㄡˋ ㄕㄨˇ
Ruling house
Meng孟
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 934–965
Period of rule
31 years
Rulers
Gaozu of Later Shu
Rulers
Gongxiao of Chu
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Liezu of Southern Tang
Liezu of Southern Tang
Dynasty
Southern Tang南唐Nán TángNan2 T῾ang2ㄋㄢˊ ㄊㄤˊ
Ruling house
Li李
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial(AD 937–958)Royal(AD 958–976)
Period of rule
AD 937–976
Period of rule
37 years
Rulers
Liezu of Southern Tang
Rulers
Li Yu
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Shizu of Northern Han
Shizu of Northern Han
Dynasty
Northern Han北漢Běi HànPei3 Han4ㄅㄟˇ ㄏㄢˋ
Ruling house
Liu劉
Ruling house
Shatuo
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 951–979
Period of rule
28 years
Rulers
Shizu of Northern Han
Rulers
Yingwu of Northern Han
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Dezong of Western Liao
Dezong of Western Liao
Dynasty
Western Liao西遼Xī LiáoHsi1 Liao2ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄠˊ
Ruling house
Yelü耶律 (𘬜𘭪𘲚𘱪)
Ruling house
Khitan
Ruling house
Royal(AD 1124–1132)Imperial(AD 1132–1218)
Period of rule
AD 1124–1218
Period of rule
94 years
Rulers
Dezong of Western Liao
Rulers
Kuchlug
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Taizu of Song
Taizu of Song
Dynasty
Northern Song北宋Běi SòngPei3 Sung4ㄅㄟˇ ㄙㄨㄥˋ
Ruling house
Zhao趙
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 960–1127
Period of rule
167 years
Rulers
Taizu of Song
Rulers
Qinzong of Song
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Gaozong of Song
Gaozong of Song
Dynasty
Southern Song南宋Nán SòngNan2 Sung4ㄋㄢˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ
Ruling house
Zhao趙
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 1127–1279
Period of rule
152 years
Rulers
Gaozong of Song
Rulers
Zhao Bing
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Jingzong of Western Xia
Jingzong of Western Xia
Dynasty
Western Xia西夏Xī XiàHsi1 Hsia4ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Ruling house
Weiming嵬名.mw- 𗼨𗆟
Ruling house
Tangut
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 1038–1227
Period of rule
189 years
Rulers
Jingzong of Western Xia
Rulers
Li Xian
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Huizong of Yuan
Huizong of Yuan
Dynasty
Northern Yuan北元Běi YuánPei3 Yüan2ㄅㄟˇ ㄩㄢˊ
Ruling house
Borjigin孛兒只斤ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ
Ruling house
Mongol
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 1368–1635
Period of rule
267 years
Rulers
Huizong of Yuan
Rulers
Borjigin Erke Khongghor
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Hongguang
Hongguang
Dynasty
Southern Ming南明Nán MíngNan2 Ming2ㄋㄢˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
Ruling house
Zhu朱
Ruling house
Han
Ruling house
Imperial
Period of rule
AD 1644–1662
Period of rule
18 years
Rulers
Hongguang
Rulers
Yongli
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Tianming
Tianming
Dynasty
Later Jin後金Hòu JīnHou4 Chin1ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣ
Ruling house
Aisin Gioro愛新覺羅ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ
Ruling house
Jurchen
Ruling house
Royal
Period of rule
AD 1616–1636
Period of rule
20 years
Rulers
Tianming
Rulers
Taizong of Qing
Rulers
(list)(tree)
Dynasty
Ruling house
Period of rule
Rulers
Name(English / Chinese / Hanyu Pinyin / Wade–Giles / Bopomofo)
Surname(English / Chinese)
Ethnicity
Status
Year
Term
Founder
Last monarch
List / Family tree
Semi-legendary
Xia dynasty夏朝Xià CháoHsia4 Ch῾ao2ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄔㄠˊ
Si姒
Huaxia
Royal
2070–1600 BC
470 years
Yu of Xia
Jie of Xia
(list)(tree)
Ancient China
Shang dynasty商朝Shāng CháoShang1 Ch῾ao2ㄕㄤ ㄔㄠˊ
Zi子
Huaxia
Royal
1600–1046 BC
554 years
Tang of Shang
Zhou of Shang
(list)(tree)
Western Zhou西周Xī ZhōuHsi1 Chou1ㄒㄧ ㄓㄡ
Ji姬
Huaxia
Royal
1046–771 BC
275 years
Wu of Zhou
You of Zhou
(list)(tree)
Eastern Zhou東周Dōng ZhōuTung1 Chou1ㄉㄨㄥ ㄓㄡ
Ji姬
Huaxia
Royal
770–256 BC
514 years
Ping of Zhou
Nan of Zhou
(list)(tree)
Early Imperial China
Qin dynasty秦朝Qín CháoCh῾in2 Ch῾ao2ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ
Ying嬴
Huaxia
Imperial(221–207 BC)Royal(207 BC)
221–207 BC
14 years
Qin Shi Huang
Ying Ziying
(list)(tree)
Western Han西漢Xī HànHsi1 Han4ㄒㄧ ㄏㄢˋ
Liu劉
Han
Imperial
202 BC–AD 9
211 years
Gao of Han
Liu Ying
(list)(tree)
Xin dynasty新朝Xīn CháoHsin1 Ch῾ao2ㄒㄧㄣ ㄔㄠˊ
Wang王
Han
Imperial
AD 9–23
14 years
Wang Mang
(list)(tree)
Eastern Han東漢Dōng HànTung1 Han4ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄢˋ
Liu劉
Han
Imperial
AD 25–220
195 years
Guangwu of Han
Xian of Han
(list)(tree)
Three Kingdoms三國Sān GuóSan1 Kuo2ㄙㄢ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
AD 220–280
60 years
(list)(tree)
Cao Wei曹魏Cáo WèiTs῾ao2 Wei4ㄘㄠˊ ㄨㄟˋ
Cao曹
Han
Imperial
AD 220–266
46 years
Wen of Cao Wei
Yuan of Cao Wei
(list)(tree)
Shu Han蜀漢Shǔ HànShu3 Han4ㄕㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋ
Liu劉
Han
Imperial
AD 221–263
42 years
Zhaolie of Shu Han
Huai of Shu Han
(list)(tree)
Eastern Wu東吳Dōng WúTung1 Wu2ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨˊ
Sun孫
Han
Royal(AD 222–229)Imperial(AD 229–280)
AD 222–280
58 years
Da of Eastern Wu
Sun Hao
(list)(tree)
Western Jin西晉Xī JìnHsi1 Chin4ㄒㄧ ㄐㄧㄣˋ
Sima司馬
Han
Imperial
AD 266–316
50 years
Wu of Jin
Min of Jin
(list)(tree)
Eastern Jin東晉Dōng JìnTung1 Chin4ㄉㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄣˋ
Sima司馬
Han
Imperial
AD 317–420
103 years
Yuan of Jin
Gong of Jin
(list)(tree)
Sixteen Kingdoms十六國Shíliù GuóShih2-liu4 Kuo2ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
AD 304–439
135 years
(list)(tree)
Han-Zhao漢趙Hàn ZhàoHan4 Chao4ㄏㄢˋ ㄓㄠˋ
Liu劉
Xiongnu
Royal(AD 304–308)Imperial(AD 308–329)
AD 304–329
25 years
Guangwen of Han-Zhao
Liu Yao
(list)(tree)
Cheng-Han成漢Chéng HànCh῾eng2 Han4ㄔㄥˊ ㄏㄢˋ
Li李
Di
Princely(AD 304–306)Imperial(AD 306–347)
AD 304–347
43 years
Wu of Cheng-Han
Li Shi
(list)(tree)
Later Zhao後趙Hòu ZhàoHou4 Chao4ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄠˋ
Shi石
Jie
Royal(AD 319–330)Imperial(AD 330–351)Princely(AD 351)
AD 319–351
32 years
Ming of Later Zhao
Shi Zhi
(list)(tree)
Former Liang前涼Qián LiángCh῾ien2 Liang2ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Zhang張
Han
Princely(AD 320–354, AD 355–363)Imperial(AD 354–355)Ducal(AD 363–376)
AD 320–376
56 years
Cheng of Former Liang
Dao of Former Liang
(list)(tree)
Former Yan前燕Qián YānCh῾ien2 Yen1ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄢ
Murong慕容
Xianbei
Princely(AD 337–353)Imperial(AD 353–370)
AD 337–370
33 years
Wenming of Former Yan
You of Former Yan
(list)(tree)
Former Qin前秦Qián QínCh῾ien2 Ch῾in2ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
Fu苻
Di
Imperial
AD 351–394
43 years
Jingming of Former Qin
Fu Chong
(list)(tree)
Later Yan後燕Hòu YānHou4 Yen1ㄏㄡˋ ㄧㄢ
Murong慕容
Xianbei
Princely(AD 384–386)Imperial(AD 386–409)
AD 384–409
25 years
Chengwu of Later Yan
Zhaowen of Later YanHuiyi of Yan
(list)(tree)
Later Qin後秦Hòu QínHou4 Ch῾in2ㄏㄡˋ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
Yao姚
Qiang
Royal(AD 384–386)Imperial(AD 386–417)
AD 384–417
33 years
Wuzhao of Later Qin
Yao Hong
(list)(tree)
Western Qin西秦Xī QínHsi1 Ch῾in2ㄒㄧ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
Qifu乞伏
Xianbei
Princely
AD 385–400, AD 409–431
37 years
Xuanlie of Western Qin
Qifu Mumo
(list)(tree)
Later Liang後涼Hòu LiángHou4 Liang2ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Lü呂
Di
Ducal(AD 386–389)Princely(AD 389–396)Imperial(AD 396–403)
AD 386–403
17 years
Yiwu of Later Liang
Lü Long
(list)(tree)
Southern Liang南涼Nán LiángNan2 Liang2ㄋㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Tufa禿髮
Xianbei
Princely
AD 397–404, AD 408–414
13 years
Wu of Southern Liang
Jing of Southern Liang
(list)(tree)
Northern Liang北涼Běi LiángPei3 Liang2ㄅㄟˇ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Juqu沮渠
Lushuihu
Ducal(AD 397–399, AD 401–412)Princely(AD 399–401, AD 412–439)
AD 397–439
42 years
Duan Ye
Ai of Northern Liang
(list)(tree)
Southern Yan南燕Nán YānNan2 Yen1ㄋㄢˊ ㄧㄢ
Murong慕容
Xianbei
Princely(AD 398–400)Imperial(AD 400–410)
AD 398–410
12 years
Xianwu of Southern Yan
Murong Chao
(list)(tree)
Western Liang西涼Xī LiángHsi1 Liang2ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Li李
Han
Ducal
AD 400–421
21 years
Wuzhao of Western Liang
Li Xun
(list)(tree)
Hu Xia胡夏Hú XiàHu2 Hsia4ㄏㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Helian赫連
Xiongnu
Imperial
AD 407–431
24 years
Wulie of Hu Xia
Helian Ding
(list)(tree)
Northern Yan北燕Běi YānPei3 Yen1ㄅㄟˇ ㄧㄢ
Feng馮
Han
Imperial
AD 407–436
29 years
Huiyi of YanWencheng of Northern Yan
Zhaocheng of Northern Yan
(list)(tree)
Northern dynasties北朝Běi CháoPei3 Ch῾ao2ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ
AD 386–581
195 years
(list)(tree)
Northern Wei北魏Běi WèiPei3 Wei4ㄅㄟˇ ㄨㄟˋ
Tuoba拓跋
Xianbei
Princely(AD 386–399)Imperial(AD 399–535)
AD 386–535
149 years
Daowu of Northern Wei
Xiaowu of Northern Wei
(list)(tree)
Eastern Wei東魏Dōng WèiTung1 Wei4ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨㄟˋ
Yuan元
Xianbei
Imperial
AD 534–550
16 years
Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
(list)(tree)
Western Wei西魏Xī WèiHsi1 Wei4ㄒㄧ ㄨㄟˋ
Yuan元
Xianbei
Imperial
AD 535–557
22 years
Wen of Western Wei
Gong of Western Wei
(list)(tree)
Northern Qi北齊Běi QíPei3 Ch῾i2ㄅㄟˇ ㄑㄧˊ
Gao高
Han
Imperial
AD 550–577
27 years
Wenxuan of Northern Qi
Gao Heng
(list)(tree)
Northern Zhou北周Běi ZhōuPei3 Chou1ㄅㄟˇ ㄓㄡ
Yuwen宇文
Xianbei
Imperial
AD 557–581
24 years
Xiaomin of Northern Zhou
Jing of Northern Zhou
(list)(tree)
Southern dynasties南朝Nán CháoNan2 Ch῾ao2ㄋㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ
AD 420–589
169 years
(list)(tree)
Liu Song劉宋Liú SòngLiu2 Sung4ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ
Liu劉
Han
Imperial
AD 420–479
59 years
Wu of Liu Song
Shun of Liu Song
(list)(tree)
Southern Qi南齊Nán QíNan2 Ch῾i2ㄋㄢˊ ㄑㄧˊ
Xiao蕭
Han
Imperial
AD 479–502
23 years
Gao of Southern Qi
He of Southern Qi
(list)(tree)
Liang dynasty梁朝Liáng CháoLiang2 Ch῾ao2ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ
Xiao蕭
Han
Imperial
AD 502–557
55 years
Wu of Liang
Jing of Liang
(list)(tree)
Chen dynasty陳朝Chén CháoCh῾en2 Ch῾ao2ㄔㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ
Chen陳
Han
Imperial
AD 557–589
32 years
Wu of Chen
Chen Shubao
(list)(tree)
Middle Imperial China
Sui dynasty隋朝Suí CháoSui2 Ch῾ao2ㄙㄨㄟˊ ㄔㄠˊ
Yang楊
Han
Imperial
AD 581–619
38 years
Wen of Sui
Gong of Sui
(list)(tree)
Tang dynasty唐朝Táng CháoT῾ang2 Ch῾ao2ㄊㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ
Li李
Han
Imperial
AD 618–690, AD 705–907
274 years
Gaozu of Tang
Ai of Tang
(list)(tree)

References

  1. While the Xia dynasty is typically considered to be the first orthodox Chinese dynasty, numerous sources including the B
    https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%94%90%E6%B0%8F
  2. All attempts at restoring monarchical and dynastic rule in China following the Xinhai Revolution ended in failure. Hence
  3. As per contemporary historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in
  4. While the character 王 (wáng) is translated as "king", this term is often more broadly applied to all dynasties, includin
  5. In AD 1906, the Qing dynasty initiated a series of reforms under the auspices of the Empress Xiaoqinxian to transition t
  6. A powerful consort kin, usually a male, could force the reigning monarch to abdicate in his favor, thereby prompting a c
  7. The term "kingdom" is potentially misleading as not all rulers held the title of king. For example, all sovereigns of th
  8. As proposed by scholars such as Fu Sinian and Ray Huang, there were three major Chinese empires historically. The "First
  9. "Anterior" is employed in some sources in place of "Former".
  10. "Latter" or "Posterior" is employed in some sources in place of "Later".
  11. The English and Chinese names stated are historiographical denominations. These should not be confused with the guóhào o
  12. The English names shown are based on the Hanyu Pinyin renditions, the most common form of Mandarin romanization currentl
  13. The Chinese characters shown are in Traditional Chinese. Some characters may have simplified versions that are currently
  14. While Chinese historiography tends to treat dynasties as being of specific ethnic stocks, there were some monarchs who h
  15. The status of a dynasty was dependent upon the supreme title bore by its monarch at any given time. For instance, since
  16. The monarchs listed were the de facto founders of dynasties. However, it was common for Chinese monarchs to posthumously
  17. In addition to the ancestral name Si (姒), the ruling house of the Xia dynasty also bore the lineage name Xiahou (夏后).
  18. Youqiong Yi, surnamed Youqiong (有窮), was of Dongyi descent. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succes
  19. Yun Zhuo, surnamed Yun (妘), was of Dongyi descent. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
  20. The dates given for the Xia dynasty, the Shang dynasty, and the Western Zhou prior to the start of the Gonghe Regency in
  21. The rule of the Xia dynasty was traditionally dated 2205–1766 BC as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.
  22. The rule of the Shang dynasty was traditionally dated 1766–1122 BC as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin
  23. The Western Zhou (西周) and the Eastern Zhou (東周) are collectively known as the Zhou dynasty (周朝; Zhōu Cháo; Chou1 Ch῾ao2;
  24. The rule of the Western Zhou was traditionally dated 1122–771 BC as per the calculations made by the historian Liu Xin.
  25. The terms "Chinese Empire" and "Empire of China" usually refer to the Chinese state under the rule of various imperial d
  26. In addition to the ancestral name Ying (嬴), the ruling house of the Qin dynasty also bore the lineage name Zhao (趙).
  27. The Western Han (西漢) and the Eastern Han (東漢) are collectively known as the Han dynasty (漢朝; Hàn Cháo; Han4 Ch῾ao2; ㄏㄢˋ
  28. Some historians consider 206 BC, the year in which the Emperor Gao of Han was proclaimed "King of Han", to be the start
  29. Liu Ying was not officially enthroned and maintained the title huáng tàizǐ (皇太子; "crown prince") during the regency of W
  30. The Western Jin (西晉) and the Eastern Jin (東晉) are collectively known as the Jin dynasty (晉朝; Jìn Cháo; Chin4 Ch῾ao2; ㄐㄧㄣ
  31. The names of the Jin dynasty (晉朝) of the Sima clan and the Jin dynasty (金朝) of the Wanyan clan are rendered similarly us
  32. The Sixteen Kingdoms are also referred to as the "Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians" (五胡十六國; Wǔ Hú Shíliù Guó), al
  33. The ruling house of the Han-Zhao initially bore the surname Luandi (攣鞮). Liu (劉) was subsequently adopted as the surname
  34. As Jin Zhun, surnamed Jin (靳), was not a member of the Liu (劉) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynasti
  35. Some historians consider AD 303, the year in which the Emperor Jing of Cheng-Han declared the era name "Jianchu" (建初), t
    https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%9D_(%E6%88%90%E6%B1%89)
  36. The ruling house of the Former Qin initially bore the surname Pu (蒲). The Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin subsequently adopt
  37. Some historians consider AD 350, the year in which the Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin was proclaimed "Prince of Three Qins"
  38. As Lan Han, surnamed Lan (蘭), was not a member of the Murong (慕容) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dyna
  39. The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Gaogouli descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕
  40. Depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan, the Later Yan ended in either AD 407 or AD 409 and lasted either 23
  41. The Emperor Huiyi of Yan could either be the last Later Yan monarch or the founder of the Northern Yan depending on the
  42. The Western Qin was interrupted by the Later Qin between AD 400 and AD 409. Chinese historiography does not make a disti
  43. The names of the Later Liang (後涼) of the Lü clan and the Later Liang (後梁) of the Zhu clan are rendered similarly using t
  44. The ruling house of the Southern Liang initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). Tufa Pigu subsequently adopted Tufa (禿髮) a
  45. The Southern Liang was interrupted by the Later Qin between AD 404 and AD 408. Chinese historiography does not make a di
  46. Duan Ye, surnamed Duan (段), was of Han descent. The enthronement of the Prince Wuxuan of Northern Liang was therefore no
  47. The ruling house of the Hu Xia initially bore the surname Luandi (攣鞮). Liu (劉) was adopted as the surname prior to the e
  48. The Emperor Huiyi of Yan was of Gaogouli descent. Originally surnamed Gao (高), he was an adopted member of the Murong (慕
  49. Depending on the status of the Emperor Huiyi of Yan, the Northern Yan was established in either AD 407 or AD 409 and las
  50. The ruling house of the Northern Wei initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei subseque
  51. The ruling house of the Eastern Wei initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei subsequen
  52. The ruling house of the Western Wei initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei subsequen
  53. The ruling house of the Sui dynasty initially bore the surname Yang (楊). The Western Wei later bestowed the surname Puli
  54. The ruling house of the Tang dynasty initially bore the surname Li (李). The Western Wei later bestowed the surname Daye
  55. The Tang dynasty was interrupted by the Wu Zhou between AD 690 and AD 705. Chinese historiography does not make a distin
  56. The ruling house of the Later Tang initially bore the surname Zhuye (朱邪). The Emperor Xianzu of Later Tang subsequently
  57. The Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang, originally without surname, was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan. His enthroneme
  58. Li Congke was of Han descent. Originally surnamed Wang (王), he was an adopted member of the Li (李) clan. His enthronemen
  59. The names of the Later Jin (後晉) of the Shi clan and the Later Jin (後金) of the Aisin Gioro clan are rendered similarly us
  60. The Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, originally surnamed Chai (柴), was an adopted member of the Guo (郭) clan. His enthrone
  61. Some historians consider AD 902, the year in which the Emperor Taizu of Yang Wu was proclaimed "Prince of Wu", to be the
  62. As Zhu Wenjin, surnamed Zhu (朱), was not a member of the Wang (王) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dyna
  63. The ruling house of the Jingnan initially bore the surname Gao (高). The Prince Wuxin of Chu subsequently adopted Zhu (朱)
  64. The ruling house of the Southern Tang initially bore the surname Li (李). The Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang subsequently
  65. Liu Ji'en was of Han descent. Originally surnamed Xue (薛), he was an adopted member of the Liu (劉) clan. His enthronemen
  66. The Emperor Yingwu of Northern Han was of Han descent. Originally surnamed He (何), he was an adopted member of the Liu (
  67. Some historians consider AD 907, the year in which the Emperor Taizu of Liao was proclaimed "Khagan of the Khitans", to
  68. Kuchlug, originally without surname, was of Naiman descent. As he was not a member of the Yelü (耶律) clan by birth, his e
  69. Some historians consider AD 1132, the year in which the Emperor Dezong of Western Liao was proclaimed "Gurkhan", to be t
  70. The Northern Song (北宋) and the Southern Song (南宋) are collectively known as the Song dynasty (宋朝; Sòng Cháo; Sung4 Ch῾ao
  71. The ruling house of the Western Xia initially bore the surname Tuoba (拓跋). The Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty later b
  72. The ruling house of the Yuan dynasty initially bore the surname Kiyad (乞顏). Borjigin Munkhag and Kiyad-Borjigin Khabul r
  73. Some historians consider AD 1260, the year in which the Emperor Shizu of Yuan was proclaimed "Khagan of the Great Mongol
    https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B5%B1_(%E5%B9%B4%E8%99%9F)
  74. The ruling house of the Northern Yuan initially bore the surname Kiyad (乞顏). Borjigin Munkhag and Kiyad-Borjigin Khabul
  75. Choros Esen, surnamed Choros (綽羅斯), was of Oirat descent. As he was not a member of the Borjigin (孛兒只斤) clan by birth, h
  76. Traditional Chinese historiography considers the Northern Yuan to have ended in either AD 1388 or AD 1402 when the dynas
    https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC_(%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4)
  77. Some historians consider AD 1664, the year in which the reign of the Dingwu Emperor came to an end, to be the end of the
  78. The Jurchen ethnic group was renamed "Manchu" in AD 1635 by the Emperor Taizong of Qing.
  79. The Articles of Favorable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor After His Abdication allowed the Xuantong Emperor to retai
    https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7
  80. The Qing dynasty was briefly restored between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917 when Zhang Xun reinstalled the Xuantong Emper
  81. As proposed by scholars such as Tan Qixiang, the geographical extent of "China" as defined in Chinese historical geograp
  82. The dynastic regimes included in this timeline are the same as the list above.
  83. Journal of East Asian Archaeology
    https://brill.com/view/journals/jeaa/4/1/article-p321.xml
  84. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnKSfAS4PcC&q=tang+yu+xia+shang+zhou&pg=PA31
  85. Musing with Confucius and Paul: Toward a Chinese Christian Theology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_tDYDwAAQBAJ&q=yu+xia+shang+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA24
  86. Medicine and Society in Late Imperial China: A Study of Physicians in Suzhou, 1600–1850
    https://books.google.com/books?id=oiGkWyynvAMC&q=tang+yu+xia+shang+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA73
  87. Hebei Academic Journal
    https://www.ixueshu.com/document/13b7db55e198eae3318947a18e7f9386.html
  88. "远古时期的"古唐朝"?比夏朝还早1600年,如被证实历史或将改写"
    https://k.sina.cn/article_7062118287_1a4ef5f8f00100ky0y.html
  89. Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&q=chinese+dynasty+han+and+non-han&pg=PA287
  90. China: A History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=fcy1N5GXs4wC&q=chinese+dynasty+broken+succession&pg=PT21
  91. 当代中国近代史理论研究
    https://books.google.com/books?id=oIlVDwAAQBAJ&q=%E6%9C%9D%E4%BB%A3+%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%99%E8%BF%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%84%89%E7%BB%9C&pg=PT19
  92. The Cambridge History of China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&q=ming+porcelain&pg=PA395
  93. Studies in Ethnopragmatics, Cultural Semantics, and Intercultural Communication: Minimal English (and Beyond)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9MO4DwAAQBAJ&q=zhou+dynasty+longest+dynasty&pg=PA100
  94. The Crisis of the 14th Century: Teleconnections between Environmental and Societal Change?
    https://books.google.com/books?id=G0HEDwAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+largest+territory&pg=PA153
  95. Chinese Language Education in the United States
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FvbpCgAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+largest+territory&pg=PA9
  96. The General Themes of the Ocean Culture World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=eXE_AAAAYAAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+largest+territory
  97. World Civilizations: Volume I: To 1700
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Tds8AAAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+largest+territory&pg=PA373
  98. China's Last Empire: The Great Qing
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&q=qing+dynasty+largest+territory&pg=PA1
  99. In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=itKyDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA50
  100. Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA293
  101. Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6p1WDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA45
  102. China and the Chinese
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lvt8GobNM5MC&q=heavenly+dynasty+china&pg=PA22
  103. 历史的瀑布与峡谷:中华文明的文化结构和现代转型
    https://books.google.com/books?id=EXoLAQAAMAAJ&q=中国朝代自称天朝
  104. The Paper
    https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1864544
  105. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vr81YoYK0c4C&q=yu+the+great+dynastic+rule&pg=PA10
  106. Confucian Perfectionism: A Political Philosophy for Modern Times
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Zaj3AAAAQBAJ&q=jia+tian+xia&pg=PA213
  107. Politics of the 'Other' in India and China: Western Concepts in Non-Western Contexts
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3GeaCwAAQBAJ&q=Principles+of+the+Constitution+qing&pg=PA157
  108. The Road to the Rule of Law in Modern China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6eBsBgAAQBAJ&q=qing+constitution+1911+19+creed&pg=PA135
  109. China's Quest for a Modern Constitutional Polity: from dynastic empires to modern republics
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsEzDwAAQBAJ&q=qing+constitution+1911+19+creed&pg=PA54
  110. Area Handbook for the People's Republic of China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gXl80SVbbjoC&q=chinese+throne+inheritance+male+line&pg=PA37
  111. Social History Of China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=90stDQAAQBAJ&q=wang+mang+wang+zhengjun+emperor+yuan&pg=PA95
  112. 中國現當代人學史:思想演變的時代特徵及其歷史軌跡
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DPcCDAAAQBAJ&q=公天下&pg=PA21
  113. Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan
  114. The Lloyd Cotsen Study Collection of Chinese Bronze Mirrors: Volume 2
  115. The Archaeology of Early China
  116. Age of Empires: Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties
  117. Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000-250 BC)
  118. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&q=dynastic+cycle+china&pg=PA6
  119. Modern China: Continuity and Change, 1644 to the Present
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8-SEDwAAQBAJ&q=dynastic+cycle&pg=PA19
  120. Market in State: The Political Economy of Domination in China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=CHpnDwAAQBAJ&q=dynastic+cycle+john+fairbank&pg=PA83
  121. "我国古代改朝换代的方式不外乎两种,哪种才是主流?"
    https://kknews.cc/history/2vj832e.html
  122. 国史精讲
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9xgzAQAAIAAJ&q=禅让+篡位
  123. Chinese History: A Manual
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&q=chinese+dynastic+name+guohao&pg=PA13
  124. Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+later+jin&pg=PA1
  125. The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&q=southern+ming&pg=PA1
  126. A Cultural History of Modern Science in China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cIfkH9EWUngC&q=southern+ming&pg=PA46
  127. China: A History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&q=shun+dynasty&pg=PA335
  128. The Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hwoM6gOPydEC&q=zhang+xianzhong+great+xi&pg=PA157
  129. Imperial China 900-1800
    https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&q=zhang+xianzhong+great+xi&pg=PA798
  130. Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qTm6Yka5GigC&q=rebel+during+sui+tang+transition&pg=PA80
  131. 中国民族政策史
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gxhKAQAAIAAJ&q=東魏孝静帝+中山王
  132. 禅让:中国历史上的一种权力游戏
    https://books.google.com/books?id=k-gyAQAAIAAJ&q=柴咏+崇义公
  133. Fifty Key Works of History and Historiography
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9pem7Ip_WUgC&q=a+new+dynasty+took+on+responsibility+to+write+the+history+of+the+previous+dynasty&pg=PA143
  134. Rising China and Its Postmodern Fate: Memories of Empire in a New Global Context
    https://books.google.com/books?id=debJCgAAQBAJ&q=draft+history+of+qing+republic+of+china&pg=PA59
  135. Global Modernists on Modernism: An Anthology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DLjIDwAAQBAJ&q=china+dynastic+rule+four+millennia&pg=PA282
  136. The Global Manager's Guide to Cultural Literacy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5n-XDwAAQBAJ&q=xinhai+revolution+dynastic+rule&pg=PA71
  137. Modernisation of Chinese Culture: Continuity and Change
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ECJQBwAAQBAJ&q=put+a+descendant+of+Confucius+on+the+throne+Duke+Yansheng&pg=PA74
  138. The Search for a Vanishing Beijing: A Guide to China's Capital Through the Ages
    https://books.google.com/books?id=TMMvxX67FpIC&q=Marquis+of+Extended+Grace&pg=PA176
  139. The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China: The Art of Governing Soldiers
    https://books.google.com/books?id=moZwDQAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+of+yuan+shikai+empire+of+china&pg=PA176
  140. China's Solution to Its Ethno-national Issues
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcm1DwAAQBAJ&q=puyi+restoration+1917&pg=PA51
  141. The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_ptE9EGO_WUC&q=legitimacy+of+manchukuo&pg=PA167
  142. Government Performance Management in China: Theory and Practice
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dl6mDwAAQBAJ&q=political+legitimacy+of+imperial+china&pg=PA45
  143. "历史上的国和代到底有什么区别?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200115035420/http://www.todayonhistory.com/people/201910/36697.html
  144. Three Kingdoms and Chinese Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yhogHgTrzyEC&q=legitimacy+during+three+kingdoms&pg=PA64
  145. China and the World: Ancient and Modern Silk Road
    https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS2591729318500037
  146. Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bcTE3TUssCAC&q=shu+han+continuation+of+the+legitimate+Han+dynasty+chu+hsi&pg=PA68
  147. A History of East Asia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kYKlDQAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+eastern+jin+dynasty+sixteen+kingdoms&pg=PA63
  148. The Way of the Barbarians: Redrawing Ethnic Boundaries in Tang and Song China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=O5K3DwAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+northern+and+southern+dynasties&pg=PA63
  149. The Revival of Buddhist Monasticism in Medieval China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8qCNXQSG7mUC&q=daoyi+northern+and+southern+dynasties&pg=PA24
  150. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Volume 1
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=suolu+barbarian&pg=PA446
  151. 正统与华夷:中国传统政治文化研究
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YWZ0DwAAQBAJ&q=十国正统&pg=PT29
  152. Education in Traditional China: A History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=EvLACfv6egkC&q=five+dynasties+and+ten+kingdoms+legitimacy&pg=PA238
  153. Mirroring the Past: The Writing And Use of History in Imperial China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wN99fsHpbTsC&q=legitimacy+during+song+liao+jin&pg=PA177
  154. "宋和辽究竟哪个才是正统王朝?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200731074611/https://xw.qq.com/partner/hwbrowser/20191010A0H8X2/20191010A0H8X200?ADTAG=hwb&pgv_ref=hwb&appid=hwbrowser&ctype=news
  155. Brook, Walt van Praag & Boltjes (2018). p. 52.
  156. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=B934LaVBaz8C&q=qara+khitai+legitimate+dynasty+of+china
  157. "试论清人的辽金"正统观"——以辽宋金"三史分修""各与正统"问题讨论为中心"
    http://www.360doc.com/content/19/1105/08/60669552_871172581.shtml
  158. Chinese Hegemony: Grand Strategy and International Institutions in East Asian History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ynr8CAAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+ming+northern+yuan&pg=PA126
  159. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
    https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/befeo_0336-1519_1994_num_81_1_2245.pdf
  160. Brook, Walt van Praag & Boltjes (2018). p. 54.
  161. East Asian History, Issues 19-20
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yH8wAQAAIAAJ&q=legitimacy+of+southern+ming+and+qing
  162. Modern Notions of Civilization and Culture in China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HheJDwAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+Qing+southern+ming&pg=PA30
  163. Ming China and Vietnam
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6xCwAAQBAJ&q=legitimacy+during+Qing+southern+ming&pg=PA206
  164. The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kmCpDwAAQBAJ&q=Ch%C5%ABch%C5%8D+jijitsu+imperial+japan+central+dynasty+china&pg=PA294
  165. Imagining China in Tokugawa Japan: Legends, Classics, and Historical Terms
    https://books.google.com/books?id=g4KKDwAAQBAJ&q=kai+hentai+qing+dynasty&pg=PR17
  166. 從現代到後現代的自我追尋:夏目漱石與村上春樹的比較研究
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7fmaBQAAQBAJ&q=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC+%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E8%AE%8A%E6%85%8B&pg=PA224
  167. An Historical Sketch of Chinese Historiography
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7QdGDwAAQBAJ&q=orthodox+northern+and+southern+dynasties&pg=PA321
  168. The China Handbook
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hm63AwAAQBAJ&q=prc+and+roc+legitimacy&pg=PA59
  169. Best of China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hUb_BQNkXdQC&q=western+Zhou+eastern+zhou+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA11
  170. China at War: An Encyclopedia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=R7qNuIJJsNEC&q=han+dynasty+divided+into+two+periods&pg=PA485
  171. 三字经与中国民俗画
    https://books.google.com/books?id=o_vtGt6L4GQC&q=jin+dynasty+western+jin+eastern+jin&pg=PP90
  172. 东亚文化环流十讲
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhRhEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%A7%83%E5%8F%91+%E6%8B%93%E8%B7%8B%E6%B0%8F%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90+%E7%A7%83%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%B9%E5%AD%A4&pg=PA27
  173. 中国政治制度史
    https://books.google.com/books?id=zGtMAAAAIAAJ&q=宋朝+北宋+南宋
  174. Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iB0oCwAAQBAJ&q=zhongyuan+wangchao&pg=PA5
  175. "Chinese Empire"
    https://www.dictionary.com/browse/chinese-empire
  176. "经常提到的波斯帝国,那你知道波斯第一、第二、第三帝国吗?"
    https://www.360kuai.com/pc/9f72d57dccdee86f4?cota=3&kuai_so=1&sign=360_7bc3b157
  177. 中国文化发展轨迹
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PY7kAAAAMAAJ&q=大一统+最早
  178. 图说治水与中华文明
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UWWADwAAQBAJ&q=大一统+公羊传+隐公元年&pg=PT60
  179. 历史文化探研──兰州大学历史文化学院专门史论文集
    https://books.google.com/books?id=boOjDwAAQBAJ&q=大一统+公羊传+最早&pg=PT785
  180. 世界伟人传记丛书(上)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iqo3CgAAQBAJ&q=大一统+孔子&pg=PT969
  181. 传统文化与治国理政
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mA61DwAAQBAJ&q=大一统+孟子&pg=PT200
  182. "中国历史上十个大一统王朝,其中四个国祚不过百年"
    https://kknews.cc/history/p5qxl3e.html
  183. "我国历史上这两大王朝均是大一统王朝,却教科书上却极少被提及"
    https://kknews.cc/history/ygblbka.html
  184. A Military History of China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wKpj1YfXfHEC&q=A+Military+History+of+China+sixteen+prefectures+song+emperor&pg=PA70
  185. Chinese Studies in History
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00094633.2018.1466564?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=mcsh20
  186. Warfare in Chinese History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IXKkCXDvYFYC&q=conquest+dynasties&pg=PA77
  187. Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China's Mongolian Frontier
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sQLiMYUk-nIC&q=conquest+dynasty+nationalist&pg=PA56
  188. Wilkinson (2000). pp. 13–14.
  189. 中国文化ABC
    https://books.google.com/books?id=aVp_DwAAQBAJ&q=中国朝代国号&pg=PT195
  190. "历代王朝国号的分类"
    https://www.diyifanwen.com/tool/lishichaodai/126900432717083.htm
  191. "名不正则言不顺:中国各朝代名称、国号的由来"
    http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/200709/0929_335_243492.shtml
  192. "唐朝的皇帝姓李,为什么不叫李朝而叫唐朝?"
    https://kknews.cc/history/2la3op9.html
  193. "先秦时期的诸侯国名,哪些最受后世的青睐?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200731132305/https://new.qq.com/omn/20180701/20180701A024FI.html
  194. "后周皇帝列表及简介 后周太祖世宗恭帝简介 后周是怎么灭亡的"
    http://www.8794.cn/lishi/shijian/55356.html
  195. From the Mongols to the Ming Dynasty: How a Begging Monk Became Emperor of China, Zhu Yuan Zhang
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rf8gDAAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+da+zai+qian+yuan&pg=PA13
  196. "南越国与南汉国"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200731132304/http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2017-01/04/c_129431196.htm
  197. 中国国号的故事
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kDUzAQAAIAAJ&q=国号加大字,始于胡元%E3%80%82
  198. "明朝为何定国号为"大明",绝大部分人只知道五个原因中的一个"
    https://www.jianshu.com/p/a6fffb05cb05
  199. "辽朝国号考释"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200731132305/http://www.iqh.net.cn/info.asp?column_id=478
  200. 金宋史論叢
    https://books.google.com/books?id=t21yghJHIpEC&q=大金+金史&pg=PA4
  201. The Cultural Dimensions of Sino-Japanese Relations: Essays on the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
    https://books.google.com/books?id=krq5CAAAQBAJ&q=It+was+the+ideal+of+every+dynasty+throughout+Chinese+history%2C+even+when+the+leaders+may+not+have+been+conscious+of+it%2C+to+make+their+dynastic+name+completely+identifiable+with+%E2%80%9CChina.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA66
  202. 士商工农──等级制度构建文明社会
    https://books.google.com/books?id=o-OPDAAAQBAJ&q=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B7%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5&pg=PA379
  203. Remaking the Chinese Empire: Manchu-Korean Relations, 1616–1911
    https://books.google.com/books?id=QF9oCgAAQBAJ&q=zhongguo+geographical+political+cultural+concept&pg=PA71
  204. The China Order: Centralia, World Empire, and the Nature of Chinese Power
    https://books.google.com/books?id=chUwDwAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+zhongguo+dulimbai+gurun+international+treaties&pg=PA11
  205. Western-Centrism and Contemporary Korean Political Thought
    https://books.google.com/books?id=QF9oCgAAQBAJ&q=zhongguo+geographical+political+cultural+concept&pg=PA71
  206. "为何中国古代的一些朝代前要加上"东西南北",比如"西汉"呢?"
    https://kknews.cc/history/bb4gb6.html
  207. Conflict in the Far East
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KdkUAAAAIAAJ&q=anterior+han+dynasty&pg=PA5
  208. Painted Buddhas of Xinjiang: Hidden Treasures from the Silk Road
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IS7rAAAAMAAJ&q=anterior+qin+dynasty
  209. The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Frontier, immigration, and empire in Han China, 130 B.C.–A.D. 157
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IpP5uMHSQ0AC&q=latter+dynasty&pg=PA180
  210. The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44
    https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&q=latter+jin+dynasty&pg=PA223
  211. More Than the Great Wall: The Northern Frontier and Ming National Security, 1368–1644
    https://books.google.com/books?id=t8y4DwAAQBAJ&q=latter+jin+dynasty&pg=PA512
  212. A Handbook for 1,000 Basic Chinese Characters
    https://books.google.com/books?id=c9NNC3UjRTwC&q=posterior+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA828
  213. 私家藏宝:粤桂港澳台私人藏品珍集
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YsbQaTDWseYC&q=posterior+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA7
  214. The Government of the Qin and Han Empires: 221 BCE – 220 CE
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wcpgDwAAQBAJ&q=western+han+former+han&pg=PR6
  215. "五代十国时期的十国政权之一:南吴的发展史"
    http://www.qulishi.com/article/201903/324855.html
  216. The Psychology of Chinese Gambling: A Cultural and Historical Perspective
    https://books.google.com/books?id=CpuHDwAAQBAJ&q=jingkang+incident+northern+song+southern+song&pg=PA21
  217. "先秦、秦国、秦朝、前秦、后秦、西秦是什么关系?"
    http://www.xixik.com/content/ef840f0c74a814ec
  218. 两晋南北朝史(第一册)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=X-8LEAAAQBAJ&dq=404%E5%B9%B4+%E5%82%89%E6%AA%80%E5%8E%BB%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7%E3%80%81%E7%BD%A2%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6%E4%B8%9E%E9%83%8E%E5%AE%98+%E9%99%8D%E4%BA%8E%E5%90%8E%E7%A7%A6&pg=PT228
  219. "汉分东西汉因为中间有新莽为什么唐朝中间有武周却不分东西唐"
    https://kknews.cc/history/bz3g6z6.html
  220. This is China: The First 5,000 Years
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8GpQEIU0PGkC&q=northern+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA40
  221. The Human Tradition in Premodern China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hXgKLvo1LicC&q=tang+china&pg=PA77
  222. Hainan – State, Society, and Business in a Chinese Province
    https://books.google.com/books?id=t6t9AgAAQBAJ&q=hainan+han+dynasty&pg=PA11
  223. Hong Kong, Macau and the Pearl River Delta: A Geographical Survey
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NR4qAwAAQBAJ&q=chinese+dynasty+macau&pg=PA242
  224. Hong Kong: The Pearl Made of British Mastery and Chinese Docile-diligence
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hwPUGWBTsX4C&q=chinese+dynasty+hong+kong&pg=PA3
  225. Taiwan and Chinese Nationalism: National Identity and Status in International Society
    https://books.google.com/books?id=fVX2aAuOt1EC&q=taiwan+qing+dynasty&pg=PA21
  226. China: A New Cultural History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=a2_GQpLPPl8C&q=Manchuria+qing+dynasty&pg=PA421
  227. Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xW7LDwAAQBAJ&q=tang+dynasty+rule+siberia&pg=PA260
  228. A Concise Reader of Chinese Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RR2nDwAAQBAJ&q=tang+dynasty+aral+sea&pg=PA24
  229. Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750
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  230. Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5umNthHltQC&q=mongolia+qing+dynasty&pg=PR55
  231. Agrarian Revolution
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iuROQYHKmL8C&q=vietnam+chinese+rule&pg=PA278
  232. Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=jRhHphtBg-QC&q=xinjiang+tang+dynasty&pg=PA16
  233. Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OVSMAAAAQBAJ&q=han+dynasty+korean+peninsula&pg=PA25
  234. Tanner (2009). p. 167.
  235. Lockard (2020). p. 262.
  236. Hsu (2012). p. 268.
  237. History of the World Map by Map
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dxGnDwAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+map&pg=RA1-PA33
  238. The Historical Atlas of China
    http://www.guoxue123.com/other/map/pic/14/01.jpg
  239. The Historical Atlas of China
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  240. Asian Thought on China's Changing International Relations
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IRhvBAAAQBAJ&q=chinese+tributary+system&pg=PA57
  241. Military Thought in Early China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=2hLVDgAAQBAJ&q=chinese+tributary+system+western+han&pg=PA142
  242. China's 19th Party Congress: Start Of A New Era
    https://books.google.com/books?id=jvZtDwAAQBAJ&q=chinese+tributary+system+19th+century&pg=PA197
  243. Tanner (2009). p. 419.
  244. Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=reKxAAAAQBAJ&q=complete+territories+of+manchu,+han,+mongol,+hui,+tibetan&pg=PA245
  245. 憲法何以中國
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ziEwDwAAQBAJ&q=仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國&pg=PA190
  246. 政治憲法與未來憲制
    https://books.google.com/books?id=P46rDAAAQBAJ&q=仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國&pg=PA273
  247. "Qing dynasty"
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qing-dynasty
  248. "中国历史上的十大混血皇帝,有人居然有黑人血统"
    https://kknews.cc/history/yp5kj2n.html
  249. Rereading Modern Chinese History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=fTu2CAAAQBAJ&q=Jiaqing+Emperor+mixed+blood&pg=PA301
  250. 中國古代文明與國家形成硏究
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtKQ6wVo-k4C&q=%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D+%E5%A7%92%E5%A7%93+%E5%A4%8F%E5%90%8E%E6%B0%8F&pg=PA358
  251. 一本書讀懂史記故事
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xUg5EAAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%90%8E%E7%BE%BF+%E6%9C%89%E7%AA%AE%E6%B0%8F+%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D&pg=PT23
  252. 中国亡国帝王全传
    https://books.google.com/books?id=eugEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E5%AF%92%E6%B5%9E+%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%8E%E6%B0%8F+%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D&pg=PT13
  253. Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-lbStS1LOXUC&q=xia+dynasty+2070-1600+bc&pg=PA44
  254. Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8tgDwAAQBAJ&q=zhou+dynasty+1122-256&pg=PA385
  255. Dynastic China: An Elementary History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bnCMBAAAQBAJ&q=Xia+dynasty+liu+xin&pg=PA8
  256. Life's Wonders
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cdbHDwAAQBAJ&q=shang+dynasty+1600-1046+bc&pg=PT89
  257. Tan (2014). p. 17.
  258. Descendants of the Bird Hunters of Old China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rRXGDwAAQBAJ&q=western+zhou+1046-771+bc&pg=PT170
  259. 名人取名的故事
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hE3WDwAAQBAJ&q=%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87+%E5%AC%B4%E5%A7%93+%E8%B5%B5%E6%B0%8F&pg=PT14
  260. Unearthing the Changes: Recently Discovered Manuscripts of the Yi Jing (I Ching) and Related Texts
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DcuJAwAAQBAJ&q=qin+dynasty+221-207+bc&pg=PA19
  261. An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1QhJCAAAQBAJ&q=western+han+dynasty+202+bc-9+ad&pg=PA92
  262. China Economic Review's China Business Guide 2005
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yHDqMz0zPjgC&q=western+han+206+bc+-+9+ad&pg=PA30
  263. 中华古文明史辞典
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wQoWAQAAIAAJ&q=刘婴+皇太子
  264. Astronomy in the Ancient World: Early and Modern Views on Celestial Events
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NuJ6DAAAQBAJ&q=xin+dynasty+9-23&pg=PA85
  265. The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 AD: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-y9iDwAAQBAJ&q=eastern+han+25-220&pg=PT18
  266. Gale Researcher Guide for: The Three Kingdoms and the Jin
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PfN1DwAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+220-280&pg=PP4
  267. 幻化之龍:兩千年中國歷史變遷中的孔子
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UuoqDwAAQBAJ&q=曹魏+220-266&pg=PA122
  268. Introduction to the Urban History of China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YjulDwAAQBAJ&q=shu+han+221-263&pg=PA123
  269. 香港通史:遠古至清代
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wYKgDwAAQBAJ&q=东吴+222-280&pg=PA39
  270. 近代中國海防史新論
    https://books.google.com/books?id=j-GnDgAAQBAJ&q=西晋+266-316&pg=PT265
  271. Shaping the Lotus Sutra: Buddhist Visual Culture in Medieval China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8X2bNasjuW4C&q=eastern+jin+317-420&pg=PA13
  272. A History of Chinese Civilization
    https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&q=Sixteen+Kingdoms+of+the+Five+Barbarians&pg=PA186
  273. 闲读中国史
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_Vp_DwAAQBAJ&q=十六国+304-439&pg=PT79
  274. 汉赵国史
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iNx-AAAAIAAJ&q=攣鞮+汉赵+刘渊
  275. 贵姓何来
    https://books.google.com/books?id=E9iFAAAAIAAJ&q=攣鞮+汉赵+刘渊
  276. 一次讀完二十五史故事
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cjZFDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E9%9D%B3%E5%87%86%E8%87%AA%E7%AB%8B&pg=PA169
  277. Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gc_3IXkwG3QC&q=han+Zhao+304-329&pg=PA123
  278. 中外歷史大事年表
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZSTAgAAQBAJ&q=成汉+304-347&pg=PA213
  279. Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4gNk5HzIIKgC&q=cheng+han+303-347&pg=PP25
  280. Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&q=later+Zhao+319-351&pg=PA30
  281. Where Dragon Veins Meet: The Kangxi Emperor and His Estate at Rehe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=jtTHDwAAQBAJ&q=former+liang+320-376&pg=PA225
  282. Man'yōshū and the Imperial Imagination in Early Japan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xa62AgAAQBAJ&q=former+yan+337-370&pg=PA27
  283. 人物評話:古今人物逍遙遊
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ybe2AAAAQBAJ&q=前秦+蒲姓&pg=PT115
  284. Buddhism in China: Collected Papers of Erik Zürcher
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xP0QBQAAQBAJ&q=former+qin+350-394&pg=PA589
  285. 歷代胡族王朝之民族政策
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy_bvJCtRrkC&q=蘭汗自立&pg=PA41
  286. 鮮卑列國:大興安嶺傳奇
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FadeDwAAQBAJ&q=高云+后燕末代&pg=PT90
  287. Chinese Architecture in an Age of Turmoil, 200-600
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZB_HDwAAQBAJ&q=later+384-409&pg=PA28
  288. 後秦政治外交史簡論五篇
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dztIBAAAQBAJ&q=后秦+384-417&pg=PA69
  289. Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values
    https://books.google.com/books?id=WzQrDwAAQBAJ&q=Western+Qin+385-400+409-431&pg=PA344
  290. 河西走廊藏文化史要
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bsSpDwAAQBAJ&q=后凉+386-403&pg=PT25
  291. A Short History of the Chinese People
    https://books.google.com/books?id=BZf_L1V7NLUC&dq=southern+liang+397-404+408-414&pg=PA85
  292. 历代兴衰演义
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  293. 2011:古丝绸之路
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  294. 中国历史纪年表(精)
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  295. 秦汉魏晋南北朝史
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RIBttwx-v8IC&q=西凉+400-421&pg=PA335
  296. "匈奴嬌子的赫連大夏國"
    https://kknews.cc/history/znrxjja.html
  297. The Huns
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&q=helian+bobo+surname&pg=PA30
  298. The Sinitic Civilization Book II: A Factual History Through the Lens of Archaeology, Bronzeware, Astronomy, Divination, Calendar and the Annals
    https://books.google.com/books?id=P1h7DwAAQBAJ&q=hu+xia+407-431&pg=PT610
  299. Infamous Chinese Emperors: Tales of Tyranny and Misrule
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DJF5DwAAQBAJ&q=northern+Yan+407-436&pg=PA180
  300. History and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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  301. Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
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  302. China: A New History
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  303. Great Walls and Linear Barriers
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OfmxBgAAQBAJ&q=eastern+Wei+534-550&pg=PA211
  304. The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C.–A.D. 907
    https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&q=western+wei+tuoba+restored&pg=PA140
  305. 长沙通史(古代卷)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=p2J6DwAAQBAJ&q=南朝+420-589&pg=PT140
  306. Reading Medieval Chinese Poetry: Text, Context, and Culture
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  307. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
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  308. Demon Hordes and Burning Boats: The Cult of Marshal Wen in Late Imperial Chekiang
    https://books.google.com/books?id=E71J2KpGt_IC&q=liang+dynasty+502-557&pg=PA79
  309. How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology
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  310. Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide
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  311. Ancient History of the Manchuria
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DyN-AwAAQBAJ&q=sui+dynasty+581-619&pg=PA115
  312. 唐代文化史研究
    https://books.google.com/books?id=jFlPE0esQxAC&q=%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D+%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E+%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F&pg=PA45
  313. A Good Son is Sad if He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values
    https://books.google.com/books?id=WzQrDwAAQBAJ&q=tang+dynasty+family+name+li+618-690+705-907&pg=PA348
  314. 那些顛覆時代的女人
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1d4rAwAAQBAJ&q=武周+690-705&pg=PT38
  315. Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossings in Liao China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NAFLxMAbdGgC&q=five+dynasties+907-960&pg=PA1
  316. Sources of Tibetan Tradition
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VmkMBcsXxdkC&q=later+liang+907-923&pg=PA338
  317. 《百家姓》新解
    https://books.google.com/books?id=X2Z0DwAAQBAJ&q=朱邪赤心+赐姓李&pg=PT31
  318. 中國歷史人物的讀心術
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MS50DwAAQBAJ&q=李嗣源+邈佶烈+李克用养子&pg=PA154
  319. 皇权兴衰通鉴
    https://books.google.com/books?id=v9lzAAAAIAAJ&q=李從珂+王姓
  320. The Birth of Chinese Feminism: Essential Texts in Transnational Theory
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3FmImaQfyDIC&q=later+tang+923-937&pg=PA164
  321. The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=krK8DwAAQBAJ&q=later+jin+936-947&pg=PT24
  322. The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9UTjCgAAQBAJ&q=shizong+of+later+zhou+adopted&pg=PA45
  323. Bomb, Book and Compass: Joseph Needham and the Great Secrets of China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=XAeb6KVhoCMC&q=ten+kingdoms+907-979&pg=PT246
  324. 大动乱:中古时代:五代辽宋夏金
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Tku8DwAAQBAJ&q=前蜀+907-925&pg=PT214
  325. Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Cw0pAwAAQBAJ&q=yang+wu+907-937&pg=PR21
  326. Evaluations of Sung Dynasty Painters of Renown
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iavATHwhF6MC&q=yang+wu+902-937&pg=PA34
  327. 臺灣文學與中國童謠
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tXxCDwAAQBAJ&q=楚+907-951&pg=PA172
  328. 天变:中国历代宫廷政变全景
    https://books.google.com/books?id=W-NIDwAAQBAJ&q=朱文進+闽&pg=PT309
  329. 高姓简史
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4Vp_DwAAQBAJ&q=%E9%AB%98%E5%AD%A3%E5%85%B4+%E6%9C%B1%E5%A7%93&pg=PT136
  330. 李煜
    https://books.google.com/books?id=96kpK22u-MgC&q=南唐+徐+李&pg=PA7
  331. Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ&q=southern+tang+937-976&pg=PA175
  332. 中國歴代帝王辭典
    https://books.google.com/books?id=GYVFgedgXmoC&q=刘继恩+姓薛
  333. 中國歷代帝王大觀
    https://books.google.com/books?id=k6MLAQAAMAAJ&q=劉繼元+何氏
  334. 中国历代重大战争详解:隋唐战争史
    https://books.google.com/books?id=c4yEDwAAQBAJ&q=北汉+951-979&pg=PT222
  335. The Sino-Tibetan Languages
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5MeWSTQ7F44C&q=liao+dynasty+916-1125&pg=PA7
  336. The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaning
    https://books.google.com/books?id=eTCI03Dp3NsC&q=liao+dynasty+907-1125&pg=PA189
  337. Hsu (2012). p. 272.
  338. Genghis Khan: A Biography
    https://books.google.com/books?id=aFw1DgAAQBAJ&q=kuchlug+usurpation&pg=PT12
  339. A Companion to Chinese History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VHmxDQAAQBAJ&q=western+liao+1124-1218&pg=PA130
  340. Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs: State and Identity in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PkUpCwAAQBAJ&dq=qara+khitai+1132-1218&pg=PA59
  341. 北宋的外戚與政治
    https://books.google.com/books?id=C35CDwAAQBAJ&q=北宋+960-1127&pg=PA3
  342. Celestial Women: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Song to Qing
    https://books.google.com/books?id=aPbnCwAAQBAJ&q=southern+song+1127-1279&pg=PA24
  343. Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&q=Western+Xia+weiming&pg=PA244
  344. The Tibetan History Reader
    https://books.google.com/books?id=REweJ02Xel8C&q=western+Xia+1038-1227&pg=PA562
  345. Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iABEQXUfmhIC&q=jin+dynasty+1115-1234&pg=PA77
  346. Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the "New Reform Era"
    https://books.google.com/books?id=2x-aCAAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+1271-1368&pg=PA40
  347. The Orphan of Zhao and Other Yuan Plays: The Earliest Known Versions
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bG8kBQAAQBAJ&q=yuan+dynasty+1260-1368&pg=PR9
  348. 帝国的慢性病:冰火大明
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tBW1DwAAQBAJ&q=也先+绰罗斯&pg=PT40
  349. 古代民族史(下)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch3IDwAAQBAJ&q=也先+绰罗斯&pg=PT7
  350. The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7eiWDwAAQBAJ&q=northern+yuan+1368-1635&pg=PT437
  351. 甘肃文史精萃2:学术卷
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UY-EDwAAQBAJ&q=北元鞑靼&pg=PT160
  352. 少数民族入主中国史略
    https://books.google.com/books?id=jhE6DwAAQBAJ&q=北元1402&pg=PA223
  353. The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4gB9DQAAQBAJ&q=northern+yuan+1635&pg=PA28
  354. 甲申詩史:吳梅村書寫的一六四四
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  355. 天崩地裂時代下的皇族
    https://books.google.com/books?id=x2i1DwAAQBAJ&q=南明+1644-1662&pg=PA2
  356. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Political Theory
    https://books.google.com/books?id=aMHADwAAQBAJ&q=southern+ming+1644-1664&pg=PA96
  357. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&q=Jurchen+Manchu+1635&pg=PA71
  358. A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hbEwDwAAQBAJ&q=Jurchen+Manchu+1635&pg=PA193
  359. China's Hegemony: Four Hundred Years of East Asian Domination
    https://books.google.com/books?id=eAwmDQAAQBAJ&q=later+jin+1616-1636&pg=PA236
  360. Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tAfF7d-7ysEC&q=qing+dynasty+1636-1912&pg=PA13
  361. China's Solution to Its Ethno-national Issues
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcm1DwAAQBAJ&q=Articles+of+Favorable+Treatment+of+the+Great+Qing+Emperor+After+His+Abdication&pg=PA51
  362. 中国式民主的类型学意义——一种宪法学视角的阐释
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KolVDwAAQBAJ&q=中国历史地理学+地域范围+谭其骧+清朝&pg=PT202
  363. The China Order: Centralia, World Empire, and the Nature of Chinese Power
    https://books.google.com/books?id=chUwDwAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+13+million+square+km&pg=PA68
  364. Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wJrLhcgog8oC&q=qing+dynasty+13+million+sq+km&pg=PR36
  365. 一本書讀懂亞洲史
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  366. Relationship Between the Chinese Central Authorities and Regional Governments of Hong Kong and Macao: A Legal Perspective
    https://books.google.com/books?id=f3dvDwAAQBAJ&q=Tannu+Uriankhai+qing+dynasty&pg=PA35
  367. China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization
    https://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC&q=Outer+Khingan+Range+qing+dynasty&pg=PA107
  368. 元明清史
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YXR8oHuHgZsC&q=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%9B%E8%87%B3%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4&pg=PA381
  369. Gan (2019). p. 26.
  370. The South China Sea Arbitration: A Chinese Perspective
    https://books.google.com/books?id=TzTaBAAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+south+china+sea&pg=PA186
  371. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KyVnAwAAQBAJ&q=qing+dynasty+lake+balkhash+Pamir+Mountains&pg=PA87
  372. 中国历史地理学研究
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bLltAAAAIAAJ&q=中国历史地理学+曾经在这个范围内活动的民族都是中国历史上的民族
  373. 20世纪中国学术大典:地理学
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  374. Newsletter for Research in Chinese Studies
    http://ccs.ncl.edu.tw/newsletter_84/016_027.pdf
  375. Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PuBXBQAAQBAJ&q=Lý+Bôn+China&pg=PT43
  376. East Asia: A New History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&q=Ly+Bon+Chinese&pg=PA134
  377. The Chinese Émigrés of Thailand in the Twentieth Century
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xEMsg-FkbJIC&q=Thonburi+dynasty+Chinese&pg=PA47
  378. China on the Sea: How the Maritime World Shaped Modern China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5bAyAQAAQBAJ&q=Thonburi+dynasty+Chinese&pg=PA112
  379. Vietnam
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi_BKq60OgC&dq=dinh+dynasty+chinese+tributary&pg=PA20
  380. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=first+sho+dynasty+tributary+china&pg=PA231
  381. The 'Global' and the 'Local' in Early Modern and Modern East Asia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt3zDQAAQBAJ&q=little+china+%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E&pg=PA175
  382. Korea-China Relations in History and Contemporary Implications
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_XIzDwAAQBAJ&q=little+china+%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E&pg=PA10
  383. 第三中国论
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3gh2CwAAQBAJ&q=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97+%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%87%AA%E5%B1%85&pg=PA202
  384. 東亞易學史論:《周易》在日韓越琉的傳播與影響
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iXU3DwAAQBAJ&q=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97+%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D+%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E&pg=PA161
  385. Are All Warriors Male?: Gender Roles on the Ancient Eurasian Steppe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd5bAAAAQBAJ&dq=sinicized+baekje&pg=PA126
  386. Vietnamese-Chinese Relationships at the Borderlands: Trade, Tourism and Cultural Politics
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cjoVAgAAQBAJ&dq=le+dynasty+sinicization&pg=PA28
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