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Corruption Perceptions Index

Updated: Wikipedia source

Corruption Perceptions Index

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index published annually by Transparency International, a German registered association, since 1995. It scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives. The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain". From 1995 to 2011, the index was scored on a scale of 10 to 0. Since 2012, the Corruption Perceptions Index has been ranked on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt). Of the 180 countries ranked in the 2024 CPI, published in February 2025, the top scorers included; Denmark (90), Finland (88), Singapore (84), while those perceived as the most corrupt included South Sudan (8), Somalia (9) and Venezuela (10). Although widely used as a key indicator of corruption, the CPI does not capture all forms of corruption. Perceptions about corruption may differ from actual levels of corruption and index focuses solely on the public sector. For a more comprehensive picture, the CPI should be used alongside other assessments.

Tables

· Scoring › 2024 scores
since 2012
since 2012
Scores
since 2012
Perceived as less corrupt
100–90
Perceived as less corrupt
89–80
Perceived as less corrupt
79–70
Perceived as less corrupt
69–60
Perceived as less corrupt
59–50
Perceived as more corrupt
49–40
Perceived as more corrupt
39–30
Perceived as more corrupt
29–20
Perceived as more corrupt
19–10
Perceived as more corrupt
9–0
Scores
Perceived as less corrupt
Perceived as more corrupt
since 2012
100–90
89–80
79–70
69–60
59–50
49–40
39–30
29–20
19–10
9–0
· Scoring › 2024 scores
1
1
#
1
Nation or Territory
Denmark
Score (2024)
mw- .mw- .mw- 90
RankChange (2023)
2
2
#
2
Nation or Territory
Finland
Score (2024)
88
RankChange (2023)
3
3
#
3
Nation or Territory
Singapore
Score (2024)
84
RankChange (2023)
2
4
4
#
4
Nation or Territory
New Zealand
Score (2024)
83
RankChange (2023)
1
5
5
#
5
Nation or Territory
Luxembourg
Score (2024)
81
RankChange (2023)
5
5
5
#
5
Nation or Territory
Norway
Score (2024)
81
RankChange (2023)
1
5
5
#
5
Nation or Territory
Switzerland
Score (2024)
81
RankChange (2023)
1
8
8
#
8
Nation or Territory
Sweden
Score (2024)
80
RankChange (2023)
2
9
9
#
9
Nation or Territory
Netherlands
Score (2024)
78
RankChange (2023)
1
10
10
#
10
Nation or Territory
Australia
Score (2024)
77
RankChange (2023)
4
10
10
#
10
Nation or Territory
Iceland
Score (2024)
77
RankChange (2023)
9
10
10
#
10
Nation or Territory
Ireland
Score (2024)
77
RankChange (2023)
1
13
13
#
13
Nation or Territory
Estonia
Score (2024)
76
RankChange (2023)
13
13
#
13
Nation or Territory
Uruguay
Score (2024)
76
RankChange (2023)
5
15
15
#
15
Nation or Territory
Canada
Score (2024)
75
RankChange (2023)
3
15
15
#
15
Nation or Territory
Germany
Score (2024)
75
RankChange (2023)
6
17
17
#
17
Nation or Territory
Hong Kong
Score (2024)
74
RankChange (2023)
2
18
18
#
18
Nation or Territory
Bhutan
Score (2024)
72
RankChange (2023)
8
18
18
#
18
Nation or Territory
Seychelles
Score (2024)
72
RankChange (2023)
4
20
20
#
20
Nation or Territory
Japan
Score (2024)
71
RankChange (2023)
3
20
20
#
20
Nation or Territory
United Kingdom
Score (2024)
71
RankChange (2023)
3
22
22
#
22
Nation or Territory
Belgium
Score (2024)
69
RankChange (2023)
6
23
23
#
23
Nation or Territory
Barbados
Score (2024)
68
RankChange (2023)
1
23
23
#
23
Nation or Territory
United Arab Emirates
Score (2024)
68
RankChange (2023)
4
25
25
#
25
Nation or Territory
Austria
Score (2024)
67
RankChange (2023)
5
25
25
#
25
Nation or Territory
France
Score (2024)
67
RankChange (2023)
4
25
25
#
25
Nation or Territory
Taiwan
Score (2024)
67
RankChange (2023)
3
28
28
#
28
Nation or Territory
Bahamas
Score (2024)
65
RankChange (2023)
2
28
28
#
28
Nation or Territory
United States
Score (2024)
65
RankChange (2023)
3
30
30
#
30
Nation or Territory
Israel
Score (2024)
64
RankChange (2023)
3
30
30
#
30
Nation or Territory
South Korea
Score (2024)
64
RankChange (2023)
2
32
32
#
32
Nation or Territory
Chile
Score (2024)
63
RankChange (2023)
3
32
32
#
32
Nation or Territory
Lithuania
Score (2024)
63
RankChange (2023)
2
32
32
#
32
Nation or Territory
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Score (2024)
63
RankChange (2023)
4
35
35
#
35
Nation or Territory
Cape Verde
Score (2024)
62
RankChange (2023)
5
36
36
#
36
Nation or Territory
Dominica
Score (2024)
60
RankChange (2023)
6
36
36
#
36
Nation or Territory
Slovenia
Score (2024)
60
RankChange (2023)
6
38
38
#
38
Nation or Territory
Latvia
Score (2024)
59
RankChange (2023)
2
38
38
#
38
Nation or Territory
Qatar
Score (2024)
59
RankChange (2023)
2
38
38
#
38
Nation or Territory
Saint Lucia
Score (2024)
59
RankChange (2023)
7
38
38
#
38
Nation or Territory
Saudi Arabia
Score (2024)
59
RankChange (2023)
15
42
42
#
42
Nation or Territory
Costa Rica
Score (2024)
58
RankChange (2023)
3
43
43
#
43
Nation or Territory
Botswana
Score (2024)
57
RankChange (2023)
4
43
43
#
43
Nation or Territory
Portugal
Score (2024)
57
RankChange (2023)
9
43
43
#
43
Nation or Territory
Rwanda
Score (2024)
57
RankChange (2023)
6
46
46
#
46
Nation or Territory
Cyprus
Score (2024)
56
RankChange (2023)
3
46
46
#
46
Nation or Territory
Czech Republic
Score (2024)
56
RankChange (2023)
5
46
46
#
46
Nation or Territory
Grenada
Score (2024)
56
RankChange (2023)
3
46
46
#
46
Nation or Territory
Spain
Score (2024)
56
RankChange (2023)
10
50
50
#
50
Nation or Territory
Fiji
Score (2024)
55
RankChange (2023)
3
50
50
#
50
Nation or Territory
Oman
Score (2024)
55
RankChange (2023)
20
52
52
#
52
Nation or Territory
Italy
Score (2024)
54
RankChange (2023)
10
53
53
#
53
Nation or Territory
Bahrain
Score (2024)
53
RankChange (2023)
23
53
53
#
53
Nation or Territory
Georgia
Score (2024)
53
RankChange (2023)
4
53
53
#
53
Nation or Territory
Poland
Score (2024)
53
RankChange (2023)
6
56
56
#
56
Nation or Territory
Mauritius
Score (2024)
51
RankChange (2023)
1
57
57
#
57
Nation or Territory
Malaysia
Score (2024)
50
RankChange (2023)
57
57
#
57
Nation or Territory
Vanuatu
Score (2024)
50
RankChange (2023)
4
59
59
#
59
Nation or Territory
Greece
Score (2024)
49
RankChange (2023)
59
59
#
59
Nation or Territory
Jordan
Score (2024)
49
RankChange (2023)
4
59
59
#
59
Nation or Territory
Namibia
Score (2024)
49
RankChange (2023)
59
59
#
59
Nation or Territory
Slovakia
Score (2024)
49
RankChange (2023)
12
63
63
#
63
Nation or Territory
Armenia
Score (2024)
47
RankChange (2023)
1
63
63
#
63
Nation or Territory
Croatia
Score (2024)
47
RankChange (2023)
6
65
65
#
65
Nation or Territory
Kuwait
Score (2024)
46
RankChange (2023)
2
65
65
#
65
Nation or Territory
Malta
Score (2024)
46
RankChange (2023)
10
65
65
#
65
Nation or Territory
Montenegro
Score (2024)
46
RankChange (2023)
2
65
65
#
65
Nation or Territory
Romania
Score (2024)
46
RankChange (2023)
2
69
69
#
69
Nation or Territory
Benin
Score (2024)
45
RankChange (2023)
1
69
69
#
69
Nation or Territory
Ivory Coast
Score (2024)
45
RankChange (2023)
18
69
69
#
69
Nation or Territory
São Tomé and Príncipe
Score (2024)
45
RankChange (2023)
2
69
69
#
69
Nation or Territory
Senegal
Score (2024)
45
RankChange (2023)
1
73
73
#
73
Nation or Territory
Jamaica
Score (2024)
44
RankChange (2023)
4
73
73
#
73
Nation or Territory
Kosovo
Score (2024)
44
RankChange (2023)
10
73
73
#
73
Nation or Territory
Timor-Leste
Score (2024)
44
RankChange (2023)
3
76
76
#
76
Nation or Territory
Bulgaria
Score (2024)
43
RankChange (2023)
9
76
76
#
76
Nation or Territory
China
Score (2024)
43
RankChange (2023)
76
76
#
76
Nation or Territory
Moldova
Score (2024)
43
RankChange (2023)
76
76
#
76
Nation or Territory
Solomon Islands
Score (2024)
43
RankChange (2023)
6
80
80
#
80
Nation or Territory
Albania
Score (2024)
42
RankChange (2023)
18
80
80
#
80
Nation or Territory
Ghana
Score (2024)
42
RankChange (2023)
10
82
82
#
82
Nation or Territory
Burkina Faso
Score (2024)
41
RankChange (2023)
1
82
82
#
82
Nation or Territory
Cuba
Score (2024)
41
RankChange (2023)
6
82
82
#
82
Nation or Territory
Hungary
Score (2024)
41
RankChange (2023)
6
82
82
#
82
Nation or Territory
South Africa
Score (2024)
41
RankChange (2023)
1
82
82
#
82
Nation or Territory
Tanzania
Score (2024)
41
RankChange (2023)
5
82
82
#
82
Nation or Territory
Trinidad and Tobago
Score (2024)
41
RankChange (2023)
6
88
88
#
88
Nation or Territory
Kazakhstan
Score (2024)
40
RankChange (2023)
5
88
88
#
88
Nation or Territory
North Macedonia
Score (2024)
40
RankChange (2023)
12
88
88
#
88
Nation or Territory
Suriname
Score (2024)
40
RankChange (2023)
1
88
88
#
88
Nation or Territory
Vietnam
Score (2024)
40
RankChange (2023)
5
92
92
#
92
Nation or Territory
Colombia
Score (2024)
39
RankChange (2023)
5
92
92
#
92
Nation or Territory
Guyana
Score (2024)
39
RankChange (2023)
5
92
92
#
92
Nation or Territory
Tunisia
Score (2024)
39
RankChange (2023)
5
92
92
#
92
Nation or Territory
Zambia
Score (2024)
39
RankChange (2023)
2
96
96
#
96
Nation or Territory
Gambia
Score (2024)
38
RankChange (2023)
2
96
96
#
96
Nation or Territory
India
Score (2024)
38
RankChange (2023)
3
96
96
#
96
Nation or Territory
Maldives
Score (2024)
38
RankChange (2023)
3
99
99
#
99
Nation or Territory
Argentina
Score (2024)
37
RankChange (2023)
1
99
99
#
99
Nation or Territory
Ethiopia
Score (2024)
37
RankChange (2023)
1
99
99
#
99
Nation or Territory
Indonesia
Score (2024)
37
RankChange (2023)
16
99
99
#
99
Nation or Territory
Lesotho
Score (2024)
37
RankChange (2023)
6
99
99
#
99
Nation or Territory
Morocco
Score (2024)
37
RankChange (2023)
2
104
104
#
104
Nation or Territory
Dominican Republic
Score (2024)
36
RankChange (2023)
4
105
105
#
105
Nation or Territory
Serbia
Score (2024)
35
RankChange (2023)
1
105
105
#
105
Nation or Territory
Ukraine
Score (2024)
35
RankChange (2023)
1
107
107
#
107
Nation or Territory
Algeria
Score (2024)
34
RankChange (2023)
3
107
107
#
107
Nation or Territory
Brazil
Score (2024)
34
RankChange (2023)
3
107
107
#
107
Nation or Territory
Malawi
Score (2024)
34
RankChange (2023)
8
107
107
#
107
Nation or Territory
Nepal
Score (2024)
34
RankChange (2023)
1
107
107
#
107
Nation or Territory
Niger
Score (2024)
34
RankChange (2023)
17
107
107
#
107
Nation or Territory
Thailand
Score (2024)
34
RankChange (2023)
1
107
107
#
107
Nation or Territory
Turkey
Score (2024)
34
RankChange (2023)
8
114
114
#
114
Nation or Territory
Belarus
Score (2024)
33
RankChange (2023)
16
114
114
#
114
Nation or Territory
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Score (2024)
33
RankChange (2023)
6
114
114
#
114
Nation or Territory
Laos
Score (2024)
33
RankChange (2023)
22
114
114
#
114
Nation or Territory
Mongolia
Score (2024)
33
RankChange (2023)
7
114
114
#
114
Nation or Territory
Panama
Score (2024)
33
RankChange (2023)
6
114
114
#
114
Nation or Territory
Philippines
Score (2024)
33
RankChange (2023)
1
114
114
#
114
Nation or Territory
Sierra Leone
Score (2024)
33
RankChange (2023)
6
121
121
#
121
Nation or Territory
Angola
Score (2024)
32
RankChange (2023)
121
121
#
121
Nation or Territory
Ecuador
Score (2024)
32
RankChange (2023)
6
121
121
#
121
Nation or Territory
Kenya
Score (2024)
32
RankChange (2023)
5
121
121
#
121
Nation or Territory
Sri Lanka
Score (2024)
32
RankChange (2023)
6
121
121
#
121
Nation or Territory
Togo
Score (2024)
32
RankChange (2023)
5
121
121
#
121
Nation or Territory
Uzbekistan
Score (2024)
32
RankChange (2023)
127
127
#
127
Nation or Territory
Djibouti
Score (2024)
31
RankChange (2023)
3
127
127
#
127
Nation or Territory
Papua New Guinea
Score (2024)
31
RankChange (2023)
6
127
127
#
127
Nation or Territory
Peru
Score (2024)
31
RankChange (2023)
6
130
130
#
130
Nation or Territory
Egypt
Score (2024)
30
RankChange (2023)
22
130
130
#
130
Nation or Territory
El Salvador
Score (2024)
30
RankChange (2023)
4
130
130
#
130
Nation or Territory
Mauritania
Score (2024)
30
RankChange (2023)
133
133
#
133
Nation or Territory
Bolivia
Score (2024)
28
RankChange (2023)
133
133
#
133
Nation or Territory
Guinea
Score (2024)
28
RankChange (2023)
8
135
135
#
135
Nation or Territory
Eswatini
Score (2024)
27
RankChange (2023)
5
135
135
#
135
Nation or Territory
Gabon
Score (2024)
27
RankChange (2023)
1
135
135
#
135
Nation or Territory
Liberia
Score (2024)
27
RankChange (2023)
10
135
135
#
135
Nation or Territory
Mali
Score (2024)
27
RankChange (2023)
1
135
135
#
135
Nation or Territory
Pakistan
Score (2024)
27
RankChange (2023)
2
140
140
#
140
Nation or Territory
Cameroon
Score (2024)
26
RankChange (2023)
140
140
#
140
Nation or Territory
Iraq
Score (2024)
26
RankChange (2023)
14
140
140
#
140
Nation or Territory
Madagascar
Score (2024)
26
RankChange (2023)
5
140
140
#
140
Nation or Territory
Mexico
Score (2024)
26
RankChange (2023)
14
140
140
#
140
Nation or Territory
Nigeria
Score (2024)
26
RankChange (2023)
5
140
140
#
140
Nation or Territory
Uganda
Score (2024)
26
RankChange (2023)
1
146
146
#
146
Nation or Territory
Guatemala
Score (2024)
25
RankChange (2023)
8
146
146
#
146
Nation or Territory
Kyrgyzstan
Score (2024)
25
RankChange (2023)
5
146
146
#
146
Nation or Territory
Mozambique
Score (2024)
25
RankChange (2023)
1
149
149
#
149
Nation or Territory
Central African Republic
Score (2024)
24
RankChange (2023)
149
149
#
149
Nation or Territory
Paraguay
Score (2024)
24
RankChange (2023)
13
151
151
#
151
Nation or Territory
Bangladesh
Score (2024)
23
RankChange (2023)
2
151
151
#
151
Nation or Territory
Congo
Score (2024)
23
RankChange (2023)
7
151
151
#
151
Nation or Territory
Iran
Score (2024)
23
RankChange (2023)
2
154
154
#
154
Nation or Territory
Azerbaijan
Score (2024)
22
RankChange (2023)
154
154
#
154
Nation or Territory
Honduras
Score (2024)
22
RankChange (2023)
154
154
#
154
Nation or Territory
Lebanon
Score (2024)
22
RankChange (2023)
4
154
154
#
154
Nation or Territory
Russia
Score (2024)
22
RankChange (2023)
13
158
158
#
158
Nation or Territory
Cambodia
Score (2024)
21
RankChange (2023)
158
158
#
158
Nation or Territory
Chad
Score (2024)
21
RankChange (2023)
4
158
158
#
158
Nation or Territory
Comoros
Score (2024)
21
RankChange (2023)
4
158
158
#
158
Nation or Territory
Guinea-Bissau
Score (2024)
21
RankChange (2023)
158
158
#
158
Nation or Territory
Zimbabwe
Score (2024)
21
RankChange (2023)
9
163
163
#
163
Nation or Territory
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Score (2024)
20
RankChange (2023)
1
164
164
#
164
Nation or Territory
Tajikistan
Score (2024)
19
RankChange (2023)
2
165
165
#
165
Nation or Territory
Afghanistan
Score (2024)
17
RankChange (2023)
3
165
165
#
165
Nation or Territory
Burundi
Score (2024)
17
RankChange (2023)
3
165
165
#
165
Nation or Territory
Turkmenistan
Score (2024)
17
RankChange (2023)
5
168
168
#
168
Nation or Territory
Haiti
Score (2024)
16
RankChange (2023)
4
168
168
#
168
Nation or Territory
Myanmar
Score (2024)
16
RankChange (2023)
6
170
170
#
170
Nation or Territory
North Korea
Score (2024)
15
RankChange (2023)
2
170
170
#
170
Nation or Territory
Sudan
Score (2024)
15
RankChange (2023)
8
172
172
#
172
Nation or Territory
Nicaragua
Score (2024)
14
RankChange (2023)
173
173
#
173
Nation or Territory
Equatorial Guinea
Score (2024)
13
RankChange (2023)
1
173
173
#
173
Nation or Territory
Eritrea
Score (2024)
13
RankChange (2023)
12
173
173
#
173
Nation or Territory
Libya
Score (2024)
13
RankChange (2023)
3
173
173
#
173
Nation or Territory
Yemen
Score (2024)
13
RankChange (2023)
3
177
177
#
177
Nation or Territory
Syria
Score (2024)
12
RankChange (2023)
178
178
#
178
Nation or Territory
Venezuela
Score (2024)
10
RankChange (2023)
1
179
179
#
179
Nation or Territory
Somalia
Score (2024)
9
RankChange (2023)
1
180
180
#
180
Nation or Territory
South Sudan
Score (2024)
8
RankChange (2023)
3
#
Nation or Territory
Score (2024)
RankChange (2023)
1
Denmark
mw- .mw- 90
2
Finland
88
3
Singapore
84
2
4
New Zealand
83
1
5
Luxembourg
81
5
5
Norway
81
1
5
Switzerland
81
1
8
Sweden
80
2
9
Netherlands
78
1
10
Australia
77
4
10
Iceland
77
9
10
Ireland
77
1
13
Estonia
76
13
Uruguay
76
5
15
Canada
75
3
15
Germany
75
6
17
Hong Kong
74
2
18
Bhutan
72
8
18
Seychelles
72
4
20
Japan
71
3
20
United Kingdom
71
3
22
Belgium
69
6
23
Barbados
68
1
23
United Arab Emirates
68
4
25
Austria
67
5
25
France
67
4
25
Taiwan
67
3
28
Bahamas
65
2
28
United States
65
3
30
Israel
64
3
30
South Korea
64
2
32
Chile
63
3
32
Lithuania
63
2
32
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
63
4
35
Cape Verde
62
5
36
Dominica
60
6
36
Slovenia
60
6
38
Latvia
59
2
38
Qatar
59
2
38
Saint Lucia
59
7
38
Saudi Arabia
59
15
42
Costa Rica
58
3
43
Botswana
57
4
43
Portugal
57
9
43
Rwanda
57
6
46
Cyprus
56
3
46
Czech Republic
56
5
46
Grenada
56
3
46
Spain
56
10
· List by region
Western Europe and European Union
Western Europe and European Union
Region
Western Europe and European Union
Coun­tries (2024)
31
2024
64.29
2023
65.35
2022
65.52
2021
65.87
2020
65.81
2019
66.06
2018
66.32
2017
66.35
2016
66.39
2015
67.39
2014
66.10
2013
65.19
2012
65.10
Americas
Americas
Region
Americas
Coun­tries (2024)
32
2024
42.19
2023
42.69
2022
42.97
2021
43.13
2020
43.38
2019
43.38
2018
43.72
2017
44.19
2016
44.09
2015
40.31
2014
44.94
2013
44.32
2012
45.03
Central Asia and Eastern Europe
Central Asia and Eastern Europe
Region
Central Asia and Eastern Europe
Coun­tries (2024)
19
2024
34.84
2023
35.32
2022
35.21
2021
35.68
2020
35.95
2019
34.79
2018
34.53
2017
34.47
2016
34.32
2015
33.21
2014
33.11
2013
32.74
2012
32.79
Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific
Region
Asia-Pacific
Coun­tries (2024)
31
2024
44.48
2023
44.52
2022
45.13
2021
45.10
2020
45.29
2019
44.87
2018
44.39
2017
44.39
2016
43.87
2015
42.56
2014
42.70
2013
43.04
2012
42.64
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Coun­tries (2024)
49
2024
32.51
2023
32.82
2022
32.39
2021
32.51
2020
32.31
2019
32.24
2018
32.24
2017
32.02
2016
31.46
2015
32.30
2014
32.73
2013
32.12
2012
33.35
Middle East and North Africa
Middle East and North Africa
Region
Middle East and North Africa
Coun­tries (2024)
18
2024
39.00
2023
38.00
2022
37.50
2021
38.72
2020
39.11
2019
39.00
2018
38.56
2017
37.89
2016
37.50
2015
40.06
2014
39.67
2013
38.44
2012
40.00
World
World
Region
World
Coun­tries (2024)
180
2024
42.66
2023
42.97
2022
42.98
2021
43.27
2020
43.34
2019
43.17
2018
43.12
2017
43.07
2016
42.95
2015
42.60
2014
43.16
2013
42.55
2012
43.15
Region
Coun­tries (2024)
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
Western Europe and European Union
31
64.29
65.35
65.52
65.87
65.81
66.06
66.32
66.35
66.39
67.39
66.10
65.19
65.10
Americas
32
42.19
42.69
42.97
43.13
43.38
43.38
43.72
44.19
44.09
40.31
44.94
44.32
45.03
Central Asia and Eastern Europe
19
34.84
35.32
35.21
35.68
35.95
34.79
34.53
34.47
34.32
33.21
33.11
32.74
32.79
Asia-Pacific
31
44.48
44.52
45.13
45.10
45.29
44.87
44.39
44.39
43.87
42.56
42.70
43.04
42.64
Sub-Saharan Africa
49
32.51
32.82
32.39
32.51
32.31
32.24
32.24
32.02
31.46
32.30
32.73
32.12
33.35
Middle East and North Africa
18
39.00
38.00
37.50
38.72
39.11
39.00
38.56
37.89
37.50
40.06
39.67
38.44
40.00
World
180
42.66
42.97
42.98
43.27
43.34
43.17
43.12
43.07
42.95
42.60
43.16
42.55
43.15

References

  1. Transparency.org
    https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/1995
  2. transparency.org
    https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi
  3. "Corruption Perceptions Index: Frequently Asked Questions"
    https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/CPI_2023_Methodology.zip
  4. Corruption Perceptions Index 2010: Long Methodological Brief
    https://files.transparencycdn.org/images/CPI2010_long_methodology_En.pdf
  5. "CPI 2024"
    https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024
  6. Andy McDevitt. (2016). How-to guide for corruption assessment tools (2nd edition). U4 operated by Transparency Internati
  7. Corruption Perceptions Index
  8. Corruption Perceptions Index 2010
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110902224108/http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/faqs
  9. "Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005)"
    http://www.icgg.org/corruption.cpi_2005_faq.html
  10. The European Physical Journal B
    https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.0161
  11. The European Physical Journal B
    https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.1995
  12. International Journal of Management Economics and Business
    https://doi.org/10.17130%2Fijmeb.853535
  13. European Journal of Political Economy
    https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp7816.pdf
  14. Transparency.org
    https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2023-corruption-and-injustice
  15. “CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2023.” Transparency International, Jan. 2024. ISBN 978-3-96076-250-8.
  16. The Relationship between Corruption and Income Inequality: A Crossnational Study
    https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/558570/Mehen_georgetown_0076M_12119.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  17. Transparency.org
    https://www.transparency.org/en/press/strongest-correlation-between-corruption-and-poor-environmental-performance
  18. Scientia Africana
    https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fsa.v21i3.3
  19. Cogent Social Sciences
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311886.2024.2342513
  20. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/01/27/how-do-you-measure-corruption-transparency-international-does-its-best-and-thats-useful/
  21. Global Integrity
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130514053437/http://globalintegrity.org/node/266
  22. Foreign Policy
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141204010800/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/07/22/corrupting_perceptions
  23. cgdev.org
    https://www.cgdev.org/blog/corrupting-perceptions-why-transparency-international%E2%80%99s-flagship-corruption-index-falls-short
  24. Policy Research Working Paper Series
    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/113281515516828746/pdf/WPS8299.pdf
  25. Minnesota Journal of International Law
    https://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CAMPBELL-FCPA-in-Brazil-22-MINN-J-INTL-L-247-Winter-2013.pdf
  26. Transparency.org
    https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2015
  27. Transparency.org
    https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2023-highlights-insights-corruption-injustice
  28. "Corruption Perceptions Index (latest)"
    https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi
  29. Bahamas and Barbados were not scored this year, lowering the regional average.
  30. Transparency.org
    https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2023-trouble-at-the-top
  31. Transparency.org
    https://www.transparency.org/en/press/nigeria-oil-bribery-netherlands-us-reopen-investigations-eni-shells-opl245
  32. Dell, G., & McDevitt, A. (2022). Exporting Corruption 2022: Assessing Enforcement of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention. I
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