Divided government in the United States
Updated: 5/24/2026, 6:52:10 PM Wikipedia source
In the United States of America, divided government describes a situation in which one party controls the White House (executive branch), while another party controls one or both houses of the United States Congress (legislative branch). Divided government is seen by different groups as a benefit or as an undesirable product of the model of governance used in the U . political system. Under said model, known as the separation of powers, the state is divided into different branches. Each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the others. The degree to which the president of the United States has control of Congress often determines their political strength, such as the ability to pass sponsored legislation, ratify treaties, and have Cabinet members and judges approved. Early in the 19th century, divided government was rare. Since the 1970s it has become increasingly common.
Tables
· Party control of legislative and executive branches › List
1789–1791
1789–1791
Year
1789–1791
Senate
F
House
F
President
party
I
President
Washington
1791–1793
1791–1793
Year
1791–1793
Senate
F
House
F
President
party
I
1793–1795
1793–1795
Year
1793–1795
Senate
F
House
DR
President
party
I
1795–1797
1795–1797
Year
1795–1797
Senate
F
House
DR
President
party
I
1797–1799
1797–1799
Year
1797–1799
Senate
F
House
F
President
party
F
President
J. Adams
1799–1801
1799–1801
Year
1799–1801
Senate
F
House
F
President
party
F
1801–1803
1801–1803
Year
1801–1803
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
President
Jefferson
1803–1805
1803–1805
Year
1803–1805
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
1805–1807
1805–1807
Year
1805–1807
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
1807–1809
1807–1809
Year
1807–1809
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
1809–1811
1809–1811
Year
1809–1811
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
President
Madison
1811–1813
1811–1813
Year
1811–1813
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
1813–1815
1813–1815
Year
1813–1815
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
1815–1817
1815–1817
Year
1815–1817
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
1817–1819
1817–1819
Year
1817–1819
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
President
Monroe
1819–1821
1819–1821
Year
1819–1821
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
1821–1823
1821–1823
Year
1821–1823
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
1823–1825
1823–1825
Year
1823–1825
Senate
DR
House
DR
President
party
DR
1825–1827
1825–1827
Year
1825–1827
Senate
D
House
DR
President
party
DR
President
J . Adams
1827–1829
1827–1829
Year
1827–1829
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
DR
1829–1831
1829–1831
Year
1829–1831
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
President
Jackson
1831–1833
1831–1833
Year
1831–1833
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1833–1835
1833–1835
Year
1833–1835
Senate
W
House
D
President
party
D
1835–1837
1835–1837
Year
1835–1837
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1837–1839
1837–1839
Year
1837–1839
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
President
Buren
1839–1841
1839–1841
Year
1839–1841
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1841–1843
1841–1843
Year
1841–1843
Senate
W
House
W
President
party
W
President
W. Harrison / Tyler
1843–1845
1843–1845
Year
1843–1845
Senate
W
House
D
President
party
I
President
Tyler
1845–1847
1845–1847
Year
1845–1847
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
President
Polk
1847–1849
1847–1849
Year
1847–1849
Senate
D
House
W
President
party
D
1849–1851
1849–1851
Year
1849–1851
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
W
President
Taylor / Fillmore
1851–1853
1851–1853
Year
1851–1853
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
W
President
Fillmore
1853–1855
1853–1855
Year
1853–1855
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
President
Pierce
1855–1857
1855–1857
Year
1855–1857
Senate
D
House
W
President
party
D
1857–1859
1857–1859
Year
1857–1859
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
President
Buchanan
1859–1861
1859–1861
Year
1859–1861
Senate
D
House
R
President
party
D
1861–1863
1861–1863
Year
1861–1863
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
Lincoln
1863–1865
1863–1865
Year
1863–1865
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
1865–1867
1865–1867
Year
1865–1867
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
D
President
A. Johnson
1867–1869
1867–1869
Year
1867–1869
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
D
1869–1871
1869–1871
Year
1869–1871
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
Grant
1871–1873
1871–1873
Year
1871–1873
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
1873–1875
1873–1875
Year
1873–1875
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
1875–1877
1875–1877
Year
1875–1877
Senate
R
House
D
President
party
R
1877–1879
1877–1879
Year
1877–1879
Senate
R
House
D
President
party
R
President
Hayes
1879–1881
1879–1881
Year
1879–1881
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
R
1881–1883
1881–1883
Year
1881–1883
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
Garfield / Arthur
1883–1885
1883–1885
Year
1883–1885
Senate
R
House
D
President
party
R
President
Arthur
1885–1887
1885–1887
Year
1885–1887
Senate
R
House
D
President
party
D
President
Cleveland
1887–1889
1887–1889
Year
1887–1889
Senate
R
House
D
President
party
D
1889–1891
1889–1891
Year
1889–1891
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
B. Harrison
1891–1893
1891–1893
Year
1891–1893
Senate
R
House
D
President
party
R
1893–1895
1893–1895
Year
1893–1895
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
President
Cleveland
1895–1897
1895–1897
Year
1895–1897
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
D
1897–1899
1897–1899
Year
1897–1899
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
McKinley
1899–1901
1899–1901
Year
1899–1901
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
1901–1903
1901–1903
Year
1901–1903
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
McKinley / T. Roosevelt
1903–1905
1903–1905
Year
1903–1905
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
T. Roosevelt
1905–1907
1905–1907
Year
1905–1907
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
1907–1909
1907–1909
Year
1907–1909
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
1909–1911
1909–1911
Year
1909–1911
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
Taft
1911–1913
1911–1913
Year
1911–1913
Senate
R
House
D
President
party
R
1913–1915
1913–1915
Year
1913–1915
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
President
Wilson
1915–1917
1915–1917
Year
1915–1917
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1917–1919
1917–1919
Year
1917–1919
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1919–1921
1919–1921
Year
1919–1921
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
D
1921–1923
1921–1923
Year
1921–1923
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
Harding
1923–1925
1923–1925
Year
1923–1925
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
Harding / Coolidge
1925–1927
1925–1927
Year
1925–1927
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
Coolidge
1927–1929
1927–1929
Year
1927–1929
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
1929–1931
1929–1931
Year
1929–1931
Senate
R
House
R
President
party
R
President
Hoover
1931–1933
1931–1933
Year
1931–1933
Senate
R
House
D
President
party
R
1933–1935
1933–1935
Year
1933–1935
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
President
F . Roosevelt
1935–1937
1935–1937
Year
1935–1937
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1937–1939
1937–1939
Year
1937–1939
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1939–1941
1939–1941
Year
1939–1941
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1941–1943
1941–1943
Year
1941–1943
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1943–1945
1943–1945
Year
1943–1945
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
1945–1947
1945–1947
Year
1945–1947
Senate
D
House
D
President
party
D
President
F . Roosevelt / Truman
| Year | Senate | House | President party | President |
| 1789–1791 | F | F | I | Washington |
| 1791–1793 | F | F | I | |
| 1793–1795 | F | DR | I | |
| 1795–1797 | F | DR | I | |
| 1797–1799 | F | F | F | J. Adams |
| 1799–1801 | F | F | F | |
| 1801–1803 | DR | DR | DR | Jefferson |
| 1803–1805 | DR | DR | DR | |
| 1805–1807 | DR | DR | DR | |
| 1807–1809 | DR | DR | DR | |
| 1809–1811 | DR | DR | DR | Madison |
| 1811–1813 | DR | DR | DR | |
| 1813–1815 | DR | DR | DR | |
| 1815–1817 | DR | DR | DR | |
| 1817–1819 | DR | DR | DR | Monroe |
| 1819–1821 | DR | DR | DR | |
| 1821–1823 | DR | DR | DR | |
| 1823–1825 | DR | DR | DR | |
| 1825–1827 | D | DR | DR | J . Adams |
| 1827–1829 | D | D | DR | |
| 1829–1831 | D | D | D | Jackson |
| 1831–1833 | D | D | D | |
| 1833–1835 | W | D | D | |
| 1835–1837 | D | D | D | |
| 1837–1839 | D | D | D | Buren |
| 1839–1841 | D | D | D | |
| 1841–1843 | W | W | W | W. Harrison / Tyler |
| 1843–1845 | W | D | I | Tyler |
| 1845–1847 | D | D | D | Polk |
| 1847–1849 | D | W | D | |
| 1849–1851 | D | D | W | Taylor / Fillmore |
| 1851–1853 | D | D | W | Fillmore |
| 1853–1855 | D | D | D | Pierce |
| 1855–1857 | D | W | D | |
| 1857–1859 | D | D | D | Buchanan |
| 1859–1861 | D | R | D | |
| 1861–1863 | R | R | R | Lincoln |
| 1863–1865 | R | R | R | |
| 1865–1867 | R | R | D | A. Johnson |
| 1867–1869 | R | R | D | |
| 1869–1871 | R | R | R | Grant |
| 1871–1873 | R | R | R | |
| 1873–1875 | R | R | R | |
| 1875–1877 | R | D | R | |
| 1877–1879 | R | D | R | Hayes |
| 1879–1881 | D | D | R | |
| 1881–1883 | R | R | R | Garfield / Arthur |
| 1883–1885 | R | D | R | Arthur |
| 1885–1887 | R | D | D | Cleveland |
· Presidents by congressional control and terms
1
1
No.
1
President
George Washington
President's party
None
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
8
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
4
House with
4
Col 12
4
2
2
No.
2
President
John Adams
President's party
Federalist
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
4
House with
0
Col 12
4
3
3
No.
3
President
Thomas Jefferson
President's party
Democratic-Republican
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
8
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
8
House with
0
Col 12
8
4
4
No.
4
President
James Madison
President's party
Democratic-Republican
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
8
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
8
House with
0
Col 12
8
5
5
No.
5
President
James Monroe
President's party
Democratic-Republican
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
8
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
8
House with
0
Col 12
8
6
6
No.
6
President
John Quincy Adams
President's party
Democratic-Republican
President's party
National-Republican
Elections won
1
Years served
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
4
House with
2
House opposed
2
7
7
No.
7
President
Andrew Jackson
President's party
Democratic
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
6
Senate with
2
Senate opposed
8
House with
0
Col 12
6
8
8
No.
8
President
Martin Van Buren
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
4
House with
0
Col 12
4
9
9
No.
9
President
William Harrison
President's party
Whig
President's party
1
Elections won
0
Col 7
0
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
0
House with
0
Col 12
0
10
10
No.
10
President
John Tyler
President's party
Whig
President's party
Independent
Elections won
0
Years served
3
Senate with
3
Senate opposed
0
House with
1
House opposed
2
11
11
No.
11
President
James Polk
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
2
Col 12
2
12
12
No.
12
President
Zachary Taylor
President's party
Whig
President's party
1
Elections won
1
Col 7
0
Senate with
1
Senate opposed
0
House with
1
Col 12
0
13
13
No.
13
President
Millard Fillmore
President's party
Whig
President's party
0
Elections won
3
Col 7
0
Senate with
3
Senate opposed
0
House with
3
Col 12
0
14
14
No.
14
President
Franklin Pierce
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
2
Col 12
2
15
15
No.
15
President
James Buchanan
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
2
Col 12
2
16
16
No.
16
President
Abraham Lincoln
President's party
Republican
President's party
National Union
Elections won
2
Years served
4
Senate with
4
Senate opposed
0
House with
4
House opposed
0
17
17
No.
17
President
Andrew Johnson
President's party
National Union
President's party
Democratic
Elections won
0
Years served
3
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
3
House with
0
House opposed
3
18
18
No.
18
President
Ulysses Grant
President's party
Republican
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
8
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
6
House with
2
Col 12
6
19
19
No.
19
President
Rutherford Hayes
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
2
Senate with
2
Senate opposed
0
House with
4
Col 12
0
20
20
No.
20
President
James Garfield
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
0
Col 7
0
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
0
House with
0
Col 12
0
21
21
No.
21
President
Chester Arthur
President's party
Republican
President's party
0
Elections won
3
Col 7
3
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
1
House with
2
Col 12
1
22
22
No.
22
President
Grover Cleveland
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
0
Senate with
4
Senate opposed
4
House with
0
Col 12
0
23
23
No.
23
President
Benjamin Harrison
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
2
Col 12
2
24
24
No.
24
President
Grover Cleveland
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
2
Senate with
2
Senate opposed
2
House with
2
Col 12
2
25
25
No.
25
President
William McKinley
President's party
Republican
President's party
2
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
4
House with
0
Col 12
4
26
26
No.
26
President
Theodore Roosevelt
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
7
Col 7
7
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
7
House with
0
Col 12
7
27
27
No.
27
President
William Taft
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
2
Col 12
2
28
28
No.
28
President
Woodrow Wilson
President's party
Democratic
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
6
Senate with
2
Senate opposed
6
House with
2
Col 12
6
29
29
No.
29
President
Warren Harding
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
2
Col 7
2
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
0
Col 12
2
30
30
No.
30
President
Calvin Coolidge
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
5
Col 7
5
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
5
House with
0
Col 12
5
31
31
No.
31
President
Herbert Hoover
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
2
Col 12
2
32
32
No.
32
President
Franklin Roosevelt
President's party
Democratic
President's party
4
Elections won
12
Col 7
12
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
12
House with
0
Col 12
12
33
33
No.
33
President
Harry Truman
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
7
Col 7
5
Senate with
2
Senate opposed
5
House with
2
Col 12
5
34
34
No.
34
President
Dwight Eisenhower
President's party
Republican
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
2
Senate with
6
Senate opposed
2
House with
6
Col 12
2
35
35
No.
35
President
John Kennedy
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
2
Col 7
2
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
0
Col 12
2
36
36
No.
36
President
Lyndon Johnson
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
5
Col 7
5
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
5
House with
0
Col 12
5
37
37
No.
37
President
Richard Nixon
President's party
Republican
President's party
2
Elections won
5
Col 7
0
Senate with
5
Senate opposed
0
House with
5
Col 12
0
38
38
No.
38
President
Gerald Ford
President's party
Republican
President's party
0
Elections won
2
Col 7
0
Senate with
2
Senate opposed
0
House with
2
Col 12
0
39
39
No.
39
President
Jimmy Carter
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
4
House with
0
Col 12
4
40
40
No.
40
President
Ronald Reagan
President's party
Republican
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
6
Senate with
2
Senate opposed
0
House with
8
Col 12
0
41
41
No.
41
President
George H. W. Bush
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
0
Senate with
4
Senate opposed
0
House with
4
Col 12
0
42
42
No.
42
President
Bill Clinton
President's party
Democratic
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
2
Senate with
6
Senate opposed
2
House with
6
Col 12
2
43
43
No.
43
President
George W. Bush
President's party
Republican
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
4
Senate with
3
Senate opposed
6
House with
2
Col 12
4
44
44
No.
44
President
Barack Obama
President's party
Democratic
President's party
2
Elections won
8
Col 7
6
Senate with
2
Senate opposed
2
House with
6
Col 12
2
45
45
No.
45
President
Donald Trump
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
2
Col 12
2
46
46
No.
46
President
Joe Biden
President's party
Democratic
President's party
1
Elections won
4
Col 7
4
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
2
House with
2
Col 12
2
47
47
No.
47
President
Donald Trump
President's party
Republican
President's party
1
Elections won
1
Col 7
1
Senate with
0
Senate opposed
1
House with
0
Col 12
1
No.
No.
No.
No.
President
President
President's party
President's party
President's party
Elections won
Elections won
Years served
Col 7
Senate with
Senate with
Senate opposed
Senate opposed
House with
House with
House opposed
Col 12
Congress with
| No. | President | President's party | Elections won | Years served | Senate with | Senate opposed | House with | House opposed | Congress with | |||
| 1 | George Washington | None | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |||
| 2 | John Adams | Federalist | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | |||
| 3 | Thomas Jefferson | Democratic-Republican | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | |||
| 4 | James Madison | Democratic-Republican | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | |||
| 5 | James Monroe | Democratic-Republican | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | |||
| 6 | John Quincy Adams | Democratic-Republican | National-Republican | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 7 | Andrew Jackson | Democratic | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 6 | |||
| 8 | Martin Van Buren | Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | |||
| 9 | William Harrison | Whig | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 10 | John Tyler | Whig | Independent | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |||
| 11 | James Polk | Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 12 | Zachary Taylor | Whig | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
| 13 | Millard Fillmore | Whig | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |||
| 14 | Franklin Pierce | Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 15 | James Buchanan | Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 16 | Abraham Lincoln | Republican | National Union | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |||
| 17 | Andrew Johnson | National Union | Democratic | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | |||
| 18 | Ulysses Grant | Republican | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 6 | |||
| 19 | Rutherford Hayes | Republican | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |||
| 20 | James Garfield | Republican | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 21 | Chester Arthur | Republican | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 22 | Grover Cleveland | Democratic | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 23 | Benjamin Harrison | Republican | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 24 | Grover Cleveland | Democratic | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 25 | William McKinley | Republican | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | |||
| 26 | Theodore Roosevelt | Republican | 1 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | |||
| 27 | William Taft | Republican | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 28 | Woodrow Wilson | Democratic | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | |||
| 29 | Warren Harding | Republican | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |||
| 30 | Calvin Coolidge | Republican | 1 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | |||
| 31 | Herbert Hoover | Republican | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 32 | Franklin Roosevelt | Democratic | 4 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 12 | |||
| 33 | Harry Truman | Democratic | 1 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | |||
| 34 | Dwight Eisenhower | Republican | 2 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | |||
| 35 | John Kennedy | Democratic | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |||
| 36 | Lyndon Johnson | Democratic | 1 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | |||
| 37 | Richard Nixon | Republican | 2 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |||
| 38 | Gerald Ford | Republican | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 39 | Jimmy Carter | Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | |||
| 40 | Ronald Reagan | Republican | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 0 | |||
| 41 | George H. W. Bush | Republican | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |||
| 42 | Bill Clinton | Democratic | 2 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | |||
| 43 | George W. Bush | Republican | 2 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 4 | |||
| 44 | Barack Obama | Democratic | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 2 | |||
| 45 | Donald Trump | Republican | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 46 | Joe Biden | Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 47 | Donald Trump | Republican | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||
| No. | President | President's party | Elections won | Years served | Senate with | Senate opposed | House with | House opposed | Congress with | |||
References
- Congressional Recordhttps://www.congress.gov/senate-journal/congress-7-special-1.pdf
- Jacksonian control of the Senate was through plurality.
- Whig president William Henry Harrison died April 4, 1841, one month into his term, and was succeeded by John Tyler, who
- Whigs controlled the House through a plurality in the 2nd half of the 1st congressional session; for the remainder of th
- The 1880-81 elections resulted in a 37-37 tie in the Senate, with 1 Readjuster and 1 Independent caucusing with the oppo
- The 1916 elections resulted in the Republican Party winning a plurality of seats, but the Democratic Party formed a coal
- The 1952 elections resulted in a 49-47 Republican majority, but Wayne Morse switched to become an Independent, and vacan
- The 2000 elections resulted in a 50–50 tie in the Senate, and the Constitution gives tie-breaking power to the vice pres
- The 2020 elections resulted in a 50–50 tie in the Senate, and the Constitution gives tie-breaking power to the vice pres
- Carter served the last 17 days of his presidency with a Republican majority Senate.
- Clinton served the last 17 days of his 2nd term with a 50-50 majority in the senate, and the Constitution gives tie-brea
- Cato Institutehttps://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/would-divided-government-be-better
- "The Politics of Bureaucratic Structure"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247947716
- Social Science Quarterlyhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ssqu.12956
- "Party In Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945-2008"https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145605/http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm
- "Chart of Presidents of the United States"http://www.filibustercartoons.com/prezidents.htm
- "Composition of Congress by Party 1855–2013"http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0774721.html