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Diocletian

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Diocletian

Diocletian ( DY-ə-KLEE-shən; Latin: Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus; Ancient Greek: Διοκλητιανός, romanized: Diokletianós; 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed Jovius, was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305. He was born Diocles to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia. As with other Illyrian soldiers of the period, Diocles rose through the ranks of the military early in his career, serving under Aurelian and Probus, and eventually becoming a cavalry commander for the army of Emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on a campaign in Persia, Diocles was proclaimed emperor by the troops, taking the name "Diocletianus". The title was also claimed by Carus's surviving son, Carinus, but Diocletian defeated him in the Battle of the Margus. Diocletian's reign stabilized the empire and ended the Crisis of the Third Century. He initiated the process of the Roman Empire split and appointed fellow officer Maximian as Augustus, co-emperor, in 286. Diocletian reigned in the Eastern Empire, and Maximian reigned in the Western Empire. Diocletian delegated further on 1 March 293, appointing Galerius and Constantius as junior colleagues (each with the title Caesar), under himself and Maximian respectively. Under the Tetrarchy, or "rule of four", each tetrarch would rule over a quarter-division of the empire. Diocletian secured the empire's borders and purged it of all threats to his power. He defeated the Sarmatians and Carpi during several campaigns between 285 and 299, the Alamanni in 288, and usurpers in Egypt between 297 and 298. Galerius, aided by Diocletian, campaigned successfully against Persia, the empire's traditional enemy, and in 299, he sacked their capital, Ctesiphon. Diocletian led the subsequent negotiations and achieved a lasting and favorable peace. Diocletian separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and reorganized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire. He established new administrative centers in Nicomedia, Mediolanum, Sirmium, and Trevorum, closer to the empire's frontiers than the traditional capital at Rome. Building on third-century trends towards absolutism, he styled himself an autocrat, elevating himself above the empire's masses with imposing forms of court ceremonies and architecture. Bureaucratic and military growth, constant campaigning, and construction projects increased the state's expenditures and necessitated a comprehensive tax reform. From at least 297 on, imperial taxation was standardized, made more equitable, and levied at generally higher rates. Not all of Diocletian's plans were successful: the Edict on Maximum Prices (301), his attempt to curb inflation via price controls, was counterproductive and quickly ignored. Although effective while he ruled, Diocletian's tetrarchic system collapsed after his abdication due to the competing dynastic claims of Maxentius and Constantine, sons of Maximian and Constantius respectively. The Diocletianic Persecution (303–312), the empire's last, largest, and bloodiest official persecution of Christianity, failed to eliminate Christianity in the empire. After 324, Christianity became the empire's preferred religion under Constantine. Despite these failures and challenges, Diocletian's reforms fundamentally changed the structure of the Roman imperial government and helped stabilize the empire economically and militarily, enabling the empire to remain essentially intact for another 150 years despite being near the brink of collapse in Diocletian's youth. Weakened by illness, Diocletian left the imperial office on 1 May 305, becoming the first Roman emperor to abdicate the position voluntarily. He lived out his retirement in his palace on the Dalmatian coast, tending to his vegetable gardens. His palace eventually became the core of the modern-day city of Split in Croatia.

Infobox

mw- Solo-reignCo-reign
20 November 284 – 1 April 2861 April 286 – 1 May 305 (East)
Predecessor
Carinus[Note 1]
Successor
Galerius (East)Constantius I (West)
Co-emperor
Maximian (in the West)
Born
Diocles22 December c. 242–243Salona, Dalmatia, Roman Empire
Died
3 December 311/312 (aged c. 68)Aspalathos, Dalmatia, Roman Empire
Burial
Diocletian's Palace
Spouse
Prisca
Issue
Galeria Valeria
Names
NamesGaius Valerius DioclesGaius Valerius DiocletianusRegnal nameImperator Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus
Religion
Pontifex maximus of the Roman civil cult

Tables

Preceded byNumerian and Carinus
Preceded byNumerian and Carinus
Regnal titles
Preceded byNumerian and Carinus
Regnal titles
Roman emperor 284–305 Served alongside: Maximian
Regnal titles
Succeeded byConstantius I and Galerius
Political offices
Political offices
Regnal titles
Political offices
Preceded byCarinus,Numerian
Preceded byCarinus,Numerian
Regnal titles
Preceded byCarinus,Numerian
Regnal titles
Roman consul 284–285with Lucius Caesonius Bassus &Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus
Regnal titles
Succeeded byMarcus Junius Maximus,Vettius Aquilinus
Preceded byMarcus Junius Maximus,Vettius Aquilinus
Preceded byMarcus Junius Maximus,Vettius Aquilinus
Regnal titles
Preceded byMarcus Junius Maximus,Vettius Aquilinus
Regnal titles
Roman consul 287with Maximian
Regnal titles
Succeeded byMaximian,Pomponius Ianuarianus
Preceded byMarcus Magrius Bassus,Lucius Ragonius Quintianus
Preceded byMarcus Magrius Bassus,Lucius Ragonius Quintianus
Regnal titles
Preceded byMarcus Magrius Bassus,Lucius Ragonius Quintianus
Regnal titles
Roman consul 290with Maximian
Regnal titles
Succeeded byGaius Junius Tiberianus,Cassius Dio
Preceded byAfranius Hannibalianus,Julius Asclepiodotus
Preceded byAfranius Hannibalianus,Julius Asclepiodotus
Regnal titles
Preceded byAfranius Hannibalianus,Julius Asclepiodotus
Regnal titles
Roman consul 293with Maximian
Regnal titles
Succeeded byConstantius I,Galerius
Preceded byNummius Tuscus,Gaius Annius Anullinus
Preceded byNummius Tuscus,Gaius Annius Anullinus
Regnal titles
Preceded byNummius Tuscus,Gaius Annius Anullinus
Regnal titles
Roman consul 296with Constantius I
Regnal titles
Succeeded byMaximian,Galerius
Preceded byAnicius Faustus,Virius Gallus
Preceded byAnicius Faustus,Virius Gallus
Regnal titles
Preceded byAnicius Faustus,Virius Gallus
Regnal titles
Roman consul 299with Maximian
Regnal titles
Succeeded byConstantius I,Galerius
Preceded byConstantius I,Galerius
Preceded byConstantius I,Galerius
Regnal titles
Preceded byConstantius I,Galerius
Regnal titles
Roman consul 303–304with Maximian
Regnal titles
Succeeded byConstantius I,Galerius
Preceded byMaximian,Constantine I,Severus II,Maximinus II,Galerius
Preceded byMaximian,Constantine I,Severus II,Maximinus II,Galerius
Regnal titles
Preceded byMaximian,Constantine I,Severus II,Maximinus II,Galerius
Regnal titles
Roman consul 308with Galerius,Maxentius,Valerius Romulus
Regnal titles
Succeeded byLicinius I,Constantine I,Maxentius,Valerius Romulus
Regnal titles
Preceded byNumerian and Carinus
Roman emperor 284–305 Served alongside: Maximian
Succeeded byConstantius I and Galerius
Political offices
Preceded byCarinus,Numerian
Roman consul 284–285with Lucius Caesonius Bassus &Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus
Succeeded byMarcus Junius Maximus,Vettius Aquilinus
Preceded byMarcus Junius Maximus,Vettius Aquilinus
Roman consul 287with Maximian
Succeeded byMaximian,Pomponius Ianuarianus
Preceded byMarcus Magrius Bassus,Lucius Ragonius Quintianus
Roman consul 290with Maximian
Succeeded byGaius Junius Tiberianus,Cassius Dio
Preceded byAfranius Hannibalianus,Julius Asclepiodotus
Roman consul 293with Maximian
Succeeded byConstantius I,Galerius
Preceded byNummius Tuscus,Gaius Annius Anullinus
Roman consul 296with Constantius I
Succeeded byMaximian,Galerius
Preceded byAnicius Faustus,Virius Gallus
Roman consul 299with Maximian
Succeeded byConstantius I,Galerius
Preceded byConstantius I,Galerius
Roman consul 303–304with Maximian
Succeeded byConstantius I,Galerius
Preceded byMaximian,Constantine I,Severus II,Maximinus II,Galerius
Roman consul 308with Galerius,Maxentius,Valerius Romulus
Succeeded byLicinius I,Constantine I,Maxentius,Valerius Romulus

References

  1. Contested until July 285.
  2. Coins were issued in his name in Cyzicus some time before the end of 284, but it is impossible to know whether he was st
  3. He initially reigned under the name "Marcus Aurelius Gaius Valerius Diocletianus", but this formula didn't last long. He
  4. The chronology of Maximian's appointment as co-ruler is somewhat uncertain. Some argue that Maximian was appointed Augus
    https://archive.org/details/chronicaminorasa09momm/page/229/mode/1up
  5. He is placed there by a rescript dated 3 March 286.
  6. He is attested there in a rescript dated 31 May 287. The Jewish Midrash suggests that Diocletian resided at Panias (pres
  7. The contemporary Lactantius gives 1 March, while the 7th-century Chronicon Paschale gives 21 May. Still, not all authors
  8. It is possible that Galerius's position at the head of the caravan was merely the conventional organization of an imperi
  9. Faustus of Byzantium's history refers to a battle that took place after Galerius set up base at Satala (Sadak, Turkey) i
  10. Lactantius criticizes Diocletian for his absence from the front, but Southern, dating Diocletian's African campaigns one
  11. Diocletian almost certainly abdicated because of his advanced age and illness, but he also had a specific succession pla
  12. The range of dates proposed for Diocletian's death have stretched from 311 through to 318. Until recently, the date of 3
  13. The term consistorium was already in use for the room where council meetings took place.
  14. No one knows the population of the province in 300 AD; Strabo, 300 years earlier, put it at 7.5 million, excluding Alexa
  15. The 6th-century author John the Lydian provides extraordinarily precise troop numbers: 389,704 in the army and 45,562 in
  16. The army recruitment tax was called the praebitio tironum, and conscripted a part of each landowner's tenant farmers (co
  17. The denarius was dropped from the Imperial mints, but the values of new coins continued to be measured in reference to i
  18. LSA-298 (J. Lenaghan). The head was found in Nicomedia near a base for a statue dedicated to Diocletian.
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