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Dwight D. Eisenhower

Updated: Wikipedia source

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe and achieved the five-star rank as General of the Army. Eisenhower planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of World War II: Operation Torch in the North Africa campaign in 1942–1943 and the invasion of Normandy in 1944. Eisenhower was born in Denison, Texas, and raised in Abilene, Kansas. His family had a strong religious background, and his mother became a Jehovah's Witness. Eisenhower, however, belonged to no organized church until 1952. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, with whom he had two sons. During World War I, he was denied a request to serve in Europe and instead commanded a unit that trained tank crews. Between the wars he served in staff positions in the US and the Philippines, reaching the rank of brigadier general shortly before the entry of the US into World War II in 1941. After further promotion Eisenhower oversaw the Allied invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany. After the war ended in Europe, he served as military governor of the American-occupied zone of Germany (1945), Army Chief of Staff (1945–1948), president of Columbia University (1948–1953), and as the first supreme commander of NATO (1951–1952). In 1952, Eisenhower entered the presidential race as a Republican to block the extremist policies of Senator Robert A. Taft, who opposed NATO and sought to undo the New Deal. Eisenhower won that year's election and the 1956 election in landslides, both times defeating Adlai Stevenson II. Eisenhower's main goals in office were to contain the spread of communism and reduce federal deficits. In 1953, he considered using nuclear weapons to end the Korean War and may have threatened China with nuclear attack if an armistice was not reached quickly. China did agree and an armistice resulted, which remains in effect. His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized "inexpensive" nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions. He continued Harry S. Truman's policy of recognizing Taiwan as the legitimate government of China, and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution. His administration provided aid to help the French try to fight Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War. After the French left, he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. He supported regime-changing military coups in Iran and Guatemala orchestrated by his own administration. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, a summit meeting with the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was cancelled when a US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. Eisenhower approved the Bay of Pigs Invasion, which was left to John F. Kennedy to carry out. Eisenhower continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege. He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders which integrated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. His administration undertook the development and construction of the Interstate Highway System, which remains the largest construction of roadways in American history. In 1957, following the Soviet launch of Sputnik, Eisenhower led the American response which included the creation of NASA and the establishment of a stronger, science-based education via the National Defense Education Act. The Soviet Union began to reinforce their own space program, escalating the Space Race. His two terms saw unprecedented economic prosperity except for a minor recession in 1958. In his farewell address, he expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, which he dubbed "the military–industrial complex". Historical evaluations of his presidency place him among the upper tier of US presidents.

Infobox

Vice President
Richard Nixon
Preceded by
Position established
Succeeded by
Position abolished
President
Harry S. Truman
Deputy
Arthur Tedder
Appointed by
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Born
David Dwight Eisenhower(1890-10-14)October 14, 1890Denison, Texas, US
Died
March 28, 1969(1969-03-28) (aged 78)Washington, DC, US
Resting place
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home
Political party
Republican (from 1952)
Other politicalaffiliations
Democratic (1909)
Spouse
mw- Mamie Doud (m. 1916)
Children
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li DoudJohn
Relatives
Eisenhower family
Education
United States Military Academy (BS)
Occupation
Military officerpolitician
Nickname
"Ike"
Branch/service
United States Army
Years of service
mw- 1915–1953 1961–1969
Rank
General of the Army
Battles/wars
mw- }See battles li Border War Pancho Villa Expedition World War I World War II North African campaign Operation Torch Battle of Port Lyautey Tunisian campaign Battle of Kasserine Pass Italian campaign Operation Husky Allied invasion of Italy Operation Avalanche Operation Overlord Normandy landings Battle of the Falaise Pocket Liberation of Paris Operation Dragoon Siegfried Line campaign Operation Market Garden Operation Queen Battle of the Bulge Western Allied invasion of Germany Battle of Remagen Occupation of Germany Korean War
Awards
Army Distinguished Service Medal (5) Navy Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit (see § Awards and decorations)
Party
Republican (from 1952)

Tables

· Honors › Awards and decorations
US service medals
US service medals
US military decorations
US service medals
International and foreign awards
International and foreign awards
US military decorations
International and foreign awards
US military decorations
Army Distinguished Service Medal w/ 4 oak leaf clusters
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
US service medals
Mexican Border Service Medal
World War I Victory Medal
American Defense Service Medal
European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal w/ 7 campaign stars
World War II Victory Medal
Army of Occupation Medal w/ "Germany" clasp
National Defense Service Medal w/ 1 service star
International and foreign awards
Order of the Liberator San Martin, Grand Cross (Argentina)
Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash (Austria)
Order of Leopold, Grand Cordon (Belgium) – 1945
Croix de guerre w/ palm (Belgium)
Order of the Southern Cross, Grand Cross (Brazil)
Order of Military Merit (Brazil), Grand Cross
Order of Aeronautical Merit, Grand Cross (Brazil)
War Medal (Brazil)
Campaign Medal (Brazil)
Order of Merit, Grand Cross (Chile)
Order of the Cloud and Banner, with Special Grand Cordon, (China)
Military Order of the White Lion, Grand Cross (Czechoslovakia)
War Cross 1939–1945 (Czechoslovakia)
Order of the Elephant, Knight (Denmark) – December 15, 1945
Order of Abdon Calderón, First Class (Ecuador)
Order of Ismail, Grand Cordon (Egypt)
Order of Solomon, Knight Grand Cross with Cordon (Ethiopia)
Order of the Queen of Sheba, Member (Ethiopia)
Legion of Honour, Grand Cross (France) – 1943
Order of Liberation, Companion (France)
Military Medal (France)
Croix de guerre w/ palm (France)
Royal Order of George I, Knight Grand Cross with Swords (Greece)
Order of the Redeemer, Knight Grand Cross (Greece)
Cross of Military Merit, First Class (Guatemala)
National Order of Honour and Merit, Grand Cross with Gold Badge (Haiti)
Order of the Holy Sepulchre, Knight Grand Cross (Holy See)
Military Order of Italy, Knight Grand Cross (Italy)
Order of the Chrysanthemum, Collar (Japan)
Order of the Oak Crown, Grand Cross (Luxembourg)
Military Medal (Luxembourg)
Order pro merito Melitensi, KGC (Sovereign Military Order of Malta)
Order of the Aztec Eagle, Collar (Mexico) – 1945
Medal of Military Merit (Mexico)
Medal of Civic Merit (Mexico)
Order of Muhammad, (Morocco)
Order of Ouissam Alaouite, Grand Cross (Morocco)
· Honors › Honorary degrees
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Location
Northern Ireland
Date
August 24, 1945
School
Queen's University Belfast
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
England
England
Location
England
Date
1945
School
University of Oxford
Degree
Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Location
Massachusetts
Date
1946
School
Harvard University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Location
Pennsylvania
Date
1946
School
Gettysburg College
Degree
Doctorate
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
1946
School
University of Toronto
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Location
Pennsylvania
Date
1947
School
University of Pennsylvania
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Connecticut
Connecticut
Location
Connecticut
Date
1948
School
Yale University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
New York
New York
Location
New York
Date
1950
School
Hofstra University
Degree
Doctorate
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
Location
New Hampshire
Date
June 14, 1953
School
Dartmouth College
Degree
Doctorate
Gave commencement address
Yes
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Location
Washington, D.C.
Date
November 19, 1953
School
Catholic University of America
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Virginia
Virginia
Location
Virginia
Date
1953
School
College of William and Mary
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Illinois
Illinois
Location
Illinois
Date
1954
School
Northwestern University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Maryland
Maryland
Location
Maryland
Date
June 7, 1954
School
Washington College
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Gave commencement address
Yes
Maryland
Maryland
Location
Maryland
Date
1958
School
Johns Hopkins University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
India
India
Location
India
Date
December 17, 1959
School
University of Delhi
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Indiana
Indiana
Location
Indiana
Date
June 5, 1960
School
University of Notre Dame
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Philippines
Philippines
Location
Philippines
Date
June 16, 1960
School
University of the Philippines
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
New York
New York
Location
New York
Date
June 20, 1964
School
Bard College
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Iowa
Iowa
Location
Iowa
Date
1965
School
Grinnell College
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ohio
Ohio
Location
Ohio
Date
October 5, 1965
School
Ohio University
Degree
Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)
Gave commencement address
Yes
Location
Date
School
Degree
Gave commencement address
Northern Ireland
August 24, 1945
Queen's University Belfast
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
England
1945
University of Oxford
Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)
Massachusetts
1946
Harvard University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Pennsylvania
1946
Gettysburg College
Doctorate
Ontario
1946
University of Toronto
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Pennsylvania
1947
University of Pennsylvania
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Connecticut
1948
Yale University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
New York
1950
Hofstra University
Doctorate
New Hampshire
June 14, 1953
Dartmouth College
Doctorate
Yes
Washington, D.C.
November 19, 1953
Catholic University of America
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Virginia
1953
College of William and Mary
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Illinois
1954
Northwestern University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Maryland
June 7, 1954
Washington College
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Yes
Maryland
1958
Johns Hopkins University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
India
December 17, 1959
University of Delhi
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Indiana
June 5, 1960
University of Notre Dame
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Philippines
June 16, 1960
University of the Philippines
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
New York
June 20, 1964
Bard College
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Iowa
1965
Grinnell College
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ohio
October 5, 1965
Ohio University
Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)
Yes
· Promotions
No pin insignia in 1915
No pin insignia in 1915
No insignia
No pin insignia in 1915
Cadet, United States Military Academy: June 14, 1911
Second Lieutenant, Regular Army: June 12, 1915
No insignia
Cadet, United States Military Academy: June 14, 1911
No pin insignia in 1915
Second Lieutenant, Regular Army: June 12, 1915
First Lieutenant, Regular Army: July 1, 1916
Captain, Regular Army: May 15, 1917
Major, National Army: June 17, 1918
Lieutenant Colonel, National Army: October 20, 1918
Captain, Regular Army: June 30, 1920(Reverted to permanent rank.)
Major, Regular Army: July 2, 1920
Captain, Regular Army: November 4, 1922(Discharged as major and appointed as captain due to reduction of Army.)
Major, Regular Army: August 26, 1924
Lieutenant Colonel, Regular Army: July 1, 1936
Colonel, Army of the United States: March 6, 1941
Brigadier General, Army of the United States: September 29, 1941(temporary)
Major General, Army of the United States: March 27, 1942(temporary)
Lieutenant General, Army of the United States: July 7, 1942(temporary)
General, Army of the United States: February 11, 1943(temporary)
Brigadier General, Regular Army: August 30, 1943
Major General, Regular Army: August 30, 1943
General of the Army, Army of the United States: December 20, 1944
General of the Army, Regular Army: April 11, 1946

References

  1. Pronounced /ˈaɪzənhaʊ.ər/ ⓘ EYE-zən-how-ər.
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  179. "Internet History"
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  227. Congress & the Presidency
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