Database normalization
Updated: 12/10/2025, 8:58:37 PM Wikipedia source
Database normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by British computer scientist Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model. Normalization entails organizing the columns (attributes) and tables (relations) of a database to ensure that their dependencies are properly enforced by database integrity constraints. It is accomplished by applying some formal rules either by a process of synthesis (creating a new database design) or decomposition (improving an existing database design).
Tables
· Normal forms
Unique rows (no duplicate records)
Unique rows (no duplicate records)
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Unique rows (no duplicate records)
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
Scalar columns (columns cannot contain relations or composite values)
Scalar columns (columns cannot contain relations or composite values)
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Scalar columns (columns cannot contain relations or composite values)
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
Every non-prime attribute has a full functional dependency on each candidate key (attributes depend on the whole of every key)
Every non-prime attribute has a full functional dependency on each candidate key (attributes depend on the whole of every key)
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Every non-prime attribute has a full functional dependency on each candidate key (attributes depend on the whole of every key)
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
Every non-trivial functional dependency either begins with a superkey or ends with a prime attribute (attributes depend only on candidate keys)
Every non-trivial functional dependency either begins with a superkey or ends with a prime attribute (attributes depend only on candidate keys)
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Every non-trivial functional dependency either begins with a superkey or ends with a prime attribute (attributes depend only on candidate keys)
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
Every non-trivial functional dependency either begins with a superkey or ends with an elementary prime attribute (a stricter form of 3NF)
Every non-trivial functional dependency either begins with a superkey or ends with an elementary prime attribute (a stricter form of 3NF)
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Every non-trivial functional dependency either begins with a superkey or ends with an elementary prime attribute (a stricter form of 3NF)
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
—
Every non-trivial functional dependency begins with a superkey (a stricter form of 3NF)
Every non-trivial functional dependency begins with a superkey (a stricter form of 3NF)
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Every non-trivial functional dependency begins with a superkey (a stricter form of 3NF)
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
—
Every non-trivial multivalued dependency begins with a superkey
Every non-trivial multivalued dependency begins with a superkey
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Every non-trivial multivalued dependency begins with a superkey
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
—
Every join dependency has a superkey component
Every join dependency has a superkey component
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Every join dependency has a superkey component
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
—
Every join dependency has only superkey components
Every join dependency has only superkey components
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Every join dependency has only superkey components
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
—
Every constraint is a consequence of domain constraints and key constraints
Every constraint is a consequence of domain constraints and key constraints
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Every constraint is a consequence of domain constraints and key constraints
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
Every join dependency is trivial
Every join dependency is trivial
Constraint(informal description in parentheses)
Every join dependency is trivial
UNF(1970)
1NF (1970)
2NF (1971)
3NF (1971)
EKNF(1982)
BCNF(1974)
4NF (1977)
ETNF (2012)
5NF (1979)
DKNF (1981)
6NF (2003)
| Constraint(informal description in parentheses) | UNF(1970) | 1NF (1970) | 2NF (1971) | 3NF (1971) | EKNF(1982) | BCNF(1974) | 4NF (1977) | ETNF (2012) | 5NF (1979) | DKNF (1981) | 6NF (2003) |
| Unique rows (no duplicate records) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Scalar columns (columns cannot contain relations or composite values) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Every non-prime attribute has a full functional dependency on each candidate key (attributes depend on the whole of every key) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Every non-trivial functional dependency either begins with a superkey or ends with a prime attribute (attributes depend only on candidate keys) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Every non-trivial functional dependency either begins with a superkey or ends with an elementary prime attribute (a stricter form of 3NF) | | | | | | | | | | | — |
| Every non-trivial functional dependency begins with a superkey (a stricter form of 3NF) | | | | | | | | | | | — |
| Every non-trivial multivalued dependency begins with a superkey | | | | | | | | | | | — |
| Every join dependency has a superkey component | | | | | | | | | | | — |
| Every join dependency has only superkey components | | | | | | | | | | | — |
| Every constraint is a consequence of domain constraints and key constraints | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Every join dependency is trivial | | | | | | | | | | | |
· Example of a step-by-step normalization › Initial data
Tutorial
Tutorial
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Author
Chad Russell
Author Nationality
American
Format
Hardcover
Price
49.99
Subject
MySQL
Database
Design
Pages
520
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Apress
Publisher Country
USA
Genre ID
1
Genre Name
Tutorial
| Title | Author | Author Nationality | Format | Price | Subject | Pages | Thickness | Publisher | Publisher Country | Genre ID | Genre Name | |||
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Chad Russell | American | Hardcover | 49.99 | MySQL Database Design
| 520 | Thick | Apress | USA | 1 | Tutorial |
Database
Database
MySQL
Database
Design
Design
MySQL
Design
| MySQL |
| Database |
| Design |
· Example of a step-by-step normalization › Initial data
Tutorial
Tutorial
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Author
Chad Russell
Author Nationality
American
Format
Hardcover
Price
49.99
Subject
MySQL
Database
Design
Pages
520
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Apress
Publisher Country
USA
Genre ID
1
Genre Name
Tutorial
| Title | Author | Author Nationality | Format | Price | Subject | Pages | Thickness | Publisher | Publisher Country | Genre ID | Genre Name | |||
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Chad Russell | American | Hardcover | 49.99 | MySQL Database Design
| 520 | Thick | Apress | USA | 1 | Tutorial |
Database
Database
MySQL
Database
Design
Design
MySQL
Design
| MySQL |
| Database |
| Design |
Book · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 1NF
Tutorial
Tutorial
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Author
Chad Russell
Author Nationality
American
Format
Hardcover
Price
49.99
Pages
520
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Apress
Publisher Country
USA
Genre ID
1
Genre Name
Tutorial
| Title | Author | Author Nationality | Format | Price | Pages | Thickness | Publisher | Publisher Country | Genre ID | Genre Name |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Chad Russell | American | Hardcover | 49.99 | 520 | Thick | Apress | USA | 1 | Tutorial |
Title - Subject · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 1NF
MySQL
MySQL
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Subject name
MySQL
Database
Database
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Subject name
Database
Design
Design
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Subject name
Design
| Title | Subject name |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | MySQL |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Database |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Design |
Book · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 2NF
Tutorial
Tutorial
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Format
Hardcover
Author
Chad Russell
Author Nationality
American
Price
49.99
Pages
520
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Apress
Publisher Country
USA
Genre ID
1
Genre Name
Tutorial
Tutorial
Tutorial
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Format
E-book
Author
Chad Russell
Author Nationality
American
Price
22.34
Pages
520
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Apress
Publisher Country
USA
Genre ID
1
Genre Name
Tutorial
Popular science
Popular science
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Format
E-book
Author
E.F.Codd
Author Nationality
British
Price
13.88
Pages
538
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Addison-Wesley
Publisher Country
USA
Genre ID
2
Genre Name
Popular science
Popular science
Popular science
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Format
Paperback
Author
E.F.Codd
Author Nationality
British
Price
39.99
Pages
538
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Addison-Wesley
Publisher Country
USA
Genre ID
2
Genre Name
Popular science
| Title | Format | Author | Author Nationality | Price | Pages | Thickness | Publisher | Publisher Country | Genre ID | Genre Name |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Hardcover | Chad Russell | American | 49.99 | 520 | Thick | Apress | USA | 1 | Tutorial |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | E-book | Chad Russell | American | 22.34 | 520 | Thick | Apress | USA | 1 | Tutorial |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | E-book | Codd | British | 13.88 | 538 | Thick | Addison-Wesley | USA | 2 | Popular science |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Paperback | Codd | British | 39.99 | 538 | Thick | Addison-Wesley | USA | 2 | Popular science |
Book · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 2NF
Tutorial
Tutorial
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Author
Chad Russell
Author Nationality
American
Pages
520
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Apress
Publisher Country
USA
Genre ID
1
Genre Name
Tutorial
Popular science
Popular science
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Author
E.F.Codd
Author Nationality
British
Pages
538
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Addison-Wesley
Publisher Country
USA
Genre ID
2
Genre Name
Popular science
| Title | Author | Author Nationality | Pages | Thickness | Publisher | Publisher Country | Genre ID | Genre Name |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Chad Russell | American | 520 | Thick | Apress | USA | 1 | Tutorial |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Codd | British | 538 | Thick | Addison-Wesley | USA | 2 | Popular science |
Price · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 2NF
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Format
Hardcover
Price
49.99
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Format
E-book
Price
22.34
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Format
E-book
Price
13.88
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Format
Paperback
Price
39.99
| Title | Format | Price |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Hardcover | 49.99 |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | E-book | 22.34 |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | E-book | 13.88 |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Paperback | 39.99 |
Book · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 3NF
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Author
Chad Russell
Pages
520
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Apress
Genre ID
1
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Author
E.F.Codd
Pages
538
Thickness
Thick
Publisher
Addison-Wesley
Genre ID
2
| Title | Author | Pages | Thickness | Publisher | Genre ID |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Chad Russell | 520 | Thick | Apress | 1 |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Codd | 538 | Thick | Addison-Wesley | 2 |
Price
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Format
Hardcover
Price
49.99
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Format
E-book
Price
22.34
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Format
E-book
Price
13.88
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Format
Paperback
Price
39.99
| Title | Format | Price |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Hardcover | 49.99 |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | E-book | 22.34 |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | E-book | 13.88 |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Paperback | 39.99 |
Author · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 3NF
Chad Russell
Chad Russell
Author
Chad Russell
Nationality
American
E.F.Codd
E.F.Codd
Author
E.F.Codd
Nationality
British
| Author | Nationality |
| Chad Russell | American |
| Codd | British |
Publisher · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 3NF
Apress
Apress
Publisher
Apress
Country
USA
Addison-Wesley
Addison-Wesley
Publisher
Addison-Wesley
Country
USA
| Publisher | Country |
| Apress | USA |
| Addison-Wesley | USA |
Genre · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 3NF
Tutorial
Tutorial
Genre ID
1
Name
Tutorial
Popular science
Popular science
Genre ID
2
Name
Popular science
| Genre ID | Name |
| 1 | Tutorial |
| 2 | Popular science |
Franchisee - Book - Location · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 4NF
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
Florida
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
Texas
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
Florida
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
Texas
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
California
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
Florida
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
Texas
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
California
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
Florida
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
Texas
3
3
Franchisee ID
3
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
Texas
| Franchisee ID | Title | Location |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | California |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Florida |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Texas |
| 1 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | California |
| 1 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Florida |
| 1 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Texas |
| 2 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | California |
| 2 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Florida |
| 2 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Texas |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | California |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Florida |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Texas |
| 3 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Texas |
Franchisee - Book
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
3
3
Franchisee ID
3
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
| Franchisee ID | Title |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization |
| 1 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
| 2 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
| 3 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization |
Franchisee - Location
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Location
Florida
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Location
Texas
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Location
California
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Location
Florida
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Location
Texas
3
3
Franchisee ID
3
Location
Texas
| Franchisee ID | Location |
| 1 | California |
| 1 | Florida |
| 1 | Texas |
| 2 | California |
| 2 | Florida |
| 2 | Texas |
| 3 | Texas |
Supplier - Book - Franchisee · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying ETNF
1
1
Supplier ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Franchisee ID
1
2
2
Supplier ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Franchisee ID
2
3
3
Supplier ID
3
Title
Learning SQL
Franchisee ID
3
| Supplier ID | Title | Franchisee ID |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | 1 |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | 2 |
| 3 | Learning SQL | 3 |
Supplier - Book
1
1
Supplier ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
2
2
Supplier ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
3
3
Supplier ID
3
Title
Learning SQL
| Supplier ID | Title |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
| 3 | Learning SQL |
Book - Franchisee
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Franchisee ID
1
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Franchisee ID
2
Learning SQL
Learning SQL
Title
Learning SQL
Franchisee ID
3
| Title | Franchisee ID |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | 1 |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | 2 |
| Learning SQL | 3 |
Franchisee - Supplier
1
1
Supplier ID
1
Franchisee ID
1
2
2
Supplier ID
2
Franchisee ID
2
3
3
Supplier ID
3
Franchisee ID
3
| Supplier ID | Franchisee ID |
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 |
Franchisee - Book - Location · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 5NF
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Learning SQL
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
Texas
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
California
| Franchisee ID | Title | Location |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | California |
| 1 | Learning SQL | California |
| 1 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Texas |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | California |
Franchisee - Book
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Learning SQL
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
| Franchisee ID | Title |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization |
| 1 | Learning SQL |
| 1 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
Franchisee - Location
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Location
Texas
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Location
California
| Franchisee ID | Location |
| 1 | California |
| 1 | Texas |
| 2 | California |
Franchisee - Book - Location JOINed · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 5NF
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Learning SQL
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
Texas
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Learning SQL
Location
Texas
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Location
Texas
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Location
California
| Franchisee ID | Title | Location |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | California |
| 1 | Learning SQL | California |
| 1 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | California |
| 1 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | Texas |
| 1 | Learning SQL | Texas |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | Texas |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | California |
Franchisee - Book
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
Learning SQL
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
| Franchisee ID | Title |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization |
| 1 | Learning SQL |
| 1 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
Franchisee - Location
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Location
California
1
1
Franchisee ID
1
Location
Texas
2
2
Franchisee ID
2
Location
California
| Franchisee ID | Location |
| 1 | California |
| 1 | Texas |
| 2 | California |
Location - Book
California
California
Location
California
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
California
California
Location
California
Title
Learning SQL
California
California
Location
California
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Texas
Texas
Location
Texas
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
| Location | Title |
| California | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization |
| California | Learning SQL |
| California | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
| Texas | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
Store - Book
1
1
Store ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
1
1
Store ID
1
Title
Learning SQL
2
2
Store ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
3
3
Store ID
3
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
| Store ID | Title |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization |
| 1 | Learning SQL |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
| 3 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 |
Store - Franchisee - Location
1
1
Store ID
1
Franchisee ID
1
Location
California
2
2
Store ID
2
Franchisee ID
1
Location
Texas
3
3
Store ID
3
Franchisee ID
2
Location
California
| Store ID | Franchisee ID | Location |
| 1 | 1 | California |
| 2 | 1 | Texas |
| 3 | 2 | California |
Store - Book - Franchisee - Location JOINed · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 5NF
1
1
Store ID
1
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Franchisee ID
1
Location
California
1
1
Store ID
1
Title
Learning SQL
Franchisee ID
1
Location
California
2
2
Store ID
2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Franchisee ID
1
Location
Texas
3
3
Store ID
3
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Franchisee ID
2
Location
California
| Store ID | Title | Franchisee ID | Location |
| 1 | Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | 1 | California |
| 1 | Learning SQL | 1 | California |
| 2 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | 1 | Texas |
| 3 | The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | 2 | California |
Book · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying DKNF
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Pages
520
Thickness
Thick
Genre ID
1
Publisher ID
1
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Pages
538
Thickness
Thick
Genre ID
2
Publisher ID
2
Learning SQL
Learning SQL
Title
Learning SQL
Pages
338
Thickness
Slim
Genre ID
1
Publisher ID
3
SQL Cookbook
SQL Cookbook
Title
SQL Cookbook
Pages
636
Thickness
Thick
Genre ID
1
Publisher ID
3
| Title | Pages | Thickness | Genre ID | Publisher ID |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | 520 | Thick | 1 | 1 |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | 538 | Thick | 2 | 2 |
| Learning SQL | 338 | Slim | 1 | 3 |
| SQL Cookbook | 636 | Thick | 1 | 3 |
Thickness Enum
Slim
Slim
Thickness
Slim
Min pages
1
Max pages
350
Thick
Thick
Thickness
Thick
Min pages
351
Max pages
999,999,999,999
| Thickness | Min pages | Max pages |
| Slim | 1 | 350 |
| Thick | 351 | 999,999,999,999 |
Book - Pages - Genre - Publisher
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Title
Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization
Pages
520
Genre ID
1
Publisher ID
1
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Title
The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2
Pages
538
Genre ID
2
Publisher ID
2
Learning SQL
Learning SQL
Title
Learning SQL
Pages
338
Genre ID
1
Publisher ID
3
SQL Cookbook
SQL Cookbook
Title
SQL Cookbook
Pages
636
Genre ID
1
Publisher ID
3
| Title | Pages | Genre ID | Publisher ID |
| Beginning MySQL Database Design and Optimization | 520 | 1 | 1 |
| The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2 | 538 | 2 | 2 |
| Learning SQL | 338 | 1 | 3 |
| SQL Cookbook | 636 | 1 | 3 |
Publisher · Example of a step-by-step normalization › Satisfying 6NF
Apress
Apress
Publisher ID
1
Name
Apress
Country
USA
| Publisher ID | Name | Country |
| 1 | Apress | USA |
Publisher
Apress
Apress
Publisher ID
1
Name
Apress
| Publisher ID | Name |
| 1 | Apress |
Publisher country
1
1
Publisher ID
1
Country
USA
| Publisher ID | Country |
| 1 | USA |
References
- "The adoption of a relational model of data ... permits the development of a universal data sub-language based on an apphttps://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/362384.362685
- Codd, E.F. Chapter 23, "Serious Flaws in SQL", in The Relational Model for Database Management: Version 2. Addison-Weslehttps://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/77708.C1065772
- Codd, E.F. "Further Normalisation of the Data Base Relational Model", p. 34
- Communications of the ACMhttps://doi.org/10.1145%2F362384.362685
- Codd, E. F. "Further Normalization of the Data Base Relational Model". (Presented at Courant Computer Science Symposia S
- Codd, E. F. "Recent Investigations into Relational Data Base Systems". IBM Research Report RJ1385 (April 23, 1974). Repu
- An Introduction to Database Systems
- Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Database Theoryhttps://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-fagin/icdt12.pdf
- 2017 4th IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Electronics (UPCON)https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fupcon.2017.8251067
- ComputerWeekly.comhttps://web.archive.org/web/20170830224213/https://www.computerweekly.com/tutorial/Database-normalization-in-MySQL-Four-quick-and-easy-steps
- MariaDB KnowledgeBasehttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/database-normalization-5th-normal-form-and-beyond/
- The New Relational Database Dictionary: Terms, Concepts, and Exampleshttps://books.google.com/books?id=Jx5UCwAAQBAJ&q=etnf%20normalization&pg=PT138
- The New Relational Database Dictionary: Terms, Concepts, and Exampleshttps://books.google.com/books?id=Jx5UCwAAQBAJ&q=etnf%20normalization&pg=PT163
- Stack Overflowhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/4824714/would-like-to-understand-6nf-with-an-example
- Microsoft Corporation. Columnstore Indexes: Overview. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/indexes/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/indexes/columnstore-indexes-overview