Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
Updated: 12/11/2025, 5:05:53 PM Wikipedia source
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO or D.O.; referred to in Australia as DO USA) is a medical degree conferred by the 42 osteopathic medical schools in the United States. DO and Doctor of Medicine (MD) degrees are equivalent: a DO graduate may become licensed as a physician or surgeon and thus have full medical and surgical practicing rights in all 50 US states. As of 2023, there were 186,871 osteopathic physicians and medical students in DO programs across the United States. Osteopathic medicine (as defined and regulated in the United States) emerged historically from the quasi-medical practice of osteopathy, but is now aligned with conventional, science-based medicine. As of 2024, 28% of all U.S. medical students were DO students, while 11% of all U.S. physicians were osteopathic physicians. The curricula at DO-granting medical schools are equivalent to those at MD-granting medical schools, which focus the first two years on the biomedical and clinical sciences, then two years on core clinical training in the clinical specialties. One notable difference between DO and MD training is that DOs spend an additional 300–500 hours to study pseudoscientific hands-on manipulation of the human musculoskeletal system (osteopathic manipulative technique) alongside conventional evidence-based medicine and surgery like their MD peers. However, most DOs do not practice this manipulation. Upon completing medical school, a DO graduate can enter an internship or residency training program, which may be followed by fellowship training. DO graduates attend the same graduate medical education programs as their MD counterparts.
Tables
AOA international licensure summary[57] · International variations › International practice rights
Argentina
Argentina
Country
Argentina
Country
2006
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Foreign physicians must submit credentials to various agencies and then appear before any of the National Universities to have their diploma recognized.
Australia
Australia
Country
Australia
Country
2013
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
According to documents published online, the Medical Board of Australia has "agreed to accept the DO USA as a primary medical qualification for medical registration provided that the DO USA was awarded by a medical school which has been accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation".
Austria
Austria
Country
Austria
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Hospital must have position unable to be filled by an Austrian physician.
Bahamas
Bahamas
Country
Bahamas
Country
2004
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license recognized.
Bahrain
Bahrain
Country
Bahrain
Country
2010
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license recognized.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Country
Bangladesh
Country
2000s
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license recognized.
Barbados
Barbados
Country
Barbados
Country
1995
Year of latest policy
Limited
Medical practice rights
Osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) only.
Belize
Belize
Country
Belize
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Must complete a Belizean residency for permanent license eligibility.
Bermuda
Bermuda
Country
Bermuda
Country
1997
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Required at least 2 years of GME and examination or interview by the council's Examination Committee. Non-Bermudans must have approval from the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs to work on the island.
Botswana
Botswana
Country
Botswana
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Brazil
Brazil
Country
Brazil
Country
2007
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Completion of Brazilian board exam, establishing residency and some training in a Brazilian hospital is required.
Canada
Canada
Country
Canada
Country
Alberta
Medical practice rights
Unlimited
Requirements for licensure
Requires at least 2 years of GME accredited by the ACGME or AOA and must have passed the Universities Coordinating Council Exam, a basic sciences exam, and have passed all three parts of the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada.
British Columbia
British Columbia
Country
British Columbia
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Requires at least 1 year of GME approved by the AOA or the ACGME, completed at least 1 year of GME in Canada, passed all three parts of the LMCC.
Manitoba
Manitoba
Country
Manitoba
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license recognized.
New Brunswick
New Brunswick
Country
New Brunswick
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Requires at least 2 years of GME approved by the AOA or the ACGME and has passed all 3 parts of the LMCC. Reciprocity pathway for DO physicians with a Maine license.
Newfoundland
Newfoundland
Country
Newfoundland
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
The Medical Act 2011 allows full licensure of osteopathic physicians, both for the country's full registry and its educational registry.
NW Territories
NW Territories
Country
NW Territories
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license recognized.
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia
Country
Nova Scotia
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Requires a Canadian or ACGME residency.
Ontario
Ontario
Country
Ontario
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Requires a Canadian or ACGME residency.
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island
Country
Prince Edward Island
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Quebec
Quebec
Country
Quebec
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Requires 1 year of GME approved by the AOA or ACGME, 1 year of GME in Quebec passed the written, oral and clinical board examination of the College of Family Physicians of Canada, and must speak French fluently.
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan
Country
Saskatchewan
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Yukon
Yukon
Country
Yukon
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license recognized.
Cayman Islands (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Country
Cayman Islands (UK)
Country
1983
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license recognized.
Central African Republic
Central African Republic
Country
Central African Republic
Country
1990
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US licensure and annual attendance at the National Congress for Physicians.
Chile
Chile
Country
Chile
Country
2008
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
A written exam in Spanish is required, besides a series of practical tests involving common procedures (CPR, intubation, lumbar puncture, etc.).
China
China
Country
China
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
United States DO physicians are permitted to apply for short-term medical practice licensure.
Colombia
Colombia
Country
Colombia
Country
1996
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Country
Costa Rica
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
Country
Dominican Republic
Country
2000
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license & board certification recognized.
Ecuador
Ecuador
Country
Ecuador
Country
1990
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Reciprocity exists in most Latin American countries.
Eswatini
Eswatini
Country
Eswatini
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Country
Ethiopia
Country
2011
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Must renew the license every 5 years.
Finland
Finland
Country
Finland
Country
1996
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
France
France
Country
France
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Limited
Medical practice rights
OMM only. The French government does not recognize the full scope of practice of osteopathic medicine.
The Gambia
The Gambia
Country
The Gambia
Country
2011
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Germany
Germany
Country
Germany
Country
2008
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Depends on the need. Decisions are made on an individual basis.
Ghana
Ghana
Country
Ghana
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Greece
Greece
Country
Greece
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Greek citizenship is required, unless, in rare instances, there exists a crucial need for certain types of specialist physicians. Further, a work permit must be obtained, a difficult task, and speaking Greek is an unwritten requirement. These are the same requirements as other foreign physicians.
Grenada
Grenada
Country
Grenada
Country
2007
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license recognized.
Guyana
Guyana
Country
Guyana
Country
1996
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Case-by-case basis.
Honduras
Honduras
Country
Honduras
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras must accredit all foreign titles. After accreditation is completed, the applicant must seek registration with the Medical College of Honduras (MCH).
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Country
Hong Kong
Country
1998
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Written examination. Personal interview. Training approval.
India
India
Country
India
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
The Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree is fully recognized for medical and surgical practice. In 2019, the Indian National Medical Commission (NMC) approved that a DO graduate may practice the full scope of medicine in India only if they have completed Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) residencies, which are already recognized by the NMC. According to the Indian Medical Act of 1956, "Provided further that a person seeking provisional or permanent registration shall not have to qualify the Screening Test if he/she holds an Under Graduate medical qualification from Australia/Canada/New Zealand/United Kingdom/United States of America and the holder thereof also been awarded a Post Graduate medical qualification in Australia/Canada/New Zealand/United Kingdom/United States of America and has been recognized for enrolment as medical practitioner in that country." A U.S.-granted MD or DO satisfies the undergraduate qualification requirement of this law, and ACGME residencies fulfill the postgraduate qualification clause. At the time, the Commission requested additional time to decide on recognizing residencies under the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) for those DOs who graduated from AOA residencies prior to the 2020 AOA-ACGME merger. In 2023, the NMC formally approved the now-discontinued AOA residency system, recognizing AOA credentials for DOs who completed their training under this system before the merger.
Indonesia
Indonesia
Country
Indonesia
Country
1992
Year of latest policy
Unlimited and restricted
Medical practice rights
Foreign physicians affiliated with a university project or a mission have unlimited practice rights. No private practice is allowed.
Iran
Iran
Country
Iran
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Iranian citizens who have received both the DO degree from a US osteopathic school and are board-certified in a clinical specialty. Osteopathic degrees from other countries are not accepted. The process of evaluation of the medical education and clinical training is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME).
Israel
Israel
Country
Israel
Country
2007
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Hebrew required.
Italy
Italy
Country
Italy
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Physicians are discouraged from seeking employment in Italy without firm contracts and work permits. If there is a US state law outlining reciprocity with Italy, a statement to this effect from the Italian Consulate will warrant better chances.
Jamaica
Jamaica
Country
Jamaica
Country
1994
Year of latest policy
Limited and restricted
Medical practice rights
DO physicians were permitted to supply some services while participating in a specific mission project.
Jordan
Jordan
Country
Jordan
Country
2012
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Kenya
Kenya
Country
Kenya
Country
2007
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Lebanon
Lebanon
Country
Lebanon
Country
2004
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
AOA letter required. Examination required.
Lesotho
Lesotho
Country
Lesotho
Country
1990s
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Applicants must appear before the Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy Council to answer some medical questions and present their credentials. The council will also make a recommendation about where the applicant's skills would be most helpful in the country.
Liberia
Liberia
Country
Liberia
Country
1990s
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Country
Luxembourg
Country
1987
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
The practice of medicine in Luxembourg by a doctor who is not an EU national is very rare.
Malta
Malta
Country
Malta
Country
2010
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Accepted on a case-by-case basis if the training meets the minimum educational requirements for physicians in the EU (Article 24 of Directive 2005/36/EC). Examination required.
Malawi
Malawi
Country
Malawi
Country
1991
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Mauritius
Mauritius
Country
Mauritius
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Mexico
Mexico
Country
Mexico
Country
2011
Year of latest policy
Unlimited & Restricted
Medical practice rights
Yucatán's Health Secretary Alvaro Quijano of the signed a proclamation recognizing US-trained osteopathic physicians in the state of Yucatán; DO physicians may now obtain short-term and long-term licensure through the Health Secretary's office. All other Mexican states require work permits, which are only available in conjunction with the association of a short-term medical mission project.
Micronesia
Micronesia
Country
Micronesia
Country
1993
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Statutes specifically include DOs
Namibia
Namibia
Country
Namibia
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Nepal
Nepal
Country
Nepal
Country
2008
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Approval by the Nepal Medical Council and a visa from the Immigration Department.
Netherlands
Netherlands
Country
Netherlands
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Same requirements as other foreign physicians.
New Zealand
New Zealand
Country
New Zealand
Country
2008
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Hearing required. Case-by-case basis.
Nigeria
Nigeria
Country
Nigeria
Country
2010
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US licensure and completion of specialty training required.
Norway
Norway
Country
Norway
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Limited
Medical practice rights
OMM only, but DOs may apply for recognition as medical doctors.
Pakistan
Pakistan
Country
Pakistan
Country
2011
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US osteopathic medical schools meet the Medical and Dental Council's statutory regulations for international medical graduates. The scope is unlimited, but practice setting may be restricted
Panama
Panama
Country
Panama
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Panamanian citizenship required.
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Country
Papua New Guinea
Country
2010
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Work permit required. Short-term or a long-term volunteer service license is also available.
Peru
Peru
Country
Peru
Country
2011
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Process for licensure is the same as for other IMGs.
Poland
Poland
Country
Poland
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Examination & Polish required.
Qatar
Qatar
Country
Qatar
Country
2011
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Must possess a valid work visa, and pass written and oral examinations.
Rwanda
Rwanda
Country
Rwanda
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Russia
Russia
Country
Russia
Country
2006
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Foreign physicians make arrangements to practice through Russian sponsors, such as hospitals or businesses.
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia
Country
Saint Lucia
Country
2000
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US credentials recognized.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Country
Saudi Arabia
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Foreign physicians must be recruited by a government agency, a corporation, or a private health care entity, such as a hospital.
Seychelles
Seychelles
Country
Seychelles
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone
Country
Sierra Leone
Country
1993
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Notarized US credentials recognized.
South Africa
South Africa
Country
South Africa
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US degree recognized. The AMCOA recognition of American trained DOs gave full medical and surgical practicing rights to the professionals. Same requirements as foreign physicians.
South Sudan
South Sudan
Country
South Sudan
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Sweden
Sweden
Country
Sweden
Country
2005
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Applicants must have their educations evaluated in order to determine if it is equivalent to the Swedish standards. After this, applicants must complete a two-part proficiency exam consisting of theoretical and practical portions. As this test is given in Swedish, applicants must speak Swedish at Level C1 in accordance with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Proficiency in Norwegian or Danish also satisfy the language requirements. A course in Swedish laws and additional clinical training is required upon a passing exam score. Some temporary allowances are made.
Taiwan
Taiwan
Country
Taiwan
Country
2020
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
As per licensure, a qualifying candidate graduated from the department of medicine in a foreign university or independent college recognized by the R.O.C. Ministry of Education. All US issued DO medical degree programs are recognized by the R.O.C. Ministry of Education, since United States DO physicians are permitted to apply for medical practice licensure in R.O.C. since 2009.
Tanzania
Tanzania
Country
Tanzania
Country
1985
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US license and GME recognized. Temporary work permits are available.
Uganda
Uganda
Country
Uganda
Country
2008
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Country
United Arab Emirates
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Examination required.
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Country
United Kingdom
Country
2005
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US-trained DO physicians are eligible for full medical practice rights. Applicants must pass the Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) examination and work for one year in the National Health Service. Following that year, the applicants will be able to apply for a license to practice privately. For GMC registration as a specialist, postgraduate training will need to be separately recognized by the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (PMETB). GOsC registration is also required.
Venezuela
Venezuela
Country
Venezuela
Country
2007
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Recognized status under the law of the practice of medicine.
Vietnam
Vietnam
Country
Vietnam
Country
1995
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
Foreign physicians can fill vacancies in hospitals that need certain specialists.
Zambia
Zambia
Country
Zambia
Country
2009
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
US licensure required.
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Country
Zimbabwe
Country
2019
Year of latest policy
Unlimited
Medical practice rights
The AMCOA recognition of American trained DOs gave full medical and surgical practicing rights to the professionals. Same requirements as foreign physicians.
OMM: Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
OMM: Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
Country
OMM: Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
| Country | Year of latest policy | Medical practice rights | Requirements for licensure | |
| Argentina | 2006 | Unlimited | Foreign physicians must submit credentials to various agencies and then appear before any of the National Universities to have their diploma recognized. | |
| Australia | 2013 | Unlimited | According to documents published online, the Medical Board of Australia has "agreed to accept the DO USA as a primary medical qualification for medical registration provided that the DO USA was awarded by a medical school which has been accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation". | |
| Austria | 2009 | Unlimited | Hospital must have position unable to be filled by an Austrian physician. | |
| Bahamas | 2004 | Unlimited | US license recognized. | |
| Bahrain | 2010 | Unlimited | US license recognized. | |
| Bangladesh | 2000s | Unlimited | US license recognized. | |
| Barbados | 1995 | Limited | Osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) only. | |
| Belize | 2009 | Unlimited | Must complete a Belizean residency for permanent license eligibility. | |
| Bermuda | 1997 | Unlimited | Required at least 2 years of GME and examination or interview by the council's Examination Committee. Non-Bermudans must have approval from the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs to work on the island. | |
| Botswana | 2019 | Unlimited | ||
| Brazil | 2007 | Unlimited | Completion of Brazilian board exam, establishing residency and some training in a Brazilian hospital is required. | |
| Canada | Alberta | Unlimited | Requires at least 2 years of GME accredited by the ACGME or AOA and must have passed the Universities Coordinating Council Exam, a basic sciences exam, and have passed all three parts of the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada. | |
| British Columbia | Unlimited | Requires at least 1 year of GME approved by the AOA or the ACGME, completed at least 1 year of GME in Canada, passed all three parts of the LMCC. | ||
| Manitoba | Unlimited | US license recognized. | ||
| New Brunswick | Unlimited | Requires at least 2 years of GME approved by the AOA or the ACGME and has passed all 3 parts of the LMCC. Reciprocity pathway for DO physicians with a Maine license. | ||
| Newfoundland | Unlimited | The Medical Act 2011 allows full licensure of osteopathic physicians, both for the country's full registry and its educational registry. | ||
| NW Territories | Unlimited | US license recognized. | ||
| Nova Scotia | Unlimited | Requires a Canadian or ACGME residency. | ||
| Ontario | Unlimited | Requires a Canadian or ACGME residency. | ||
| Prince Edward Island | Unlimited | |||
| Quebec | Unlimited | Requires 1 year of GME approved by the AOA or ACGME, 1 year of GME in Quebec passed the written, oral and clinical board examination of the College of Family Physicians of Canada, and must speak French fluently. | ||
| Saskatchewan | Unlimited | |||
| Yukon | Unlimited | US license recognized. | ||
| Cayman Islands (UK) | 1983 | Unlimited | US license recognized. | |
| Central African Republic | 1990 | Unlimited | US licensure and annual attendance at the National Congress for Physicians. | |
| Chile | 2008 | Unlimited | A written exam in Spanish is required, besides a series of practical tests involving common procedures (CPR, intubation, lumbar puncture, etc.). | |
| China | 2009 | Unlimited | United States DO physicians are permitted to apply for short-term medical practice licensure. | |
| Colombia | 1996 | Unlimited | Same requirements as other foreign physicians. | |
| Costa Rica | 2009 | Unlimited | Same requirements as other foreign physicians. | |
| Dominican Republic | 2000 | Unlimited | US license & board certification recognized. | |
| Ecuador | 1990 | Unlimited | Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Reciprocity exists in most Latin American countries. | |
| Eswatini | 2019 | Unlimited | ||
| Ethiopia | 2011 | Unlimited | Must renew the license every 5 years. | |
| Finland | 1996 | Unlimited | Same requirements as other foreign physicians. | |
| France | 2009 | Limited | OMM only. The French government does not recognize the full scope of practice of osteopathic medicine. | |
| The Gambia | 2011 | Unlimited | ||
| Germany | 2008 | Unlimited | Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Depends on the need. Decisions are made on an individual basis. | |
| Ghana | 2019 | Unlimited | ||
| Greece | 2009 | Unlimited | Greek citizenship is required, unless, in rare instances, there exists a crucial need for certain types of specialist physicians. Further, a work permit must be obtained, a difficult task, and speaking Greek is an unwritten requirement. These are the same requirements as other foreign physicians. | |
| Grenada | 2007 | Unlimited | US license recognized. | |
| Guyana | 1996 | Unlimited | Case-by-case basis. | |
| Honduras | 2009 | Unlimited | Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras must accredit all foreign titles. After accreditation is completed, the applicant must seek registration with the Medical College of Honduras (MCH). | |
| Hong Kong | 1998 | Unlimited | Written examination. Personal interview. Training approval. | |
| India | 2019 | Unlimited | The Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree is fully recognized for medical and surgical practice. In 2019, the Indian National Medical Commission (NMC) approved that a DO graduate may practice the full scope of medicine in India only if they have completed Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) residencies, which are already recognized by the NMC. According to the Indian Medical Act of 1956, "Provided further that a person seeking provisional or permanent registration shall not have to qualify the Screening Test if he/she holds an Under Graduate medical qualification from Australia/Canada/New Zealand/United Kingdom/United States of America and the holder thereof also been awarded a Post Graduate medical qualification in Australia/Canada/New Zealand/United Kingdom/United States of America and has been recognized for enrolment as medical practitioner in that country." A U.S.-granted MD or DO satisfies the undergraduate qualification requirement of this law, and ACGME residencies fulfill the postgraduate qualification clause. At the time, the Commission requested additional time to decide on recognizing residencies under the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) for those DOs who graduated from AOA residencies prior to the 2020 AOA-ACGME merger. In 2023, the NMC formally approved the now-discontinued AOA residency system, recognizing AOA credentials for DOs who completed their training under this system before the merger. | |
| Indonesia | 1992 | Unlimited and restricted | Foreign physicians affiliated with a university project or a mission have unlimited practice rights. No private practice is allowed. | |
| Iran | 2009 | Unlimited | Iranian citizens who have received both the DO degree from a US osteopathic school and are board-certified in a clinical specialty. Osteopathic degrees from other countries are not accepted. The process of evaluation of the medical education and clinical training is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME). | |
| Israel | 2007 | Unlimited | Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Hebrew required. | |
| Italy | 2009 | Unlimited | Physicians are discouraged from seeking employment in Italy without firm contracts and work permits. If there is a US state law outlining reciprocity with Italy, a statement to this effect from the Italian Consulate will warrant better chances. | |
| Jamaica | 1994 | Limited and restricted | DO physicians were permitted to supply some services while participating in a specific mission project. | |
References
- "Osteopathic Medicine Advances Down Under — NBOME"https://www.nbome.org/news/osteopathic-medicine-advances-down-under/
- AACOMhttps://www.aacom.org/become-a-doctor/u-s-colleges-of-osteopathic-medicine
- LCMEhttps://lcme.org/directory/
- AAMChttps://www.aamc.org/who-we-are
- American Osteopathic Associationhttps://osteopathic.org/about/aoa-statistics/
- American Osteopathic Associationhttps://osteopathic.org/about/aoa-statistics/
- Harrison's principles of internal medicine
- National Institutes of Healthhttps://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002020.htm
- "Osteopathic Medicine – What Is It?"https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/osteopathic-medicine-what-is-it/
- Science and Society: Understanding Scientific Methodology, Energy, Climate, and Sustainabilityhttps://books.google.com/books?id=tQmhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65
- Academic Medicinehttps://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2001&issue=08000&article=00016&type=abstract
- ACGMEhttps://web.archive.org/web/20210107000628/https://www.acgme.org/Newsroom/Newsroom-Details/ArticleID/10568/ACGME-AOA-and-AACOM-Usher-in-New-Era-of-Single-Accreditation-for-Graduate-Medical-Education
- ""Medical Registration for Macon County, MO as of March 27, 1874," Missouri Digital Heritage, Secretary of State of Missouri"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029230519/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=693&REC=1
- "Medical registration for Adair County, MO dated 28 July 1883"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029225308/http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fatsu&CISOPTR=759&CISOBOX=1&REC=2
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