Crimea

Crimea ( kry-MEE-ə) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukraine. To the east, the Crimean Bridge, constructed in 2018, spans the Strait of Kerch, linking the peninsula with Krasnodar Krai in Russia. The Arabat Spit, located to the northeast, is a narrow strip of land that separates the Syvash lagoons from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to the west lies Romania and to the south is Turkey. The population is 2.4 million, and the largest city is Sevastopol. The region, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine, has been under Russian occupation since 2014. Called the Tauric Peninsula until the early modern period, Crimea has historically been at the boundary between the classical world and the steppe. Greeks colonised its southern fringe and were absorbed by the Roman and Byzantine Empires and successor states while remaining culturally Greek. Some cities became trading colonies of Genoa, until conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Throughout this time the interior was occupied by a changing cast of steppe nomads, coming under the control of the Golden Horde in the 13th century from which the Crimean Khanate emerged as a successor state. In the 15th century, the Khanate became a dependency of the Ottoman Empire. Lands controlled by Russia and Poland-Lithuania were often the target of slave raids during this period. In 1783, after the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), the Russian Empire annexed Crimea. Crimea's strategic position led to the 1854 Crimean War and many short lived regimes following the 1917 Russian Revolution. When the Bolsheviks secured Crimea, it became an autonomous soviet republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. It was occupied by Germany during World War II. When the Soviets retook it in 1944, Crimean Tatars were ethnically cleansed and deported under the orders of Joseph Stalin, in what has been described as a cultural genocide. Crimea was downgraded to an oblast in 1945. In 1954, the USSR transferred the oblast to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on the 300th anniversary of the Pereyaslav Treaty in 1654. After Ukrainian independence in 1991, most of the peninsula was reorganised as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The Soviet fleet in Crimea was in contention, but a 1997 treaty allowed Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol. In 2014, the peninsula was occupied by Russian forces and annexed by Russia, but most countries recognise Crimea as Ukrainian territory.

Infobox

Location

Eastern Europe

Coordinates

mw- 45°18′N 34°24′E / 45.3°N 34.4°E / 45.3; 34.4

Adjacent to

mw- Black SeaSea of Azov

Area

27,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi)

Highest elevation

1,545 m (5069 ft)

Highest point

Roman-Kosh

Status

Internationally recognised as Ukrainian territory occupied by Russia (see Political status of Crimea)

Largest settlement

Sevastopol

Demonym

Crimean

Population

2,416,856 (2021)

Pop. density

84.6/km2 (219.1/sq mi)

ISO code

UA-43

Tables

· Economy › Energy

Dzhankoi gas field

Name

Dzhankoi gas field

Type

onshore

Location

Dzhankoi

Holitsynske gas field

Name

Holitsynske gas field

Type

offshore

Location

Black Sea

Karlavske gas field

Name

Karlavske gas field

Type

onshore

Location

Chornomorske

Krym gas field

Name

Krym gas field

Type

offshore

Location

Black Sea

Odeske gas field

Name

Odeske gas field

Type

offshore

Location

Black Sea

Reserves

21 billion m3

Schmidta gas field

Name

Schmidta gas field

Type

offshore

Location

Black Sea

Shtormvaia gas field

Name

Shtormvaia gas field

Type

offshore

Location

Black Sea

Strilkove gas field

Name

Strilkove gas field

Type

offshore

Location

Sea of Azov

Name	Type	Location	Reserves
Dzhankoi gas field	onshore	Dzhankoi
Holitsynske gas field	offshore	Black Sea
Karlavske gas field	onshore	Chornomorske
Krym gas field	offshore	Black Sea
Odeske gas field	offshore	Black Sea	21 billion m3
Schmidta gas field	offshore	Black Sea
Shtormvaia gas field	offshore	Black Sea
Strilkove gas field	offshore	Sea of Azov

· Demographics

Carried out by

Date

Carried out by

1785

Russian Empire

1795

Soviet Union

1816

Ukraine

1835

Russia

Ethnic group

Date

Ethnic group

1785

1795

1816

1835

1850

1864

1897

Number

1897

1926

Number

1926

1939

Number

1939

1959

Number

1959

1970

Number

1970

1979

Number

1979

1989

Number

1989

2001

Number

2001

2014

Number

2014

Russians

Date

Russians

1785

2.2%

1795

4.3%

1816

4.8%

1835

4.4%

1850

6.6%

1864

28.5%

1897

180,963

1897

33.11%

1926

301,398

1926

42.2%

1939

558,481

1939

49.6%

1959

858,273

1959

71.4%

1970

1,220,484

1970

67.3%

1979

1,460,980

1979

66.9%

1989

1,629,542

1989

67.0%

2001

1,450,400

2001

60.4%

2014

1,492,078

2014

67.9%

Ukrainians

Date

Ukrainians

1795

1.3%

1816

3.6%

1835

3.1%

1850

1897

64,703

1897

11.84%

1926

77,405

1926

10.6%

1939

154,123

1939

13.7%

1959

267,659

1959

22.3%

1970

480,733

1970

26.5%

1979

547,336

1979

25.1%

1989

625,919

1989

25.8%

2001

576,600

2001

24.0%

2014

344,515

2014

15.7%

Crimean Tatars

Date

Crimean Tatars

1785

84.1%

1795

87.6%

1816

85.9%

1835

83.5%

1850

77.8%

1864

50.3%

1897

194,294

1897

35.55%

1926

179,094

1926

25.1%

1939

218,879

1939

19.4%

1979

5,422

1979

0.2%

1989

38,365

1989

1.6%

2001

245,200

2001

10.2%

2014

232,340

2014

10.6%

Belarusians

Date

Belarusians

1897

2,058

1897

0.38%

1926

3,842

1926

0.5%

1939

6,726

1939

0.6%

1959

21,672

1959

1.8%

1970

39,793

1970

2.2%

1979

45,000 (e)

1979

2.1%

1989

50,045

1989

2.1%

2001

35,000

2001

1.5%

2014

21,694

2014

1.0%

Armenians

Date

Armenians

1795

1816

1.3%

1835

1.5%

1850

1864

6.5%

1897

8,317

1897

1.52%

1926

10,713

1926

1.5%

1939

12,923

1939

1.1%

1970

3,091

1970

0.2%

1989

2,794

1989

0.1%

2001

10,000

2001

0.4%

2014

11,030

2014

0.5%

Jews

Date

Jews

1795

2.3%

1816

2.3%

1835

1850

2.2%

1864

1897

24,168

1897

4.42%

1926

45,926

1926

6.4%

1939

65,452

1939

5.8%

1959

26,374

1959

2.2%

1970

25,614

1970

1.4%

1989

17,371

1989

0.7%

2001

5,500

2001

0.2%

2014

3,374

2014

0.1%

Others

Date

Others

1785

13.7%

1795

3.9%

1816

2.1%

1835

5.5%

1850

5.4%

1864

7.7%

1897

72,089

1897

13.19%

1959

c.27,500

1959

2.3%

2014

92,533

2014

4.2%

Total population stating nationality

Date

Total population stating nationality

1897

546,592

1897

713,823

1926

1,126,429

1939

1,813,502

1939

2,184,000

1959

2,430,495

1959

2,401,200

1970

2,197,564

Nationality not stated

Date

Nationality not stated

1959

12,000

1970

87,205

Total population

Date

Total population

1926

1,201,517

1959

2,458,600

1959

2,413,200

1970

2,284,769

Date	1785	1795	1816	1835	1850	1864	1897		1926		1939		1959		1970		1979		1989		2001		2014
Carried out by	Russian Empire								Soviet Union												Ukraine		Russia
Ethnic group	%	%	%	%	%	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Russians	2.2%	4.3%	4.8%	4.4%	6.6%	28.5%	180,963	33.11%	301,398	42.2%	558,481	49.6%	858,273	71.4%	1,220,484	67.3%	1,460,980	66.9%	1,629,542	67.0%	1,450,400	60.4%	1,492,078	67.9%
Ukrainians		1.3%	3.6%	3.1%	7%		64,703	11.84%	77,405	10.6%	154,123	13.7%	267,659	22.3%	480,733	26.5%	547,336	25.1%	625,919	25.8%	576,600	24.0%	344,515	15.7%
Crimean Tatars	84.1%	87.6%	85.9%	83.5%	77.8%	50.3%	194,294	35.55%	179,094	25.1%	218,879	19.4%					5,422	0.2%	38,365	1.6%	245,200	10.2%	232,340	10.6%
Belarusians							2,058	0.38%	3,842	0.5%	6,726	0.6%	21,672	1.8%	39,793	2.2%	45,000 (e)	2.1%	50,045	2.1%	35,000	1.5%	21,694	1.0%
Armenians		6%	1.3%	1.5%	1%	6.5%	8,317	1.52%	10,713	1.5%	12,923	1.1%			3,091	0.2%			2,794	0.1%	10,000	0.4%	11,030	0.5%
Jews		2.3%	2.3%	2%	2.2%	7%	24,168	4.42%	45,926	6.4%	65,452	5.8%	26,374	2.2%	25,614	1.4%			17,371	0.7%	5,500	0.2%	3,374	0.1%
Others	13.7%	3.9%	2.1%	5.5%	5.4%	7.7%	72,089	13.19%					c.27,500	2.3%									92,533	4.2%
Total population stating nationality							546,592		713,823		1,126,429				1,813,502		2,184,000		2,430,495		2,401,200		2,197,564
Nationality not stated																					12,000		87,205
Total population													1,201,517						2,458,600		2,413,200		2,284,769

References

Russian: Крым, romanised: KrymUkrainian: Крим, romanised: KrymCrimean Tatar: Qırım, КъырымAncient Greek: Κιμμερία, Ταυρι
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Города и области Украины (Cities and regions of Ukraine)
https://web.archive.org/web/20140607133524/http://ukrainian.su/kryim/artek-mezhdunarodnyiy-detskiy-tsentr.html
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed.
http://bse.sci-lib.com/article072849.html
National Geographic
https://web.archive.org/web/20121130171317/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/best-trips-2013
"Australia imposes sanctions on Russians after annexation of Crimea from Ukraine"
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-19/australia-sanctions-russia-ukraine/5331826
"Japan imposes sanctions against Russia over Crimea independence"
https://www.foxnews.com/world/japan-imposes-sanctions-against-russia-over-crimea-independence/
EUobserver
https://euobserver.com/foreign/126986
"Special Economic Measures (Ukraine) Regulations"
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2014-60/page-1.html
"Australia and sanctions – Consolidated List – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade"
https://web.archive.org/web/20200229083957/https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/sanctions/Pages/consolidated-list.aspx
"Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with the Council Decision 2014/145/CFSPconcerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine"
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/142174.pdf
Kyiv Post
http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/crimea-hit-by-multiple-sanctions-as-power-transport-and-banking-communications-are-cut-off-376206.html
"Visa and MasterCard quit Crimea over US sanctions"
http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/26/visa-and-mastercard-quit-crimea-over-us-sanctions/
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/mar/06/russians-visa-mastercard-ban-domestic-purchases-mir
Finextra Research
https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/23521/what-happened-to-russian-fintech-after-the-global-cancelling
TASS
https://tass.com/economy/810614
TASS
https://tass.com/russia/773646
TASS
https://tass.com/economy/797272
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-crimea-banks-idUSL6N0N01X620140409
"Kyiv vows to restore Ukrainian rule over Crimea to re-establish 'world law and order'"
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-24/kyiv-vows-to-restore-ukrainian-rule-in-russia-annexed-crimea/101363692
"Results of Census: Population of Crimea is 2.284 Million People – Information agency "Krym Media""
https://web.archive.org/web/20151104175105/http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People
2001 Ukrainian Census
http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_crym/
gks.ru
https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim.htm
Dzerkalo Tzhnia
https://web.archive.org/web/20150702211328/http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/perepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html
2001 Ukrainian Census
http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/
"Crimean Tatar language in danger"
https://www.avrupatimes.com/culture/3676-crimean-tatar-language-in-danger.html
"Crimean Tatar"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022912/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=crh
www.treccani.it
https://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/articoli/scritto_e_parlato/Europa11.html
Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great's Southern Empire
https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ47DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30
These numbers exclude the population numbers for Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky Uyezds, which were on mainland.
demoscope.ru
http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd_eng.php?reg=1420
demoscope.ru
http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php?reg=788
demoscope.ru
http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=68
demoscope.ru
http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr59_reg1.php
Crimea – Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 73
Crimea – Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 72
2001 Ukrainian Census
http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/
Итоги Переписи Населения В Крымском Федеральном Округе [Censuses in Crimean Federal District], Таблицы с итогами Федерал
http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim/pub-04-01.xlsx
2001 Ukrainian Census
http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/
"23"
https://web.archive.org/web/20000604031122/http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html
The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAb5tY4Ai8C&pg=PA211
"The Deportation and Destruction of the German Minority in the USSR" (PDF)
https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010115522/http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/docs/Deportation%20and%20Destruction%20Soviet%20Germans.pdf
"On Germans Living on the Territory of the Ukrainian SSR"
http://jpohl.blogspot.co.uk/2006/08/on-germans-living-on-territory-of.html
"NKVD Arrest List Archived 16 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine" (PDF)
http://www.goldade.net/Arrests/NKVD.pdf
"A People on the Move: Germans in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union: 1763 – 1997 Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayba
http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/people.html
"The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union" (PDF)
https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131817/http://jrs.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/4/372.full.pdf
"Public Opinion Survey Residents of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea"
http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2013%20October%207%20Survey%20of%20Crimean%20Public%20Opinion,%20May%2016-30,%202013.pdf
Russia seeks to crush Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Crimea for helping resist Russification, Ukrainian Independent Inform
https://www.unian.info/society/10295148-russia-seeks-to-crush-ukrainian-orthodox-church-in-crimea-for-helping-resist-russification-khpg.html
(in Russian) Статус епархий в Крыму остался неизменным, заявили в УПЦ Московского патриархата NEWSru, 10 March 2015.(in
http://newsru.com/religy/10mar2015/krim_upcmp.html
Scientific Notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, Series Philology. Social Communications
http://philol.vernadskyjournals.in.ua/journals/2020/1_2020/part_4/22.pdf
"Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900)"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140319030420/http://www.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah189/2003/alex/aboutframeset.htm
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/may/14/ukraine-wins-eurovision-jamala-1944
Yahoo Sports
https://web.archive.org/web/20220926072249/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/uefa-backed-league-starts-play-crimea-094547026--sow.html
"Ukrainian Sport Minister urges Federations not to let athletes switch to Russia without serving qualifying period"
http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1032350/ukrainian-sport-minister-urges-federations-not-to-let-athletes-switch-to-russia-without-serving-qualifying-period
14 Russians bid to take part in IAAF World Championships, TASS news agency (5 July 2017)
http://tass.com/sport/954771