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Colombia

Updated: Wikipedia source

Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Peru and Ecuador to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogotá is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urban areas include Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Cúcuta, Ibagué, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi) and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those brought by the African diaspora, as well as with those of the various Indigenous civilizations that predate colonization. Spanish is the official language, although Creole, English and 64 other languages are recognized regionally. Colombia has been home to many indigenous peoples and cultures since at least 12,000 BCE. The Spanish first landed in La Guajira in 1499, and by the mid-16th century, they had colonized much of present-day Colombia, and established the New Kingdom of Granada, with Santa Fe de Bogotá as its capital. Independence from the Spanish Empire is considered to have been declared in 1810, with what is now Colombia emerging as the United Provinces of New Granada. After a brief Spanish reconquest, Colombian independence was secured and the period of Gran Colombia began in 1819. The new polity experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858) and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before becoming a centralised republic—the current Republic of Colombia—in 1886. With the backing of the United States and France, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, resulting in Colombia's present borders. Beginning in the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s. Since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security, stability, and rule of law, as well as unprecedented economic growth and development. Colombia is recognized for its healthcare system, being the best healthcare in Latin America according to the World Health Organization and 22nd in the world. Its diversified economy is the third-largest in South America, with macroeconomic stability and favorable long-term growth prospects. Colombia is one of the world's seventeen megadiverse countries; it has the highest level of biodiversity per square mile in the world and the second-highest level overall. Its territory encompasses Amazon rainforest, highlands, grasslands and deserts. Colombia is a key member of major global and regional organizations including the UN, the WTO, the OECD, the OAS, the Pacific Alliance and the Andean Community; it is also a NATO Global Partner and a major non-NATO ally of the United States.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Bogotá.mw- 4°35′N 74°4′W / 4.583°N 74.067°W / 4.583; -74.067
Official languages
Spanish
Recognized regional languages
Creole English (in San Andrés and [a]
Ethnic groups (2018 census)
mw- 84.99% Mestizo-White[a]9.34% Black4.31% Indigenous0.01% Romanis1.35% Not specified
Religion (2022)
70.2% Catholicism16.8% other Christian11.1% no religion1.9% other
Demonym
Colombian
Government
Unitary presidential republic
• President
Gustavo Petro
• Vice President
Francia Márquez
Legislature
Congress
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
Chamber of Representatives
• Declared
20 July 1810
• Recognized
7 August 1819
• Last unitisation
5 August 1886
• Secession of Panama
6 November 1903
• Current Constitution
4 July 1991
• Total
$386.076 billion (46th)
• Water (%)
2.1 (as of 2015)
• 2024 estimate
52,695,952 (27th)
• Density
46.15/km2 (119.5/sq mi) (174th)
GDP (PPP)
2024 estimate
• Per capita
$7,327 (97th)
GDP (nominal)
2024 estimate
Gini (2022)
54.8 } }high inequality
HDI (2023)
0.788high (83rd)
Currency
Colombian peso (COP)
Time zone
UTC−5[b] (COT)
Date format
DMY
Calling code
57
ISO 3166 code
CO
Internet TLD
co

Tables

1
1
Col 1
1
Department
Amazonas
Capital city
Leticia
2
2
Col 1
2
Department
Antioquia
Capital city
Medellín
3
3
Col 1
3
Department
Arauca
Capital city
Arauca
4
4
Col 1
4
Department
Atlántico
Capital city
Barranquilla
5
5
Col 1
5
Department
Bolívar
Capital city
Cartagena
6
6
Col 1
6
Department
Boyacá
Capital city
Tunja
7
7
Col 1
7
Department
Caldas
Capital city
Manizales
8
8
Col 1
8
Department
Caquetá
Capital city
Florencia
9
9
Col 1
9
Department
Casanare
Capital city
Yopal
10
10
Col 1
10
Department
Cauca
Capital city
Popayán
11
11
Col 1
11
Department
Cesar
Capital city
Valledupar
12
12
Col 1
12
Department
Chocó
Capital city
Quibdó
13
13
Col 1
13
Department
Córdoba
Capital city
Montería
14
14
Col 1
14
Department
Cundinamarca
Capital city
Bogotá
15
15
Col 1
15
Department
Guainía
Capital city
Inírida
16
16
Col 1
16
Department
Guaviare
Capital city
San José del Guaviare
17
17
Col 1
17
Department
Huila
Capital city
Neiva
Department
Capital city
1
Amazonas
Leticia
2
Antioquia
Medellín
3
Arauca
Arauca
4
Atlántico
Barranquilla
5
Bolívar
Cartagena
6
Boyacá
Tunja
7
Caldas
Manizales
8
Caquetá
Florencia
9
Casanare
Yopal
10
Cauca
Popayán
11
Cesar
Valledupar
12
Chocó
Quibdó
13
Córdoba
Montería
14
Cundinamarca
Bogotá
15
Guainía
Inírida
16
Guaviare
San José del Guaviare
17
Huila
Neiva
18
18
Col 1
18
Department
La Guajira
Capital city
Riohacha
19
19
Col 1
19
Department
Magdalena
Capital city
Santa Marta
20
20
Col 1
20
Department
Meta
Capital city
Villavicencio
21
21
Col 1
21
Department
Nariño
Capital city
Pasto
22
22
Col 1
22
Department
Norte de Santander
Capital city
Cúcuta
23
23
Col 1
23
Department
Putumayo
Capital city
Mocoa
24
24
Col 1
24
Department
Quindío
Capital city
Armenia
25
25
Col 1
25
Department
Risaralda
Capital city
Pereira
26
26
Col 1
26
Department
San Andrés, Providenciaand Santa Catalina
Capital city
San Andrés
27
27
Col 1
27
Department
Santander
Capital city
Bucaramanga
28
28
Col 1
28
Department
Sucre
Capital city
Sincelejo
29
29
Col 1
29
Department
Tolima
Capital city
Ibagué
30
30
Col 1
30
Department
Valle del Cauca
Capital city
Cali
31
31
Col 1
31
Department
Vaupés
Capital city
Mitú
32
32
Col 1
32
Department
Vichada
Capital city
Puerto Carreño
33
33
Col 1
33
Department
Bogotá
Capital city
Bogotá
Department
Capital city
18
La Guajira
Riohacha
19
Magdalena
Santa Marta
20
Meta
Villavicencio
21
Nariño
Pasto
22
Norte de Santander
Cúcuta
23
Putumayo
Mocoa
24
Quindío
Armenia
25
Risaralda
Pereira
26
San Andrés, Providenciaand Santa Catalina
San Andrés
27
Santander
Bucaramanga
28
Sucre
Sincelejo
29
Tolima
Ibagué
30
Valle del Cauca
Cali
31
Vaupés
Mitú
32
Vichada
Puerto Carreño
33
Bogotá
Bogotá

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    https://web.archive.org/web/20160602122708/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/3-los-cacicazgos/
  391. Los Tayrona y los Muisca: La Preciudad
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160602202706/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-i/4-los-tayrona-y-los-muisca-la-preciudad/
  392. La América española. El apasionamiento escenográfico, 1730–1810
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210625/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/3-la-america-espanola-1730-1810/
  393. "Fundaciones coloniales y republicanas en Colombia: normas, trazado y ritos fundacionales"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110814065957/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/sept2001/fundacio.htm
  394. La Conquista. El dominio del territorio, 1500–1550
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210435/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/1-la-conquista-1500-1550/
  395. La España americana. Consolidación de tipologías, 1550–1750
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210511/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-ii/2-la-espana-americana-1550-1750/
  396. Arquitectura colonial
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210403/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/?cat=14304
  397. El Capitolio y Tomás Reed
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210826/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/1-el-capitolio-y-tomas-reed-d-capitulo-iii/
  398. La arquitectura de la colonización
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210907/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/2-la-arquitectura-de-la-colonizacion/
  399. La arquitectura urbana de fin de siglo
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160506073539/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iii/3-la-arquitectura-urbana-de-fin-de-siglo/
  400. La generación republicana
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160610211218/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-iv/2-la-generacion-republicana/
  401. La persistencia de los estilos
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211009/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-v/1-la-persistencia-de-los-estilos/
  402. Primera fase: los alardes de la técnica
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160610212041/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/3-primera-fase/
  403. Segunda fase: la asimilación consiente
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160610212127/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vi/4-segunda-fase/
  404. Arquitectura de los sentidos y contextualidad
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160611005914/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vii/3-arquitectura-de-los-sentidos-y-contextualidad/
  405. La recuperación del pasado
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160611010039/http://aplicaciones.virtual.unal.edu.co/blogs/hacolombia/category/cap-vii/2-la-recuperacion-del-pasado/
  406. "Gabriel García Márquez – Nobel Lecture"
    https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/marquez-lecture.html
  407. Legend of Yurupary
    https://books.google.com/books?id=s_ADFUglHo0C&pg=PP1
  408. "Cronistas del Nuevo Reino de Granada"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200528073604/https://sites.google.com/site/cursodeliteraturacolombiana/unidad-2/los-cronistas
  409. "Vida, pasión y muerte del romanticismo en Colombia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141024064257/http://biblioteca-virtual-antioquia.udea.edu.co/pdf/8/8_2024432110.pdf
  410. "Romanticismo – Diccionario electrónico de la literatura colombiana"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210214043616/https://ihlc.udea.edu.co/delc/index.php?tema=484&/Romanticismo
  411. "Colombian children's literature"
    http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/155763.pdf
  412. "Costumbrismo – Diccionario electrónico de la literatura colombiana"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210208045557/https://ihlc.udea.edu.co/delc/index.php?tema=477&/Costumbrismo
  413. Literatura y Cultura: narrativa colombiana del siglo XX. Del siglo XIX al siglo XX: debates sobre la cultura nacional
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170313044900/http://www.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/lablaa/literatura/narrativa/Volumen1CapI.pdf
  414. Rodríguez-Arenas, F.M. (2006). Bibliografía de la literatura colombiana del siglo XIX: AL. Stockcero, Inc.
  415. Rodríguez-Arenas, F.M. (2006). Bibliografía de la literatura colombiana del siglo XIX: MZ. Stockcero, Inc.
  416. "Colombian Academy of Language"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205543/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-130142.html
  417. "Obeso: Poet of the Magdalena"
    http://thecitypaperbogota.com/culture/obeso-poet-of-the-magdalena/
  418. "Chambacú, la historia la escribes tú": ensayos sobre cultura afrocolombiana (Candelario Obeso)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VlfcbtH9EY4C&pg=PP1
  419. "Artículo: Piedra y Cielo a contraluz"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131106074150/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/boletin/bole69/bolet1a.htm
  420. "Gonzalo Arango"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120119041103/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/boletin/boleti5/bol33/nadais10.htm
  421. "Fernando González Ochoa"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190513161548/https://www.otraparte.org/fernando-gonzalez/vida/biografia.html
  422. Literatura y Cultura: narrativa colombiana del siglo XX. La nación moderna y sus sistemas simbólicos
    http://www.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/lablaa/literatura/narrativa/Volumen1CapII.pdf
  423. Literatura y Cultura: narrativa colombiana del siglo XX. El discurso de la nación moderna: continuidades y rupturas
    http://www.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/lablaa/literatura/narrativa/Volumen1CapIII.pdf
  424. "Colombianos que se destacan: Música que vibra por todo el mundo"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524214703/http://www.cromos.com.co/especial-colombia/articulo-147471-personajes-destacados-la-musica-vibra-los-cinco-continentes
  425. "Colombian music"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131102075148/http://latinmusic.about.com/od/countrie1/p/PRO04BASICS.htm
  426. "Colombian composers"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160411030708/http://facartes.unal.edu.co/compositores/html/_compositores.html
  427. "Bogotá Philharmonic"
    http://patrimoniocultural.bogota.unal.edu.co/internas-auditorio/acerca-de-la-ofb.html
  428. "Colombian music"
    http://www.colombia-sa.com/musica/musica-in.html
  429. "Músicas Caribe Occidental"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150806233314/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/3
  430. "Músicas Caribe Oriental"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150807074711/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/2
  431. "Ritmos – Bolívar"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160509175109/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=13&COLTEM=222
  432. "Ritmos – Cesar"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524081524/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=20&COLTEM=222
  433. "Ritmos – Chocó"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524081612/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=27&COLTEM=222
  434. "Ritmos – Cauca"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524081657/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=19&COLTEM=222
  435. "Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region"
    http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/marimba-music-traditional-chants-and-dances-from-the-colombia-south-pacific-region-and-esmeraldas-province-of-ecuador-01099
  436. "Músicas Pacífico Sur"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150808023628/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/9
  437. "Músicas Pacífico Norte"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150808023619/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/4
  438. "Los Caminos del tiple"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170503084731/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/musica/tiple/indice.htm
  439. "Ritmos – Bogotá"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524082507/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=11&COLTEM=222
  440. "Ritmos -Tolima"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524082541/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=73&COLTEM=222
  441. "Ritmos – Huila"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524082605/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=41&COLTEM=222
  442. "Músicas Andinas Centro-Oriente"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150808030945/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/5
  443. "Músicas Andinas Nor-Occidente"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150808023624/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/6
  444. "Músicas Andinas Centro-Sur"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150708222015/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/7
  445. "Músicas Andinas Sur-Occidente"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150812043609/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/10
  446. "Ritmos – Meta"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524083313/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=50&COLTEM=222
  447. "Ritmos – Casanare"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524083348/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=85&COLTEM=222
  448. "Músicas Llaneras"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150808030949/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/8
  449. "Ritmos – Putumayo"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524114856/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=86&COLTEM=222
  450. "Ritmos – Amazonas"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524114935/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=91&COLTEM=222
  451. "Músicas de Frontera"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150808023614/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/11
  452. "Músicas Isleñas"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150808030939/http://www.territoriosonoro.org/CDM/tradicionales/ejes/visualizar/1
  453. "Ritmos – Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160524084024/http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/ColombiaCultural/ColCulturalBusca.aspx?AREID=3&SECID=8&IdDep=88&COLTEM=222
  454. "Competitive specialised film festivals"
    https://archive.today/20161111113646/http://www.fiapf.org/intfilmfestivals_2016_sites02.asp
  455. "Six surprising facts about Bogota's Ibero-American Theater Festival"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171117141147/http://www.colombia.co/en/this-is-colombia/culture/art/six-surprising-facts-bogotas-ibero-american-theater-festival/
  456. "Main performing arts festivals – Theatre History"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080821123228/http://www.iti-worldwide.org/amt/countries/p_COLOMBIA.html
  457. "Theater of Colombia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131020050211/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/colhoy/colo11.htm
  458. "El teatro en Colombia en el siglo XX"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160522220735/http://www.banrepcultural.org/revista-80
  459. "the Film Act passed in 2003"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092726/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0814_2003.html
  460. "Ocho festivales de cine imperdibles en Colombia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160522201326/http://www.colombia.co/cultura/ocho-festivales-de-cine-imperdibles-en-colombia.html
  461. "La Corporación Festival Internacional de Cine de Cartagena"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160522201249/http://www.ficcifestival.com/internas.php?cod=1$$-1$$-qm4nNEHfJmY0tyUjxz05wAXG3C6fwm
  462. "Television in Colombia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150413231621/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/exhibiciones/historia_tv/television_colombia.htm
  463. "Un papel a toda prueba. 223 años de prensa diaria en Colombia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160522183614/http://www.banrepcultural.org/un-papel-a-toda-prueba
  464. "La prensa en Colombia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160522183517/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/comunicacion/la_prensa
  465. "Radio in Colombia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160522190902/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/comunicacion/la_radio_en_colombia
  466. "Paseo de olla. Recetas de las cocinas regionales de Colombia – Biblioteca básica de cocinas tradicionales de Colombia"
    http://www.mincultura.gov.co/Sitios/patrimonio/bibliotecas-de-cocinas/tomos/tomo10.pdf
  467. "Food presentation"
    http://www.mincultura.gov.co/Sitios/patrimonio/bibliotecas-de-cocinas/tomos/tomo09-2.pdf
  468. "Gran libro de la cocina colombiana – Biblioteca básica de cocinas tradicionales de Colombia"
    http://www.mincultura.gov.co/Sitios/patrimonio/bibliotecas-de-cocinas/tomos/tomo09.pdf
  469. Singh, Gitanjali M., et al. "Global, regional, and national consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, and
  470. "Hábitos de los consumidores en la tendencia saludable"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150831012250/http://www.nielsen.com/co/es/insights/news/20151/habitos-consumidores-colombianos.html
  471. "Colombian Food; A List of Traditional and Modern Colombian Recipes"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131102023313/http://southamericanfood.about.com/od/exploresouthamericanfood/tp/Colombian-Food.htm
  472. "Tejo – Colombia's national sport"
    http://thecitypaperbogota.com/uncategorized/homepage-featured/tejo-most-muddy-sport/
  473. Top Team and the Best Mover of the Year. FIFA
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130521041140/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/r&a-wr/71/25/61/152246-factsheet-topteamandthebestmoveroftheyear.pdf
  474. "Patinaje colombiano, el más ganador del mundo"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140326235134/http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/deportes/noticias/patinaje-colombiano-ganador-mundo
  475. "Historical moments of the Colombian cycling"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140705225607/http://www.antena2.com.co/noticias/momentos-historicos-del-ciclismo-colombiano-69593
  476. "The 2010 SF N World Series Batting Log for Edgar Renteria"
    http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2010/Irente0013352010.htm
  477. "Recordando a nuestras glorias del béisbol"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140308015531/http://blogs.eltiempo.com/playball/2010/03/26/recordando-a-nuestras-glorias-del-beisbol/
  478. "History of boxing in Colombia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140307230944/http://boxeodecolombia.com/historia-del-boxeo-en-colombia/
  479. "Boxing champions"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140307230928/http://boxeodecolombia.com/nuestros-campeones/
  480. "Colombia vive esplendor deportivo inédito en su historia"
    http://www.semana.com/deportes/articulo/colombia-vive-esplendor-deportivo-inedito-en-su-historia/399243-3
  481. "History of the Colombian Olympic Committee"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201021094018/http://www.coc.org.co/about-us/office-premises/
  482. "El bolo colombiano ratificó su condición de potencia continental"
    http://www.reporterosasociados.com.co/2016/04/el-bolo-colombiano-ratifico-su-condicion-de-potencia-continental/
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