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Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

Updated: Wikipedia source

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

The demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States encompass the gender, ethnicity, and religious, geographic, and economic backgrounds of the 116 people who have been appointed and confirmed as justices to the Supreme Court. Some of these characteristics have been raised as an issue since the court was established in 1789. For its first 180 years, justices were almost always white male Protestants of Anglo or Northwestern European descent. Prior to the 20th century, a few Catholics were appointed, but concerns about diversity on the court were mainly in terms of geographic diversity, to represent all geographic regions of the country, as opposed to ethnic, religious, or gender diversity. The 20th century saw the first appointment of justices who were Jewish (Louis Brandeis, 1916), African-American (Thurgood Marshall, 1967), female (Sandra Day O'Connor, 1981), and Italian-American (Antonin Scalia, 1986). The first appointment of a Hispanic justice was in the 21st century with Sonia Sotomayor in 2009, with the possible exception of Justice Benjamin Cardozo, a Sephardi Jew of Portuguese descent, who was appointed in 1932. In spite of the interest in the court's demographics and the symbolism accompanying the inevitably political appointment process, and the views of some commentators that no demographic considerations should arise in the selection process, the gender, race, educational background or religious views of the justices has played little documented role in their jurisprudence. For example, the opinions of the first two African-American justices reflected radically different judicial philosophies; William Brennan and Antonin Scalia shared Catholic faith and a Harvard Law School education, but shared little in the way of jurisprudential philosophies. The court's first two female justices voted together no more often than with their male colleagues, and historian Thomas R. Marshall writes that no particular "female perspective" can be discerned from their opinions.

Tables

Non-white justices · Ethnicity
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall
Name
Thurgood Marshall
Appointedfrom
Maryland
Birth
1908
Death
1993
Yearappointed
1967
Leftoffice
1991
Appointed by
Johnson
Reason fordeparture
retirement
Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas
Name
Clarence Thomas
Appointedfrom
Georgia
Birth
1948
Death
living
Yearappointed
1991
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
G. H. W. Bush
Reason fordeparture
Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia Sotomayor
Name
Sonia Sotomayor
Appointedfrom
New York
Birth
1954
Death
living
Yearappointed
2009
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Obama
Reason fordeparture
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Name
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Appointedfrom
Washington, D.C.
Birth
1970
Death
living
Yearappointed
2022
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Biden
Reason fordeparture
Name
Appointedfrom
Birth
Death
Yearappointed
Leftoffice
Appointed by
Reason fordeparture
Thurgood Marshall
Maryland
1908
1993
1967
1991
Johnson
retirement
Clarence Thomas
Georgia
1948
living
1991
incumbent
G. H. W. Bush
Sonia Sotomayor
New York
1954
living
2009
incumbent
Obama
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Washington, D.C.
1970
living
2022
incumbent
Biden
Women on the Supreme Court · Gender
Sandra Day O'Connor
Sandra Day O'Connor
Name
Sandra Day O'Connor
Appointedfrom
Arizona
Birth
1930
Death
2023
Yearappointed
1981
Leftoffice
2006
Appointed by
Reagan
Reason fordeparture
retirement
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Name
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Appointedfrom
New York
Birth
1933
Death
2020
Yearappointed
1993
Leftoffice
2020
Appointed by
Clinton
Reason fordeparture
death
Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia Sotomayor
Name
Sonia Sotomayor
Appointedfrom
New York
Birth
1954
Death
living
Yearappointed
2009
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Obama
Reason fordeparture
Elena Kagan
Elena Kagan
Name
Elena Kagan
Appointedfrom
New York
Birth
1960
Death
living
Yearappointed
2010
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Obama
Reason fordeparture
Amy Coney Barrett
Amy Coney Barrett
Name
Amy Coney Barrett
Appointedfrom
Indiana
Birth
1972
Death
living
Yearappointed
2020
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Trump
Reason fordeparture
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Name
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Appointedfrom
Washington, D.C.
Birth
1970
Death
living
Yearappointed
2022
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Biden
Reason fordeparture
Name
Appointedfrom
Birth
Death
Yearappointed
Leftoffice
Appointed by
Reason fordeparture
Sandra Day O'Connor
Arizona
1930
2023
1981
2006
Reagan
retirement
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
New York
1933
2020
1993
2020
Clinton
death
Sonia Sotomayor
New York
1954
living
2009
incumbent
Obama
Elena Kagan
New York
1960
living
2010
incumbent
Obama
Amy Coney Barrett
Indiana
1972
living
2020
incumbent
Trump
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Washington, D.C.
1970
living
2022
incumbent
Biden
Religious makeup of the current court · Religion
John Roberts (Chief Justice)
John Roberts (Chief Justice)
Name
John Roberts (Chief Justice)
Religion
Catholicism
Appt. by
G. W. Bush
On the court since
2005
Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas
Name
Clarence Thomas
Religion
Catholicism
Appt. by
G. H. W. Bush
On the court since
1991
Samuel Alito
Samuel Alito
Name
Samuel Alito
Religion
Catholicism
Appt. by
G. W. Bush
On the court since
2006
Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia Sotomayor
Name
Sonia Sotomayor
Religion
Catholicism
Appt. by
Obama
On the court since
2009
Elena Kagan
Elena Kagan
Name
Elena Kagan
Religion
Judaism
Appt. by
Obama
On the court since
2010
Neil Gorsuch
Neil Gorsuch
Name
Neil Gorsuch
Religion
Anglicanism/Catholicism
Appt. by
Trump
On the court since
2017
Brett Kavanaugh
Brett Kavanaugh
Name
Brett Kavanaugh
Religion
Catholicism
Appt. by
Trump
On the court since
2018
Amy Coney Barrett
Amy Coney Barrett
Name
Amy Coney Barrett
Religion
Catholicism
Appt. by
Trump
On the court since
2020
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Name
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Religion
Protestantism
Appt. by
Biden
On the court since
2022
Name
Religion
Appt. by
On the court since
John Roberts (Chief Justice)
Catholicism
G. W. Bush
2005
Clarence Thomas
Catholicism
G. H. W. Bush
1991
Samuel Alito
Catholicism
G. W. Bush
2006
Sonia Sotomayor
Catholicism
Obama
2009
Elena Kagan
Judaism
Obama
2010
Neil Gorsuch
Anglicanism/Catholicism
Trump
2017
Brett Kavanaugh
Catholicism
Trump
2018
Amy Coney Barrett
Catholicism
Trump
2020
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Protestantism
Biden
2022
Catholic justices · Religion › Catholic justices
Roger B. Taney
Roger B. Taney
Name
Roger B. Taney
Appointedfrom
Maryland
Birth
1777
Death
1864
Yearappointed
1836
Leftoffice
1864
Appointed by
Jackson
Reason fortermination
death
Edward Douglass White
Edward Douglass White
Name
Edward Douglass White
Appointedfrom
Louisiana
Birth
1845
Death
1921
Yearappointed
1894
Leftoffice
1921
Appointed by
Cleveland (associate)Taft (chief)
Reason fortermination
death
Joseph McKenna
Joseph McKenna
Name
Joseph McKenna
Appointedfrom
California
Birth
1843
Death
1926
Yearappointed
1898
Leftoffice
1925
Appointed by
McKinley
Reason fortermination
retirement
Pierce Butler
Pierce Butler
Name
Pierce Butler
Appointedfrom
Minnesota
Birth
1866
Death
1939
Yearappointed
1923
Leftoffice
1939
Appointed by
Harding
Reason fortermination
death
Frank Murphy
Frank Murphy
Name
Frank Murphy
Appointedfrom
Michigan
Birth
1890
Death
1949
Yearappointed
1940
Leftoffice
1949
Appointed by
F. Roosevelt
Reason fortermination
death
Sherman Minton
Sherman Minton
Name
Sherman Minton
Appointedfrom
Indiana
Birth
1890
Death
1965
Yearappointed
1949
Leftoffice
1956
Appointed by
Truman
Reason fortermination
retirement; death
William J. Brennan Jr.
William J. Brennan Jr.
Name
William J. Brennan Jr.
Appointedfrom
New Jersey
Birth
1906
Death
1997
Yearappointed
1956
Leftoffice
1990
Appointed by
Eisenhower
Reason fortermination
retirement; death
Antonin Scalia
Antonin Scalia
Name
Antonin Scalia
Appointedfrom
New Jersey
Birth
1936
Death
2016
Yearappointed
1986
Leftoffice
2016
Appointed by
Reagan
Reason fortermination
death
Anthony Kennedy
Anthony Kennedy
Name
Anthony Kennedy
Appointedfrom
California
Birth
1936
Death
living
Yearappointed
1988
Leftoffice
2018
Appointed by
Reagan
Reason fortermination
retirement
Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas
Name
Clarence Thomas
Appointedfrom
Georgia
Birth
1948
Death
living
Yearappointed
1991
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
G. H. W. Bush
Reason fortermination
John Roberts
John Roberts
Name
John Roberts
Appointedfrom
Maryland
Birth
1955
Death
living
Yearappointed
2005
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
G. W. Bush
Reason fortermination
Samuel Alito
Samuel Alito
Name
Samuel Alito
Appointedfrom
New Jersey
Birth
1950
Death
living
Yearappointed
2006
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
G. W. Bush
Reason fortermination
Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia Sotomayor
Name
Sonia Sotomayor
Appointedfrom
New York
Birth
1954
Death
living
Yearappointed
2009
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Obama
Reason fortermination
Brett Kavanaugh
Brett Kavanaugh
Name
Brett Kavanaugh
Appointedfrom
Washington, D.C.
Birth
1965
Death
living
Yearappointed
2018
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Trump
Reason fortermination
Amy Coney Barrett
Amy Coney Barrett
Name
Amy Coney Barrett
Appointedfrom
Indiana
Birth
1972
Death
living
Yearappointed
2020
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Trump
Reason fortermination
Name
Appointedfrom
Birth
Death
Yearappointed
Leftoffice
Appointed by
Reason fortermination
Roger B. Taney
Maryland
1777
1864
1836
1864
Jackson
death
Edward Douglass White
Louisiana
1845
1921
1894
1921
Cleveland (associate)Taft (chief)
death
Joseph McKenna
California
1843
1926
1898
1925
McKinley
retirement
Pierce Butler
Minnesota
1866
1939
1923
1939
Harding
death
Frank Murphy
Michigan
1890
1949
1940
1949
F. Roosevelt
death
Sherman Minton
Indiana
1890
1965
1949
1956
Truman
retirement; death
William J. Brennan Jr.
New Jersey
1906
1997
1956
1990
Eisenhower
retirement; death
Antonin Scalia
New Jersey
1936
2016
1986
2016
Reagan
death
Anthony Kennedy
California
1936
living
1988
2018
Reagan
retirement
Clarence Thomas
Georgia
1948
living
1991
incumbent
G. H. W. Bush
John Roberts
Maryland
1955
living
2005
incumbent
G. W. Bush
Samuel Alito
New Jersey
1950
living
2006
incumbent
G. W. Bush
Sonia Sotomayor
New York
1954
living
2009
incumbent
Obama
Brett Kavanaugh
Washington, D.C.
1965
living
2018
incumbent
Trump
Amy Coney Barrett
Indiana
1972
living
2020
incumbent
Trump
Jewish justices · Religion › Jewish justices
Louis Brandeis
Louis Brandeis
Name
Louis Brandeis
Appointedfrom
Kentucky
Birth
1856
Death
1941
Yearappointed
1916
Leftoffice
1939
Appointed by
Wilson
Reason fordeparture
retirement
Benjamin N. Cardozo
Benjamin N. Cardozo
Name
Benjamin N. Cardozo
Appointedfrom
New York
Birth
1870
Death
1938
Yearappointed
1932
Leftoffice
1938
Appointed by
Hoover
Reason fordeparture
death
Felix Frankfurter
Felix Frankfurter
Name
Felix Frankfurter
Appointedfrom
New York
Birth
1882
Death
1965
Yearappointed
1939
Leftoffice
1962
Appointed by
F. Roosevelt
Reason fordeparture
retirement
Arthur Goldberg
Arthur Goldberg
Name
Arthur Goldberg
Appointedfrom
Illinois
Birth
1908
Death
1990
Yearappointed
1962
Leftoffice
1965
Appointed by
Kennedy
Reason fordeparture
resigned to becomeUN Ambassador
Abe Fortas
Abe Fortas
Name
Abe Fortas
Appointedfrom
Tennessee
Birth
1910
Death
1982
Yearappointed
1965
Leftoffice
1969
Appointed by
L. B. Johnson
Reason fordeparture
resignation
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Name
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Appointedfrom
New York
Birth
1933
Death
2020
Yearappointed
1993
Leftoffice
2020
Appointed by
Clinton
Reason fordeparture
death
Stephen Breyer
Stephen Breyer
Name
Stephen Breyer
Appointedfrom
California
Birth
1938
Death
living
Yearappointed
1994
Leftoffice
2022
Appointed by
Clinton
Reason fordeparture
retirement
Elena Kagan
Elena Kagan
Name
Elena Kagan
Appointedfrom
New York
Birth
1960
Death
living
Yearappointed
2010
Leftoffice
incumbent
Appointed by
Obama
Reason fordeparture
Name
Appointedfrom
Birth
Death
Yearappointed
Leftoffice
Appointed by
Reason fordeparture
Louis Brandeis
Kentucky
1856
1941
1916
1939
Wilson
retirement
Benjamin N. Cardozo
New York
1870
1938
1932
1938
Hoover
death
Felix Frankfurter
New York
1882
1965
1939
1962
F. Roosevelt
retirement
Arthur Goldberg
Illinois
1908
1990
1962
1965
Kennedy
resigned to becomeUN Ambassador
Abe Fortas
Tennessee
1910
1982
1965
1969
L. B. Johnson
resignation
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
New York
1933
2020
1993
2020
Clinton
death
Stephen Breyer
California
1938
living
1994
2022
Clinton
retirement
Elena Kagan
New York
1960
living
2010
incumbent
Obama
Academic history of the current court · Educational background
John Roberts (Chief Justice)
John Roberts (Chief Justice)
Name
John Roberts (Chief Justice)
Appt. by
G. W. Bush
College
Harvard
Law school
Harvard
Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas
Name
Clarence Thomas
Appt. by
G. H. W. Bush
College
Holy Cross
Law school
Yale
Samuel Alito
Samuel Alito
Name
Samuel Alito
Appt. by
G. W. Bush
College
Princeton
Law school
Yale
Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia Sotomayor
Name
Sonia Sotomayor
Appt. by
Obama
College
Princeton
Law school
Yale
Elena Kagan
Elena Kagan
Name
Elena Kagan
Appt. by
Obama
College
Princeton
Law school
Harvard
Neil Gorsuch
Neil Gorsuch
Name
Neil Gorsuch
Appt. by
Trump
College
Columbia
Law school
Harvard
Brett Kavanaugh
Brett Kavanaugh
Name
Brett Kavanaugh
Appt. by
Trump
College
Yale
Law school
Yale
Amy Coney Barrett
Amy Coney Barrett
Name
Amy Coney Barrett
Appt. by
Trump
College
Rhodes
Law school
Notre Dame
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Name
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Appt. by
Biden
College
Harvard
Law school
Harvard
Name
Appt. by
College
Law school
John Roberts (Chief Justice)
G. W. Bush
Harvard
Harvard
Clarence Thomas
G. H. W. Bush
Holy Cross
Yale
Samuel Alito
G. W. Bush
Princeton
Yale
Sonia Sotomayor
Obama
Princeton
Yale
Elena Kagan
Obama
Princeton
Harvard
Neil Gorsuch
Trump
Columbia
Harvard
Brett Kavanaugh
Trump
Yale
Yale
Amy Coney Barrett
Trump
Rhodes
Notre Dame
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Biden
Harvard
Harvard
Personal wealth of selected recent justices · Financial means › Financial disclosures
John Roberts
John Roberts
Justice
John Roberts
Lowest range
$2,400,000
Highest range
$6,200,000
John Paul Stevens
John Paul Stevens
Justice
John Paul Stevens
Lowest range
$1,100,000
Highest range
$3,500,000
Anthony Kennedy
Anthony Kennedy
Justice
Anthony Kennedy
Lowest range
$365,000
Highest range
$765,000
David Souter
David Souter
Justice
David Souter
Lowest range
?
Highest range
?
Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas
Justice
Clarence Thomas
Lowest range
$150,000
Highest range
$410,000
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Justice
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Lowest range
$5,000,000
Highest range
$25,000,000
Stephen Breyer
Stephen Breyer
Justice
Stephen Breyer
Lowest range
$4,900,000
Highest range
$16,800,000
Samuel Alito
Samuel Alito
Justice
Samuel Alito
Lowest range
$770,000
Highest range
$2,000,000
Neil Gorsuch
Neil Gorsuch
Justice
Neil Gorsuch
Lowest range
$3,200,000
Highest range
$7,300,000
Justice
Lowest range
Highest range
John Roberts
$2,400,000
$6,200,000
John Paul Stevens
$1,100,000
$3,500,000
Anthony Kennedy
$365,000
$765,000
David Souter
?
?
Clarence Thomas
$150,000
$410,000
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
$5,000,000
$25,000,000
Stephen Breyer
$4,900,000
$16,800,000
Samuel Alito
$770,000
$2,000,000
Neil Gorsuch
$3,200,000
$7,300,000

References

  1. David J. Brewer from Kansas; Byron White and Neil Gorsuch from Colorado; Willis Van Devanter from Wyoming; George Suther
  2. President Nixon reportedly intended to nominate Herschel Friday of Arkansas to a seat on the court in 1971, but changed
  3. An unsuccessful nominee, G. Harrold Carswell, was from Florida. A successful nominee, Ketanji Brown Jackson, was born in
  4. President George W. Bush considered appointing Diane S. Sykes, a Federal judge from Wisconsin, to the Supreme Court in 2
  5. An unsuccessful nominee, George Henry Williams, was from Oregon.
  6. West Virginia could be argued to have produced no Supreme Court justices back to the inaugural Court – it was part of Vi
  7. Barack Obama considered appointing Sidney R. Thomas, a Federal judge from Montana, to the Supreme Court in 2010
  8. According to the Social Security Administration Popular baby name database, Thurgood has never been in the top 1,000 of
    http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/index.html
  9. Although Neil Gorsuch, appointed in 2017, attends and is a member of an Episcopal church, he was raised Catholic and som
  10. This individual was elevated from associate justice to chief justice. Unlike the inferior courts, the chief justice is s
  11. There are two types of retirement. First, a justice can resign an appointment in return for a pension, and the "Reason A
    https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit
  12. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited
  13. Storm Center
  14. Storm Center
  15. Review of A "Representative" Supreme Court? The Impact of Race, Religion, and Gender on Appointments by Barbara A. Perry
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081008010142/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/perry.htm
  16. See also Kreimendahl, Ilka (2002) Appointment and Nomination of Supreme Court Justices (Scholarly Paper, Advanced Semina
    http://www.grin.com/e-book/37916/appointment-and-nomination-of-supreme-court-justices
  17. Public Opinion and the Rehnquist Court
  18. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited
  19. Public Opinion and the Rehnquist Court
  20. Segal and Spaeth (2002), quoting Richard Friedman, "The Transformation in Senate Response to Supreme Court Nominations",
  21. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited
  22. Storm Center
  23. Storm Center
  24. Storm Center
  25. Mark Sherman, Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity? (May 1, 2010).
    https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna36890869
  26. TheStreet
    https://www.thestreet.com/politics/supreme-court-justices-historically-come-from-the-northeast-14073809
  27. www.supremecourt.gov
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx
  28. At the bar : the passions and peccadilloes of American lawyers
    https://archive.org/details/atbarpassions00marg/page/212
  29. The Green Bag
    http://www.greenbag.org/v19n1/v19n1_articles_mcallister.pdf
  30. "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170320120356/https://www.supremecourt.gov/faq_justices.aspx#faqjustice12
  31. Kermit Hall, James W. Ely, Joel B. Grossman, The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2005), p. 7
  32. www.supremecourt.gov
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/faq_general.aspx
  33. www.uscourts.gov
    https://www.uscourts.gov/careers/search-judiciary-jobs/citizenship-requirements-employment-judiciary
  34. A Supreme Court Unlike Any Other: The Deepening Divide Between the Justices and the People
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg_tEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114
  35. Schmidhauser, John Richard; 'The Justices of the Supreme Court: A Collective Portrait'; Midwest Journal of Political Sci
  36. On the Viking Trail: Travels in Scandinavian America
    https://books.google.com/books?id=o4urkK_1W7cC&pg=PA152
  37. Schmidhauser, John Richard; Judges and justices: the Federal Appellate Judiciary (1979), p. 60.
  38. The Credentialed Court: Inside the Cloistered, Elite Supreme Court
    https://books.google.com/books?id=aAgqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT230
  39. Cardozo
    https://archive.org/details/cardozo00kauf
  40. Jews in American Politics: Essays
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HcW4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73
  41. American Original: The Life and Constitution of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6e_wGCV10zIC&pg=PA185
  42. The American Spectator
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170522135245/https://spectator.org/58731_sam-alito-civil-man/
  43. The Times of Trenton, New Jersey
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170730160055/http://www.italystl.com/ra/3788.htm
  44. Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
    https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/ginsburg-ruth-bader
  45. The Chief: The Life and Turbulent Times of Chief Justice John Roberts
  46. Sheldon Goldman, Picking Federal Judges: Lower Court Selection from Roosevelt Through Reagan (1999), p. 184-85. ISBN 978
  47. "What Negroes can expect from Kennedy", Ebony Magazine(Jan 1961), v. 16, no. 3, p. 33.
  48. Graham, Fred P. (August 31, 1967) Senate Confirms Marshall As the First Negro Justice; 10 Southerners Oppose High Court
    https://www.nytimes.com/1967/08/31/archives/senate-confirms-marshall-as-the-first-negro-justice-10-southerners.html
  49. ABC News
    https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3664944&page=1
  50. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/07/02/bush-picks-thomas-for-supreme-court/943b9fda-e079-405e-974e-14c2d0cd999b/
  51. "41 years before Ketanji Brown Jackson, Amalya Lyle Kearse was considered for the Supreme Court"
    https://19thnews.org/2022/03/amalya-lyle-kearse-first-black-woman-shortlisted-supreme-court/
  52. "President Biden Nominates Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Serve as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court"
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