Confederate States of America

References

1. Slaves are included in the above population according to the 1860 census.
2. Population values do not include Missouri, Kentucky, or the Arizona Territory.
3. The cash crops circling the Seal are wheat, corn, tobacco, cotton, rice and sugar cane. Like Washington's equestrian sta
4. "Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–65"
   https://web.archive.org/web/20130828005906/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/Confederacy
5. American Battlefield Trust
   https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/reaction-fall-richmond
6. Danville Museum of Fine Arts & History
   https://www.danvillemuseum.org/history
7. The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America: From the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861 to Its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive. Arranged in Chronological Order, Together with the Constitution for the Provisional Government and the Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, and the Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with Indian Tribes
8. Cooper (2000) p. 462. Rable (1994) pp. 2–3. Rable wrote, "But despite heated arguments and no little friction between th
9. David Herbert Donald, ed. Why the North Won the Civil War. (1996) pp. 112–113. Potter wrote in his contribution to this
10. "1860 Census Results"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20040604075834/http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html
11. Encyclopedia Britannica
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12. The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy
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13. The Confederate Nation: 1861–1865
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IpM8EKRH_bUC
14. This mighty scourge: perspectives on the Civil War
    https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313666
15. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederate-States-of-America
16. A Companion to the American South
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vANndXTE8g4C&pg=PA103
17. Race Unequals: Overseer Contracts, White Masculinities, and the Formation of Managerial Identity in the Plantation Economy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=M0UsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31
18. Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation
19. Comparative Politics: Principles of Democracy and Democratization
20. History of Mississippi: The Heart of the South
21. Union and Anti-Slavery speeches, delivered during the Rebellion, etc
22. civilwar.org
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23. Opinionator
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24. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
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25. academia.edu
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26. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race
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27. Journal of American History
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28. Aaron Sheehan-Dean, "A Book for Every Perspective: Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks", Civil War History (2
29. OAH Magazine of History
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30. Atlas of World History
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31. John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860 (1981)
32. Susan-Mary Grant, North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (2000)
33. Elizabeth R. Varon, Bruce Levine, Marc Egnal, and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Hist
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34. Potter, David M., The Impending Crisis, pp. 44–45.
35. Freehling, p. 503
36. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Civil War Era Biographies
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37. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (1976) pp. 484–514.
38. Potter, pp. 448–484.
39. "Thomas 1979" pp. 3–4
40. "Thomas 1979" pp. 4–5
41. The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem
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42. "Reluctant Confederates"
    http://personal.tcu.edu/swoodworth/Crofts.htm
43. The Confederate States of America 1861–1865
44. The Growth of Southern Nationalism 1848–1861
45. "Thomas 1979" pp. 59, 81
46. The Washington Post
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47. Journal and Proceedings of the Missouri State Convention Held at Jefferson City and St. Louis, March 1861, George Knapp
48. Eugene Morrow Violette, A History of Missouri (1918), pp. 393–395
49. "Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170308171406/http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/secessionacts.html
50. Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, Missouri's Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/misouord.htm
51. Sketches from the Five States of Texas
    https://books.google.com/books?id=XeSi31_W8H4C&pg=PA27
52. The Confederate Congress
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rV-XNj4eJ3wC&pg=PA43
53. McPherson p. 278
54. Crofts pp. 336–338, quoting the North Carolina politician Jonathan Worth (1802–1869).
55. Current, Richard N. (1963). Lincoln and the First Shot. J. B. Lippincott Company, pp. 193-194.
56. "South Carolina documents including signatories"
    http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/southcar/south.html
57. The text of Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/msord.htm
58. The text of Florida's Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/flord.htm
59. The text of Alabama's Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/alord.htm
60. The text of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/gaord.htm
61. The text of Louisiana's Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/laord.htm
62. The text of Texas' Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/txordnan.htm
63. The text of Lincoln's calling-up of the militia of the several States
    https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/lincoln-declares-war/
64. The text of Virginia's Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Virginia took two steps
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/vaord.htm
65. The text of Arkansas' Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/arord.htm
66. The text of Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. The Tennessee legislat
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/tnord.htm
67. The text of North Carolina's Ordinance of Secession Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
    http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/ncord.htm
68. Curry, Richard Orr, A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia, Univ. o
69. Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, West Virginia, A History, Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1993, second edition, p. 112. Ano
70. The Civil War in West Virginia Archived October 15, 2004, at the Wayback Machine "No other state serves as a better exam
    http://www.wvculture.org/HISTORY/wvcivilwar.html
71. Snell, Mark A., West Virginia and the Civil War, Mountaineers Are Always Free, History Press, Charleston, South Carolina
72. Leonard, Cynthia Miller, The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619 – January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of
73. "Marx and Engels on the American Civil War"
    http://www.aotc.net/Marxen.htm
74. Glatthaar, Joseph T., General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse, 2008. ISBN 978-0-684-82787-2
75. Freedmen & Southern Society Project, Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War Archived October 11, 2007, at the W
    http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm
76. Bowman, p. 48.
77. History of Arizona
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9HkUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Act+to+organize+the+Territory+of+Arizona%22++Jefferson+Davis&pg=PA96
78. Troy Smith. "The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory", Civil War History (2013) 59#3 pp. 279–319.
    http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v059/59.3.smith.html
79. Laurence M. Between Hauptman, Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War (1996).
80. The Texas delegation was seated with full voting rights after its statewide referendum of secession on March 2, 1861. It
81. The sessions of the Provisional Congress were in Montgomery, Alabama, (1) First Session February 4 – March 10, and (2) S
82. Martis, Historical Atlas, pp. 7–8.
83. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 100
84. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 101. Virginia was practically promised as a condition of secession by Vic
85. Martis, Historical Atlas, p. 2.
86. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 102.
87. Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years
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88. Abraham Lincoln; Complete Works, Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Miscellaneous Writings
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89. Violations of the rules of law were precipitated on both sides and can be found in historical accounts of guerrilla war,
90. Francis M. Carroll, "The American Civil War and British Intervention: The Threat of Anglo-American Conflict." Canadian J
91. Blumenthal (1966) p. 151; Jones (2009) p. 321; Owsley (1959)
92. Senator James Murray Mason: Defender of the Old South
93. Plantation slavery in Georgia
    https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015000661366&view=1up&seq=319
94. The Liberator
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33711948/letter-from-william-g-allen/
95. ldhi.library.cofc.edu
    https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/liverpools-abercromby-square/britain-and-us-civil-war#:~:text=By%20the%20time%20of%20the,start%20of%20the%20Civil%20War.
96. Gladstone: God and Politics
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97. Thomas Paterson, et al. American foreign relations: A history, to 1920: Volume 1 (2009) pp. 149–155.
98. Howard Jones, Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War (2002)
99. The Journal of Southern History
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2205869
100. The Journal of Economic History
     https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700044946
101. Alexander DeConde, ed. Encyclopedia of American foreign policy (2001) vol. 1 p. 202 and Stephen R. Wise, Lifeline of the
     https://books.google.com/books?id=_kq7diciSsQC&pg=PA86
102. Wise, Stephen R. Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War. University of South Carolina Press,
     https://books.google.com/books?id=_kq7diciSsQC
103. The American Catholic Historical Researches
     https://books.google.com/books?id=m7c7AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA227
104. Don H. Doyle, The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War (2014) pp. 257–270.
105. "Thomas1979" pp. 219–221
106. Scholars such as Emory M. Thomas have characterized Girard's book as "more propaganda than anything else, but Girard cau
107. Three Months in the Southern States
108. "Thomas1979" p. 243
109. A compilation of the messages and papers of the Confederacy: including the diplomatic correspondence, 1861–1865
     https://archive.org/details/acompilationmes74richgoog
110. The Fall of the House of Dixie
111. Charleston Mercury (Charleston, South Carolina)
     https://accessible.com/accessible/docButton?AAWhat=builtPage&AAWhere=THECHARLESTONMERCURY.18610912_001.image&AABeanName=toc1&AANextPage=/printBuiltImagePage.jsp
112. The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason
     https://archive.org/details/publiclifediplom00masonva/page/202/mode/2up
113. Robert E. May, "The irony of confederate diplomacy: visions of empire, the Monroe doctrine, and the quest for nationhood
     https://muse.jhu.edu/article/647290/summary
114. Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction
     https://books.google.com/books?id=5rPbZT_hrncC&pg=PA178
115. James McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998)
116. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 342–343
117. Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War: Reflections on the American Civil War
     https://books.google.com/books?id=KejHFo7A8eQC&pg=PA152
118. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 348. "The enemy could not hold territory, a hostile people would close in
119. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 343
120. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 346
121. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 333–338.
122. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 286. After capture by Federals, Memphis, TN became a major source of supp
123. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 306. Confederate units harassed them throughout the war years by laying t
124. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 287–288. The principal ports on the Atlantic were Wilmington, North Caro
125. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 296, 304. Two days later Lincoln proclaimed a blockade, declaring them p
126. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 299–302. The Torpedo Bureau seeded defensive water-borne mines in princi
127. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 321
128. Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (1924)
129. navyandmarine.org
     http://www.navyandmarine.org/ondeck/1862blackCSN.htm
130. Joseph T. Glatthaar, Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia: A Statistical Portrait of the Troops Who Served under
131. Coulter, E. Merton, The Confederate States of America: 1861–1865, op. cit., pp. 313–315, 318.
132. Alfred L. Brophy, "'Necessity Knows No Law': Vested Rights and the Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription C
     http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/necessity-knows-no-law.pdf
133. The Black Experience in the Civil War South
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134. Rubin p. 104.
135. Levine pp. 146–147.
136. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 308–311. The patchwork recruitment was (a) with and without state militi
137. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 310–311
138. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 328, 330–332. About 90% of West Pointers in the U.S. Army resigned to jo
139. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 310–311. Early 1862 "dried up the enthusiasm to volunteer" due to the im
140. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 312. The government funded parades and newspaper ad campaigns, $2,000,000
141. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 313, 332. Officially dropping 425 officers by board review in October wa
142. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 313
143. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 313–314. Military officers including Joseph E. Johnston and Robert E. Le
144. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 313–314, 319.
145. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 315–317.
146. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 320. One such exemption was allowed for every 20 slaves on a plantation,
147. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 317–318.
148. Coulter, The Confederates States of America, p. 324.
149. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 322–324, 326.
150. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 323–325, 327.
151. Rable (1994) p. 265.
152. Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (1942)
153. A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States
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154. Lincoln's proclamation calling for troops from the remaining states (bottom of page); Department of War details to State
     http://www.civilwarhome.com/lincolntroops.htm
155. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 352–353.
156. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; Series 1
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157. Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, West Virginia, A History, University of Kentucky Press, 1993, 2nd ed., p. 130
158. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 353.
159. Glatthaar, Joseph T., General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse, Free Press 2008. ISBN 978-0-684-82787-2, p. xiv. Inf
160. Ambler, Charles, Francis H. Pierpont: Union War Governor of Virginia and Father of West Virginia, Univ. of North Carolin
     http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsb&fileName=037/llsb037.db&recNum=1996
161. Martis, Historical Atlas, p. 27. In the Mississippi River Valley, during the first half of February, central Tennessee's
162. Martis, Historical Atlas, p. 28.
163. Martis, Historical Atlas, p. 27. Federal occupation expanded into northern Virginia, and their control of the Mississipp
164. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 354. Federal sea-based amphibious forces captured Roanoke Island, North C
165. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 294, 296–297. Europeans refused to allow captured U.S. shipping to be so
166. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 288–291. As many as half the Confederate blockade runners had British na
167. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 287, 306, 302, 306 and CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage Archived
     http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org11-2.htm
168. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 303. French shipyards built four corvettes, and two ironclad rams for the
169. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 354–356. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign caused the surprised Confederate
170. Nevin's analysis of the strategic highpoint of Confederate military scope and effectiveness is in contra-distinction to
171. Allan Nevins, War for the Union (1960) pp. 289–290. Weak national leadership led to disorganized overall direction in co
172. West Virginia, A History
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173. "The Civil War Comes to Charleston"
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174. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 357
175. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 356
176. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 297–298. They were required to supply their own ships and equipment, but
177. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 305–306. The most successful Confederate merchant raider 1863–1864, CSS
178. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, in 1862, CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage Archived April 7, 2010, at
     http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org11-2.htm
179. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 305
180. Mary Elizabeth Massey, Refugee Life in the Confederacy (1964)
181. The Civil War, a narrative: Vol III
182. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 323–325, 327.
183. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 287
184. Last Flag Down: The Epic Journey of the Last Confederate Warship
185. United States Government Printing Office, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebelli
186. Gallagher p. 157
187. Davis, Jefferson. A Short History of the Confederate States of America, 1890, 2010. ISBN 978-1-175-82358-8. Available fr
     https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryco00davigoog#page/n544/mode/2up/search/surrender+at+Appomattox
188. Davis p. 248.
189. Civil War and Agrarian Unrest: The Confederate South and Southern Italy
190. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
191. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 22. The Texas delegation had four in the U.S. Congress, seven in the Mont
192. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, p. 23. While the Texas delegation was seated, and is counted in the "origina
193. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 23–26.
194. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 25, 27
195. The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861–1865
196. Martis, Historical Atlas, pp. 72–73
197. Martis, Historical Atlas, p. 3
198. Martis, Historical Atlas, pp. 90–91
199. ""Legal Materials on the Confederate States of America in the Schaffer Law Library", Albany Law School"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20071103033519/http://www.albanylaw.edu/sub.php?navigation_id=821
200. Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
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201. Walter Flavius McCaleb, "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy." American Historical Review
     https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832885
202. "U.S. Postal Issue Used in the Confederacy (1893)"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20120329131022/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=&tid=2040514
203. The American Historical Review
     https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832885
204. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
     https://www.jstor.org/stable/30234666
205. "Confederate States Post Office"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20110720043556/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2027888
206. Neely (1999) p. 1
207. Neely (1999) p. 172. Neely notes that. "Most surprising of all, the Confederacy at a greater rate than the North arreste
208. Neely (1993) pp. 11, 16.
209. Southern Negroes, 1861–1865
210. Blacks in the United States Army: Portraits Through History
     https://books.google.com/books?id=R3EcLw6H38kC&pg=PA13
211. History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online
     http://www.historynet.com/african-americans-in-the-civil-war
212. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
213. The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents
214. Journal of Southern History
     https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_2015-02_81_1/page/n8
215. "Thomas1979" pp. 13–14
216. R. Douglas Hurt, Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South (2015)
217. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil War
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218. Encyclopedia of African American History
     https://books.google.com/books?id=uivtCqOlpTsC&pg=PA351
219. "Thomas1979" pp. 12–15
220. Thomas The Confederate Nation pp. 15–16
221. "Thomas1979" p. 16
222. Confederate Georgia
     https://books.google.com/books?id=oeZr20kWbiAC&pg=PA106
223. Tariff of the Confederate States of America, May 21, 1861.
     http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/tariff/tariff.html
224. Parker, Philip, ed. Collins Atlas of Military History (2004), p. 98. ISBN 9780007166398. "The Confederacy underwent a go
225. Trains
226. The American Historical Review
     https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1917-07_22_4/page/794
227. Mary Elizabeth Massey. Ersatz in the Confederacy (1952) p. 128.
228. Ramsdell, "The Confederate Government and the Railroads", pp. 809–810.
229. Spencer Jones, "The Influence of Horse Supply Upon Field Artillery in the American Civil War", Journal of Military Histo
230. Agricultural History
     https://archive.org/details/sim_agricultural-history_winter-1995_69_1/page/79
231. Keith Miller, "Southern Horse", Civil War Times, (February 2006) 45#1 pp. 30–36 online
     https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=19359914&site=eds-live&scope=site
232. Jefferson Davis, American
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233. Explorations in Economic History
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234. The Language of the Civil War
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235. PCGS
     https://www.pcgs.com/news/confederate-coinage-a-short-lived-dream
236. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 127, 151–153
237. Alabama Heritage Magazine
238. Ersatz in the Confederacy: Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront
239. Agricultural History
     https://archive.org/details/sim_agricultural-history_1927-01_1_1/page/3
240. Reconstruction In Georgia: Economic, Social, Political 1865–1872
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241. Civil War Times
242. Georgia Historical Quarterly
     https://archive.org/details/sim_georgia-historical-quarterly_spring-2002_86_1/page/49
243. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
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244. Civil War History
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245. Paskoff, "Measures of War"
246. The South since 1865
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247. Women in the American Civil War
248. Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War
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249. Scarlett's Sisters: Young Women in the Old South
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250. Coulter, Ellis Merton. The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 Retrieved 2012-06-13, published in LSU's History of
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251. Sansing, David. Brief History of the Confederate Flags Archived February 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine at "Mississipp
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252. Sansing, David, Brief History of the Confederate Flags Archived February 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine at "Mississipp
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253. National Geographic
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254. www.flagandbanner.com
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255. Civil War in Appalachia
256. Civil War History
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257. A House Divided, Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia
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258. The Disruption of Virginia
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259. West Virginia History
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260. Journal of Southern History
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261. Southwestern Historical Quarterly
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262. Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism
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263. Sherman's Horsemen: Union Cavalry Operations in the Atlanta Campaign
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264. Scott, E. Carele. Southerner vs. Southerner: Union Supporters Below the Mason-Dixon Line. Warfare History Network. Retri
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265. Nofi, Al
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266. "1860 Census of Population and Housing"
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267. Calculated by dividing the number of owners (obtained via the census) by the number of free persons.
268. faculty.weber.edu
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269. Figures for Virginia include the future West Virginia
270. Rows may not add to 100% due to rounding
271. All data for this section taken from the University of Virginia Library, Historical Census Browser, Census Data for Year
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272. "U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1860, Internet Release date: June 15, 1998"
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273. Dabney 1990 p. 182
274. Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan, eds. Religion and the American Civil War (1998) excerpt and text
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275. Pamela Robinson-Durso, "Chaplains in the Confederate Army." Journal of Church and State 33 (1991): 747+.
276. W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Presbyterians in the Confederacy." North Carolina Historical Review 44.3 (1967): 231–255.
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277. W. Harrison Daniel, "The Southern Baptists in the Confederacy." Civil War History 6.4 (1960): 389–401.
278. G. Clinton Prim. "Southern Methodism in the Confederacy". Methodist history 23.4 (1985): 240–249.
279. Edgar Legare Pennington, "The Confederate Episcopal Church and the Southern Soldiers." Historical Magazine of the Protes
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280. David T. Gleeson, The Green and the Gray: The Irish in the Confederate States of America (2013).
281. Sidney J. Romero, "Louisiana Clergy and the Confederate Army". Louisiana History 2.3 (1961): 277–300. JSTOR 4230621.
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282. W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy". Mississippi Quarterly 17.4 (1964): 17
283. Mississippi Valley Historical Review
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284. Johnson, Andrew. "Proclamation 179 – Granting full pardon and amnesty for the offense of treason against the United Stat
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285. American Historical Review
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286. The Papers of Jefferson Davis: June 1865 – December 1870
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287. Nichols, "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869".
288. American Bar Association Journal
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289. John David Smith, ed. Interpreting American History: Reconstruction (Kent State University Press, 2016).
290. The American South: a history
291. Legal Cases of the Civil War
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292. Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era
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293. Sprott v. United States, 87 U.S. 459, 464 (1874)
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294. LII / Legal Information Institute
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295. State Rights in the Confederacy
296. "Thomas1979" p. 155
297. Mississippi Valley Historical Review
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298. Why the South Lost the Civil War
299. Why the South Lost the Civil War
300. The New York Times
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301. Cooper (2000) p. 462. Rable (1994) pp. 2–3. Rable wrote, "But despite heated arguments and no little friction between th
302. Why the North Won the Civil War
303. Coulter, The Confederate States of America, pp. 105–106
304. Fred A. Bailey, "E. Merton Coulter", in Reading Southern History: Essays on Interpreters and Interpretations, ed. Glenn
305. Eric Foner, Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory Of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction, New York: Oxford University P
306. Foner, Freedom's Lawmakers, p. xii
307. Eric Foner, Black Legislators, pp. 119–20, 180
308. After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism