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Concorde

Updated: Wikipedia source

Concorde

Concorde ( KONG-kord, French: [kɔ̃kɔʁd] ) is a retired Anglo-French supersonic airliner jointly developed and manufactured by Sud Aviation and the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Studies began in 1954 and a UK–France treaty followed in 1962, as the programme cost was estimated at £70 million (£1.68 billion in 2023). Construction of six prototypes began in February 1965, with the first flight from Toulouse on 2 March 1969. The market forecast was 350 aircraft, with manufacturers receiving up to 100 options from major airlines. On 9 October 1975, it received its French certificate of airworthiness, and from the UK CAA on 5 December. Concorde is an aircraft design with a narrow fuselage permitting four-abreast seating for 92 to 128 passengers, an ogival delta wing, and a droop nose for landing visibility. It is powered by four Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 turbojets with variable engine intake ramps, and reheat for take-off and acceleration to supersonic speed. Constructed from aluminium, it was the first airliner to have analogue fly-by-wire flight controls. The airliner had transatlantic range while supercruising at twice the speed of sound for 75% of the distance. Delays and cost overruns pushed costs to £1.5–2.1 billion in 1976, (£11–16 billion in 2023). Concorde entered service on 21 January 1976 with Air France from Paris-Roissy and British Airways from London Heathrow. Transatlantic flights were the main market, to Washington Dulles from 24 May, and to New York JFK from 17 October 1977. Air France and British Airways remained the sole customers with seven airframes each, for a total production of 20. Supersonic flight more than halved travel times, but sonic booms over the ground limited it to transoceanic flights only. Its only competitor was the Tupolev Tu-144, carrying passengers from November 1977 until a May 1978 crash, while a potential competitor, the Boeing 2707, was cancelled in 1971 before any prototypes were built. On 25 July 2000, Air France Flight 4590 crashed shortly after take-off with all 109 occupants and four on the ground killed. This was the only fatal incident involving Concorde; commercial service was suspended until November 2001. The remaining aircraft were retired in 2003, 27 years after commercial operations had begun. Eighteen of the 20 aircraft built are preserved and are on display in Europe and North America.

Infobox

Type
Supersonic airliner
National origin
France and United Kingdom
Manufacturer
mw- British Aircraft Corporation (later British Aerospace and BAE Systems) Sud Aviation (later Aérospatiale and Airbus)
Status
Retired
Primary users
British Airways Air FranceSee Operators below for others
Number built
20 (including 6 non-commercial aircraft)
Manufactured
1965–1979
Introduction date
21 January 1976
First flight
2 March 1969
Retired
24 October 2003; 22 years ago (2003-10-24) (last commercial flight)26 November 2003; 22 years ago (2003-11-26) (final flight to Bristol Filton Airport)
Fate
18 preserved in museums1 scrapped and 1 destroyed

Tables

· Development › Sales efforts
Pan Am
Pan Am
Airline
Pan Am
Number
6
Reserved
3 June 1963
Cancelled
31 January 1973
Remarks
2 extra options in 1964
Air France
Air France
Airline
Air France
Number
6
Reserved
3 June 1963
Remarks
2 extra options in 1964
BOAC
BOAC
Airline
BOAC
Number
6
Reserved
3 June 1963
Remarks
2 extra options in 1964
Continental Airlines
Continental Airlines
Airline
Continental Airlines
Number
3
Reserved
24 July 1963
Cancelled
March 1973
American Airlines
American Airlines
Airline
American Airlines
Number
4
Reserved
7 October 1963
Cancelled
February 1973
Remarks
2 extra options in 1965
TWA
TWA
Airline
TWA
Number
4
Reserved
16 October 1963
Cancelled
31 January 1973
Remarks
2 extra options in 1965
Middle East Airlines
Middle East Airlines
Airline
Middle East Airlines
Number
2
Reserved
4 December 1963
Cancelled
February 1973
Qantas
Qantas
Airline
Qantas
Number
6
Reserved
19 March 1964
Cancelled
June 1973
Remarks
2 cancelled in May 1966
Air India
Air India
Airline
Air India
Number
2
Reserved
15 July 1964
Cancelled
February 1975
Japan Airlines
Japan Airlines
Airline
Japan Airlines
Number
3
Reserved
30 September 1965
Cancelled
1973
Sabena
Sabena
Airline
Sabena
Number
2
Reserved
1 December 1965
Cancelled
February 1973
Eastern Airlines
Eastern Airlines
Airline
Eastern Airlines
Number
2
Reserved
28 June 1966
Cancelled
February 1973
Remarks
2 extra options on 15 August 1966 2 other extra options on 28 April 1967
United Airlines
United Airlines
Airline
United Airlines
Number
6
Reserved
29 June 1966
Cancelled
26 October 1972
Braniff
Braniff
Airline
Braniff
Number
3
Reserved
1 September 1966
Cancelled
February 1973
Lufthansa
Lufthansa
Airline
Lufthansa
Number
3
Reserved
16 February 1967
Cancelled
April 1973
Air Canada
Air Canada
Airline
Air Canada
Number
4
Reserved
1 March 1967
Cancelled
6 June 1972
CAAC
CAAC
Airline
CAAC
Number
2
Reserved
24 July 1972
Cancelled
December 1979
Iran Air
Iran Air
Airline
Iran Air
Number
2
Reserved
8 October 1972
Cancelled
February 1980
Airline
Number
Reserved
Cancelled
Remarks
Pan Am
6
3 June 1963
31 January 1973
2 extra options in 1964
Air France
6
3 June 1963
2 extra options in 1964
BOAC
6
3 June 1963
2 extra options in 1964
Continental Airlines
3
24 July 1963
March 1973
American Airlines
4
7 October 1963
February 1973
2 extra options in 1965
TWA
4
16 October 1963
31 January 1973
2 extra options in 1965
Middle East Airlines
2
4 December 1963
February 1973
Qantas
6
19 March 1964
June 1973
2 cancelled in May 1966
Air India
2
15 July 1964
February 1975
Japan Airlines
3
30 September 1965
1973
Sabena
2
1 December 1965
February 1973
Eastern Airlines
2
28 June 1966
February 1973
2 extra options on 15 August 1966 2 other extra options on 28 April 1967
United Airlines
6
29 June 1966
26 October 1972
Braniff
3
1 September 1966
February 1973
Lufthansa
3
16 February 1967
April 1973
Air Canada
4
1 March 1967
6 June 1972
CAAC
2
24 July 1972
December 1979
Iran Air
2
8 October 1972
February 1980

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  166. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1442061.stm
  167. "Concorde Completes Successful Test Flight"
    https://www.foxnews.com/story/concorde-completes-successful-test-flight
  168. Ocala Star-Banner
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=efkjAAAAIBAJ&pg=3487,4067442
  169. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1641466.stm
  170. AAIB
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  171. AAIB
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  172. CNN
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  173. AAIB
    https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5422edf640f0b613460001dd/dft_avsafety_pdf_500464.pdf
  174. SKYbrary Aviation Safety
    https://skybrary.aero/articles/accident
  175. New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/15/us/faa-troubled-by-concorde-tire-blowouts.html
  176. bea.aero
    https://bea.aero/fileadmin/documents/docspa/1979/f-fc790614/pdf/f-fc790614_05.pdf
  177. NTSB.gov
    https://www.ntsb.gov/Pages/brief.aspx?ev_id=34573&key=0
  178. Gordon & Rigmant 2005, p. [page needed].
  179. "Life and Death of the Tu-144, [Жизнь и смерть самолёта Ту-144]"
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  180. Time
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  182. Subsonic versus Supersonic Business Jets – Full Concept Comparison considering Technical, Environmental and Economic Aspects
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5eNoAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4
  183. The New York Times
    https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4091EFB3954127B93C4AB178ED85F458785F9
  184. St. Petersburg Times
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2JwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4974,3987586
  185. Sarasota Journal
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DBsfAAAAIBAJ&pg=3185,500285
  186. Los Angeles Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042737/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/659730132.html?dids=659730132:659730132&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Russia+Confirms+Crash+of+Supersonic+Airliner+in+Test&pqatl=google
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    http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19780523-1
  188. Вестник Российской Академии Наук
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  189. AviaMagazine.com
    http://www.aviamagazine.com/factsheets/aircraft/tu144/index.aspx
  190. Flight International
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  191. Winchester 2005a, p. 84.
  192. The New York Times
    https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D11F6395F127A93C7A9178AD85F4D8685F9
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    https://web.archive.org/web/20120725103200/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/574189232.html?dids=574189232:574189232&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Dec+19%2C+1961&author=&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune&desc=B-58%27s+SONIC+BOOM+RATTLES+KENTUCKIANS&pqatl=google
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  195. Time
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  196. Journal of Air Law and Commerce
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  198. J. Air L. & Com
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  199. Endres 2001, p. 90.
  200. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AEAT...45R..14.
  201. Aviation Daily, 18 February 1971, p. 263
  202. Science
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...270...70F
  203. The Baltimore Sun
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  204. Columbia Journal of Environmental Law
    http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/cjel5&div=9&id=&page=
  205. Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181119214555/https://esemag.com/archives/essay-train-a-grande-vitesse-causes-distress/
  206. "National and regional tranquillity maps"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100914025157/http://www.cpre.org.uk/campaigns/landscape/tranquillity/national-and-regional-tranquillity-maps
  207. The Dallas Morning News
    http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Business-and-Industry/24962872
  208. Daily Record
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120616203834/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62676656.html
  209. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1444939/Chaos-fear-at-Concorde-farewell.html
  210. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk/2003/concorde_retirement/default.stm
  211. Oxford Language Dictionaries Online – French Resources Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine: Glossary of Grammat
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    http://grammaire.reverso.net/5_2_01_la_majuscule_dans_les_noms_propres.shtml
  214. Ferrar 1980, p. 114.
  215. "Celebrate Concorde: videos"
    http://www.britishairways.com/travel/concvidhome/public/en_gb
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  217. "Long list unveiled for national vote on public's favourite example of Great British Design"
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  218. "Concorde Clipreel: Part 9"
    http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/Concorde-Clipreel-Part-9/7ece56f04f3cf534e71bd4b4454b8d9e?searchfilter=Compilations%2FAccidents+%26+Disasters%2FConcorde%2F19602
  219. "Concorde Clipreel: Part 8"
    http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/Concorde-Clipreel-Part-8/3e56c7b758bb1e049f6763222b9e93c2?searchfilter=Compilations%2FAccidents+%26+Disasters%2FConcorde%2F19602
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  221. Telegraph.co.uk
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  222. Burleigh Photo
    http://www.burleighphoto.com/pages/stk-qe77/qe2.htm
  223. Concorde Art World
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080511025729/http://www.concorde-art-world.com/html/f-btsc.html
  224. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130424213126/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097426_2097427_2097458,00.html
  225. Motherboard
    https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-concorde-and-the-longest-solar-eclipse/
  226. concorde-spirit-tours.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070629051800/http://www.concorde-spirit-tours.com/
  227. "Solar Eclipse Viewed from Concorde"
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-L0eRgzxE0
  228. St Louis Post
    http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04F816AA79462&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D
  229. "Concorde Supersonic Airliner – Record Breaker"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080511025908/http://www.concorde-art-world.com/html/record_breaker.html
  230. The Sydney Morning Herald
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19850215&id=N8BWAAAAIBAJ&pg=2081,21154
  231. Air Crash Investigations: The End of the Concorde Era, the Crash of Air France Flight 4590
    https://books.google.com/books?id=aekGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA518
  232. Anchorage Daily News
  233. Deseret News
  234. "Concorde"
    http://www.museumofflight.org/aircraft/concorde
  235. The Wall Street Journal
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106504293992222300?mod=googlewsj
  236. Kelly 2005, p. 52.
  237. Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde 1969 onwards (all models)
  238. Aviation Week & Space Technology
    http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2015/02/1969-%20First%20Concorde%20Flight%20%281%20of%202%29.pdf
  239. Heritage Concorde
    https://www.heritageconcorde.com/airframe-performance
  240. Travel News Asia
    http://www.asiatraveltips.com/travelnews2001/17October2001AirFrance.htm
  241. Heritage Concorde
    https://www.heritageconcorde.com/pilots-instruments
  242. Interavia
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