-
Historicity:
Dunn (2003, p. 339) states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and
-
Non-Christian sources:
Crossan (1995, p. 145): "That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, sin
-
Eddy & Boyd 2007, p. 172. "...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is
-
Christopher M. Tuckett in The Cambridge companion to Jesus edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 Cambridge Univ .mw- .mw
-
The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus
https://archive.org/details/actsofjesuswhatd00robe -
Blomberg (2009), p. 211–214.
-
The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2
-
Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies
-
Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition
-
"A Physician's View of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ"
https://www1.cbn.com/medical-view-of-the-crucifixion-of-jesus-christ -
Haight, Roger. "Jesus and Salvation: An Essay in Interpretation." Theological Studies, vol. 55, no. 2, 1994, pp. 227–250
https://theologicalstudies.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/55.2.2.pdf -
Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (Volume 3)
-
The Cambridge History of Judaism. Volume 3: The Early Roman period
-
Matthew 26:46–27:60; Mark 14:43–15:45; Luke 22:47–23:53; John 18:3–19:42
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:46–27:60&version=nrsv -
St Mark's Gospel and the Christian faith by Michael Keene (2002) ISBN 0-7487-6775-4 pp. 24–25
-
Powell, Mark A. Introducing the New Testament. Baker Academic, (2009). ISBN 978-0-8010-2868-7
-
Reza Aslan (2014). Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth. Random House. ISBN 0812981480.
-
Mark 15:25
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:25&version=nrsv -
Mark 15:34–37
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:34–37&version=nrsv -
Ehrman, Bart D. (2009). Jesus, Interrupted. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-117393-2
-
Matthew 27:57–60, Mark 15:42–45, Luke 23:49–53, John 19:38–40
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:57–60&version=nrsv -
The Resurrection and Its Apologetics: Jesus' Death and Burial, Volume One
https://books.google.com/books?id=JaX-EAAAQBAJ -
Matthew 27:31–32; Mark 15:20–21; Luke 23:26
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:31–32&version=nrsv -
Matthew 27:39–43; Mark 15:29–32; Luke 23:35–37
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:39–43&version=nrsv -
Matthew 27:44; Mark 15:32; Luke 23:39
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:44&version=nrsv -
Matthew 27:45; Mark 15:33; Luke 23:44–45
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:45&version=nrsv -
Matthew 27:51; Mark 15:38; Luke 23:45
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:51&version=nrsv -
Matthew 27:54; Mark 15:39; Luke 23:47
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:54&version=nrsv -
Matthew 27:55–56; Mark 15:40–41; Luke 23:49
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:55–56&version=nrsv -
Matthew 27:61; Mark 15:47; Luke 23:54–55
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:61&version=nrsv -
Matthew 27:34; 27:47–49; Mark 15:23; 15:35–36; John 19:29–30
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:34&version=nrsv -
Mark 15:45; John 19:38
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:45&version=nrsv -
Matthew 27:51; 27:62–66
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:51&version=nrsv -
"When Was Jesus Crucified? How Long on the Cross? Do the Gospels Contradict Each Other?"
https://catholicconvert.com/blog/2017/04/14/how-long-was-jesus-on-the-cross/ -
Mark 15:25; 15:44–45
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:25&version=nrsv -
Luke 23:27–32; 23:40–41; 23:48; 23:56
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:27–32&version=nrsv -
John 19:31–37; 19:39–40
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:31–37&version=nrsv -
1 Corinthians 15:4
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:4&version=nrsv -
John 19:30–31; Mark 16:1; Mark 16:6
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:30–31&version=nrsv -
Geza Vermes, The Resurrection (Penguin, 2008), p. 148.
-
E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus (Penguin, 1993), p. 276.
-
New Testament Introduction
-
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar (1998). The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. HarperSanF
-
Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar (1998). The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. HarperSanF
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Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar (1998). The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. HarperSanF
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Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-0
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Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar (1998). The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus. HarperSanF
-
In verse 19:17 and 19:18, only a third person plural verb is used ("they"), it is not clear whether this refers to the h
-
In some manuscripts of Luke, these words are omitted. Annotation Nieuwe Bijbelvertaling (2004).
-
Based on other Biblical verses, it is often concluded that this Mary was Jesus' own mother, and that James and Joses/Jos
-
Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pp
-
Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998
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The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2
-
Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 ISBN 0-8028-4368-9
-
Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies
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Theissen 1998, pp. 81–83
-
Dunn, James (2003). Jesus remembered. ISBN 0-8028-3931-2. p. 141.
-
Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishi
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Ferguson, Everett (2003). Backgrounds of Early Christianity. ISBN 0-8028-2221-5. p. 116.
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The Gospel of Luke: new international commentary on the New Testament
https://books.google.com/books?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&q=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+(Eerdmans,+1997),+page+168&pg=PR85 -
Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell, 1998, ISBN 0-664-257
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Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies by Craig A. Evans. 2001. ISBN 0-391-04118-5. p. 42.
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Ancient Rome by William E. Dunstan 2010 ISBN 0-7425-6833-4 p. 293
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Tacitus' characterization of "Christian abominations" may have been based on the rumors in Rome that during the Eucharis
-
Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation by Helen K. Bond 2004 ISBN 0-521-61620-4 p. xi
-
Eddy & Boyd (2007), p. 127.
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Lucian, Passing of Peregrinus, 11–13
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Eddy & Boyd (2007), pp. 122–126.
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Jewish Encyclopedia
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4167-celsus -
Origen, Contra Celsum 8.41
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Jesus in the Talmud by Peter Schäfer (2009) ISBN 0-691-14318-8 pp. 141 and 9
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Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence
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"The Jesus Narrative In The Talmud"
https://www.angelfire.com/mt/talmud/jesusnarr.html -
L. Patterson, "Origin of the Name Panthera", JTS 19 (1917–18), pp. 79–80, cited in Meier, p. 107 n. 48
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George W. Braswell Jr., What You Need to Know about Islam and Muslims Archived November 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRenjUoud3kC&pg=PA127 -
Fair play: diversity and conflicts in early Christianity: essays in honour of Heikki Räisänen
https://books.google.com/books?id=cSVNH95ckNUC -
The Gnostic gospels
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Great Themes of the New Testament
https://books.google.com/books?id=c3-cLwrwvQ8C&dq=Barclay+%22truly+crucified%22+%22tenets+of+Gnosticism%22&pg=PA41 -
www.earlychristianwritings.com
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-roberts.html -
Dunn (2003), p. 339.
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Ehrman (2008), p. 136.
-
Meier (2006), p. 126–128.
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Verhoeven (2010), p. 39.
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Meier (2006), p. 132–136.
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Tuckett (2001), p. 136.
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A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902–2007
https://books.google.com/books?id=E-UkAAAAYAAJ -
Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus
https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01803002 -
Jesus and His Promised Second Coming: Jewish Eschatology and Christian Origins
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Jesus:the apocalyptic prophet of the new millenium
https://books.google.com/books?id=vzszmQEACAAJ -
David Freedman (2000), Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4, p. 299.
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"Archaeology and the New Testament"
http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/arch-nt.html -
AllAboutJesusChrist.org
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Haaretz
https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2020-10-12/ty-article/jerusalem-nails-jesus-christ-crucifixion-romans-caiaphas-tomb/0000017f-e579-da9b-a1ff-ed7f1cd90000 -
Pilate et le gouvernement de la Judée: textes et monuments, Études bibliques
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Paul L. Maier "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronologica
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The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2
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Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN 0-8308-2699-8 pp. 19–
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Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998), p. 58.
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Church History
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3163182 -
Journal of Theological Studies
https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fos-XXXV.138.146 -
The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2
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Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature: Volume 7 John McClintock, James Strong – 1894 "...
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www.google.ie
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Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
https://etsjets.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/files_JETS-PDFs_61_61-1_JETS_61.1_105-119_Andrews.pdf -
SAGE Open
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/21582440211014178 -
The Gospel of Mark, Volume 2 by John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington 2002 ISBN 0-8146-5965-9 p. 442
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Harmony of the Gospels
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Death of the Messiah, Volume 2 by Raymond E. Brown 1999 ISBN 0-385-49449-1 pp. 959–960
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Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, pp. 188–190
-
New Testament History
-
The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament
-
Matthew 27:32, Mark 15:21, Luke 23:26
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:32&version=nrsv -
Jn. 19:17
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:17&version=nrsv -
Lk. 23:28–31
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:28–31&version=nrsv -
Luke 23:46 and 23:55
https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:46 -
Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok, Who's who in Christianity, (Routledge 1998), p. 303.
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Notes and Queries, Volume July 6 – December 1852, London, page 252
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The Archaeological journal (UK), Volume 7, 1850 p. 413
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www.newadvent.org
https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15362a.htm -
Alban Butler, 2000 Lives of the Saints ISBN 0-86012-256-5 p. 84
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Jn. 19:20, Heb. 13:12
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:20&version=nrsv -
Mt. 27:39, Mk. 15:21,29–30
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:39&version=nrsv -
Mk. 15:40
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:40&version=nrsv -
Onomasticon (Concerning the Place Names in Sacred Scripture)
http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_onomasticon_02_trans.htm#G_THE_GOSPELS -
Matthew 27:33; Mark 15:22; Luke 23:33; John 19:17
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:33&version=nrsv -
Eucherius of Lyon
https://web.archive.org/web/20080613200112/http://homepages.luc.edu/~avande1/jerusalem/sources/eucherius.htm -
SMF Primary Source Documents
https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/calvary-crucifixion-sites-identified/ -
Mark 15:40
https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:40 -
Matthew 27:55–56
https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:55 -
Luke 23:49
https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:49 -
John 19:25
https://www.esv.org/John+19:25 -
Matthew 27:41, Mark 15:31, Luke 23:35
https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:41 -
Mark 15:27, Matthew 27:38
https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:27 -
Luke 23:36
https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:36 -
Matthew 27:54, Mark 15:39
https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:54 -
Mark 15:29, Matthew 27:39
https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:29 -
Mark 15:35, Matthew 27:45, Luke 23:35
https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:35 -
Luke 23:48
https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:48 -
Luke 23:39–43
https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:39 -
John 19:23–24, 19:32–34
https://www.esv.org/John+19:23 -
John 19:26–27
https://www.esv.org/John+19:26 -
Mark 16:43–46, Matthew 27:57–50, Luke 23:50–53, John 19:38
https://www.esv.org/Mark+16:43 -
John 19:39
https://www.esv.org/John+19:39 -
A Greek–English Lexicon
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2396298 -
What Does the Bible Really Teach?
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"A Latin Dictionary"
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=crux&highlight=crux -
For a discussion of the date of the work, see Information on Epistle of Barnabas Archived March 16, 2010, at the Wayback
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/barnabas.html -
John Dominic Crossan, The Cross that Spoke (ISBN 978-0-06-254843-6), p. 121
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Epistle of Barnabas, 9:7–8
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas#Chapter_9 -
"The Spirit saith to the heart of Moses, that he should make a type of the cross and of Him that was to suffer, that unl
-
www.ccel.org
https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iv.xl.html -
Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, II, xxiv, 4 Archived April 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103224.htm -
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1988 ISBN 0-8028-3785-9 p. 826
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Encyclopedia of Biblical Literature, Part 2 by John Kitto 2003 ISBN 0-7661-5980-9 p. 591
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Renaissance art: a topical dictionary by Irene Earls 1987 ISBN 0-313-24658-0 p. 64
-
The visual arts: a history by Hugh Honour, John Fleming 1995 ISBN 0-8109-3928-2 p. 526
-
The Crucifixion and Death of a Man Called Jesus by David A Ball 2010 ISBN 1-61507-128-8 pp. 82–84
-
The Chronological Life of Christ by Mark E. Moore 2007 ISBN 0-89900-955-7 pp. 639–643
-
Holman Concise Bible Dictionary Holman, 2011 ISBN 0-8054-9548-7 p. 148
-
Crucifixion and the Death Cry of Jesus Christ by Geoffrey L Phelan MD, 2009 [ISBN missing] pp. 106–111
-
Thomas W. Walker, Luke, (Westminster John Knox Press, 2013) p. 84.
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Mt. 27:46, Mk. 15:34
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:46&version=nrsv -
"What is Galilean Aramaic? | The Aramaic New Testament"
http://aramaicnt.org/what-is-galilean-aramaic/ -
"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
http://aramaicnt.org/2015/03/31/my-god-my-god-why-have-you-forsaken-me/ -
Geza Vermes, The Passion (Penguin, 2005) p. 75.
-
Geza Vermes, The Passion (Penguin, 2005) p. 114.
-
Geza Vermes, The Passion (Penguin, 2005) p. 122.
-
Raymond Brown, The Death of the Messiah Volume II (Doubleday, 1994) p. 1051
-
Lk. 23:34
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:34&version=nrsv -
Lk. 23:43
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:43&version=nrsv -
Lk. 23:46
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:46&version=nrsv -
John Haralson Hayes, Biblical Exegesis: A Beginner's Handbook (Westminster John Knox Press, 1987) pp. 104–105. The autho
-
Jn. 19:25–27
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:25–27&version=nrsv -
Jn. 19:28
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:28&version=nrsv -
Jn. 19:30
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:30&version=nrsv -
David Anderson-Berry, 1871 The Seven Sayings of Christ on the Cross, Glasgow: Pickering & Inglis Publishers
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Rev. John Edmunds, 1855 The seven sayings of Christ on the cross Thomas Hatchford Publishers, London, p. 26
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Arthur Pink, 2005 The Seven Sayings of the Saviour on the Cross Baker Books ISBN 0-8010-6573-9
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Simon Peter Long, 1966 The wounded Word: A brief meditation on the seven sayings of Christ on the cross Baker Books
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John Ross Macduff, 1857 The Words of Jesus New York: Thomas Stanford Publishers, p. 76
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Alexander Watson, 1847 The seven sayings on the Cross John Masters Publishers, London, p. 5. The difference between the
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Scott's Monthly Magazine Archived November 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. J.J. Toon; 1868. The Miracles Coincident Wi
https://books.google.com/books?id=bF0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86 -
Richard Watson. An Apology for the Bible: In a Series of Letters Addressed to Thomas Paine Archived November 23, 2022, a
https://books.google.com/books?id=FVFHmW1ySWUC&pg=PA81 -
Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" pp. 302–310
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Edwin Keith Broadhead Prophet, Son, Messiah: Narrative Form and Function in Mark (Continuum, 1994) p. 196.
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Contra Celsum (Against Celsus)
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen162.html -
The ante-Nicene fathers
https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136 -
Apologeticum
http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian01.html -
Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, The Date of the Crucifixion Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 37
https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1990QJRAS..31...53S&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf -
Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, p. 193
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Historical evidence and argument
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Schaefer, B. E. (March 1990). Lunar visibility and the crucifixion. Royal Astronomical Society Quarterly Journal, 31(1),
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Schaefer, B. E. (July 1991). Glare and celestial visibility. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 10
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"BBC Radio 4 – in Our Time, Eclipses"
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Burton L. Mack, A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins (Fortress Press, 1988) p. 296; George Bradford Caird, Th
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David E. Garland, Reading Matthew: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the First Gospel (Smyth & Helwys Publishing,
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Géza Vermes, The Passion (Penguin, 2005) pp. 108–109.
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Mt. 27:51–53
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:51–53&version=nrsv -
Mk. 15:39
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:39&version=nrsv -
Mt. 27:54
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:54&version=nrsv -
Lk. 23:47
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:47&version=nrsv -
New Revised Standard Version; New International Version renders "...this was a righteous man".
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George Syncellus, Chronography, chapter 391 Archived April 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/syncellus/#E1 -
International Geology Review
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229810999 -
Medical theories on the cause of death in Crucifixion J R Soc Med April 2006 vol. 99 no. 4 185–188. [2] Archived Septem
http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/99/4/185.short -
William Stroud, 1847, Treatise on the Physical Death of Jesus Christ London: Hamilton and Adams.
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The Cross in Tradition, History and Art
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The Physical Death Of Jesus Christ, Study by The Mayo Clinic Archived January 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing st
http://www.frugalsites.net/jesus/death.htm -
19:34
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:34&version=nrsv -
Edwards, William D.; Gabel, Wesley J.; Hosmer, Floyd E; On the Physical Death of Jesus, JAMA March 21, 1986, Vol 255, No
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Frederick Zugibe, 2005, The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry Evans Publishing, ISBN 1-59077-070-6
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JW Hewitt, The Use of Nails in the Crucifixion Harvard Theological Review, 1932
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www.crucifixion-shroud.com
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New Scientist October 12, 1978, p. 96
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Barbet, Pierre. Doctor at Calvary, New York: Image Books, 1963.
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"Keith Maxwell MD on the Crucifixion of Christ"
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"Jesus' Suffering and Crucifixion from a Medical Point of View"
https://web.archive.org/web/20190608100234/http://www.southasianconnection.com/articles/184/1/Jesus-Suffering-and-Crucifixion -
South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde
http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/viewFile/2462/1710 -
Catechism of the Catholic Church
https://books.google.com/books?id=tVJXcOVY2UgC -
True Faith in the True God: An Introduction to Luther's Life and Thought
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Principles of Catholic Theology: Building Stones for a Fundamental Theology
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Institutes of the Christian Religion
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The Inner Life
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Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology by Mark Allan Powell and David R. Bauer 1999 ISBN 0-664-25752-6 p. 106
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The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church
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The Christology of the New Testament by Oscar Cullmann 1959 ISBN 0-664-24351-7 p. 79
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The Johannine exegesis of God by Daniel Rathnakara Sadananda 2005 ISBN 3-11-018248-3 p. 281
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Johannine Christology and the Early Church by T. E. Pollard 2005 ISBN 0-521-01868-4 p. 21
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Studies in Early Christology by Martin Hengel 2004 ISBN 0-567-04280-4 p. 371
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New Testament christology by Frank J. Matera 1999 ISBN 0-664-25694-5 p. 67
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The speeches in Acts: their content, context, and concerns by Marion L. Soards 1994 ISBN 0-664-25221-4 p. 34
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Christology by Hans Schwarz 1998 ISBN 0-8028-4463-4 pp. 132–134
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"War Between Good and Evil – Light from the Cross"
https://lightfromthecross.com/ -
Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity by Larry W. Hurtado (2005) ISBN 0-8028-3167-2 pp. 130–133
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Christian Theology by J. Glyndwr Harris (2002) ISBN 1-902210-22-0 pp. 12–15
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Calvin's Christology by Stephen Edmondson 2004 ISBN 0-521-54154-9 p. 91
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The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures by Hughes Oliphant Old 2002 ISBN 0-8028-4775-7 p. 125
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The Lamb of God by Sergei Bulgakov 2008 ISBN 0-8028-2779-9 p. 129
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Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0-86012-006-6 p. 74
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For example, see Matthew 6:14–15. See also Sermon on the Mount
https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%206:14–15&version=nrsv -
Catholic Encyclopedia
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02055a.htm -
A. J. Wallace, R. D. Rusk Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation, (New Zealand: Bridgehead,
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Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices
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Miserentissimus Redemptor
https://web.archive.org/web/20140812031528/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html -
"Vatican archives"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080502234831/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici_en.html -
See Development of the Christus Victor view after Aulén
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What Christians Believe: A Biblical and Historical Summary
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eom.byu.edu
https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Atonement_of_Jesus_Christ -
"Catechism of the Catholic Church 598"
http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p122a4p2.htm#598 -
Vatican News
https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-06/nostrae-aetate-opening-the-path-to-interreligious-dialogue.html -
Brox 1984, p. 306.
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Schneemelcher & Maurer 1994, p. 220.
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The Nag Hammadi Scriptures: The Revised and Updated Translation of Sacred Gnostic Texts Complete in One Volume
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Quran 4:157–158
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"Wherefore he did not himself suffer death, but Simon, a certain man of Cyrene, being compelled, bore the cross in his s
http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103124.htm -
The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration [in Philadelphia]
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Tuomas RasimusParadise Reconsidered in Gnostic Mythmaking: Rethinking Sethianism in Light of the Ophite Evidence Brill,
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The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration [in Philadelphia]
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Israel Oriental Studies
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Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 ISBN 978-0-83
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Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 ISBN 978-0-83
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"Metropolis – Japan Travel: Jesus in Japan"
https://web.archive.org/web/20060825022848/http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyotravel/tokyojapantravel/3523/tokyojapantravelinc.htm -
BBC News
https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/5326614.stm -
"Jesus In Japan – FT110"
https://web.archive.org/web/20070310200846/http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/110_japson.shtml -
"The Little-Known Legend of Jesus in Japan | History | Smithsonian"
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-little-known-legend-of-jesus-in-japan-165354242/ -
Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft. Jahrgang 1997 diagonal-Verlag Ursula Spuler-Stegemann Der Engel Pfau zum Selbstve
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www.newadvent.org
https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14373b.htm -
www.newadvent.org
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James Tissot: the Life of Christ by Judith F. Dolkart 2009 ISBN 1-85894-496-1 p. 201
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Modern Art and the Death of a Culture
https://archive.org/details/modernartdeathof00rook/page/73 -
Jn. 19:26–27
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"Mary was United to Jesus on the Cross"
https://web.archive.org/web/20190705225740/http://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/jp2bvm3.htm -
"Vatican website on 'Behold Your Mother!'"
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lib.ugent.be
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