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College of Cardinals

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College of Cardinals

The College of Cardinals (Latin: Collegium Cardinalium), also called the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. As of 8 November 2025, there are 245 cardinals, of whom 126 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. Appointed by the pope, cardinals serve for life, but become ineligible to participate in a papal conclave if they turn 80 before a papal vacancy occurs. Since the emergence of the College of Cardinals in the Early Middle Ages, the size of the body has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils ratified by the pope, and the college itself. The total number of cardinals from 1099 to 1986 has been about 2,900, nearly half of whom were created after 1655. This number excludes possible undocumented 12th-century cardinals and pseudocardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty.

Infobox

Dean
Giovanni Battista Re since 18 January 2020
Vice-Dean
Leonardo Sandri since 18 January 2020
Protopriest
Michael Michai Kitbunchu since 14 December 2016
Protodeacon
Dominique Mamberti since 28 October 2024
Seats
245 (127 eligible to vote).mw- John Paul II: 41 (4)Benedict XVI: 58 (19)Francis: 146 (104)
Voting system
Appointment for life by the pope

Tables

· History › Historical data
1099
1099
Year
1099
Size of the college
18
1118
1118
Year
1118
Size of the college
46
1119
1119
Year
1119
Size of the college
46 or 47
1124
1124
Year
1124
Size of the college
44
1130
1130
Year
1130
Size of the college
44
1145
1145
Year
1145
Size of the college
44
1198
1198
Year
1198
Size of the college
26
1216
1216
Year
1216
Size of the college
26
1227
1227
Year
1227
Size of the college
18
1241
1241
Year
1241
Size of the college
12 or 13
1244
1244
Year
1244
Size of the college
6
1261
1261
Year
1261
Size of the college
8
1264
1264
Year
1264
Size of the college
21
1276
1276
Year
1276
Size of the college
10
1277
1277
Year
1277
Size of the college
7
1288
1288
Year
1288
Size of the college
10
1294 (July)
1294 (July)
Year
1294 (July)
Size of the college
11
1294 (December)
1294 (December)
Year
1294 (December)
Size of the college
21
1303
1303
Year
1303
Size of the college
18
1304
1304
Year
1304
Size of the college
19
1312
1312
Year
1312
Size of the college
16
1316
1316
Year
1316
Size of the college
30
1327
1327
Year
1327
Size of the college
16
1338
1338
Year
1338
Size of the college
16
1348
1348
Year
1348
Size of the college
16
1361
1361
Year
1361
Size of the college
17
1371
1371
Year
1371
Size of the college
30
1374
1374
Year
1374
Size of the college
18
Source: Broderick, 1987, pp. 13–14.
Source: Broderick, 1987, pp. 13–14.
Year
Source: Broderick, 1987, pp. 13–14.
Year
Size of the college
1099
18
1118
46
1119
46 or 47
1124
44
1130
44
1145
44
1198
26
1216
26
1227
18
1241
12 or 13
1244
6
1261
8
1264
21
1276
10
1277
7
1288
10
1294 (July)
11
1294 (December)
21
1303
18
1304
19
1312
16
1316
30
1327
16
1338
16
1348
16
1361
17
1371
30
1374
18
Source: Broderick, 1987, pp. 13–14.

References

  1. The exclusion of those who had turned 80 eliminated the voting rights of 25 cardinals. Before the new rule, there were 1
  2. When exceeding the 120 limit, John Paul II approved "temporary derogations" of the rule so that all of those under 80 co
  3. John XXIII codified this and other rules for the College in Cum gravissima dated 15 April 1962. On occasion a cardinal d
  4. Paul VI codified this and other rules for the College in Ad pupuratorum patrem dated 11 February 1965. The one Eastern R
  5. Paul VI codified this in Sacro cardinalium consilio dated 26 February 1965.
  6. 1983 CIC, Bk. II, Pt. II, Sec. I, Chap. III The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayba
    https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P19.HTM
  7. Broderick, 1987, p. 11.
  8. The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition
  9. The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church, Revised Edition
  10. What Is a Cardinal?
  11. Pham, 2004, p. 65.
  12. Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 52–54.; Jugie, Pierre. Levillain, ed. 2002. "Cardinal." pp. 241–242.
  13. Zisterzienser-Studien
  14. Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "Guide to documents and events (76–2005)."
    https://cardinals.fiu.edu/guide-xvi.htm
  15. Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Paul II (1464)."
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  16. Baumgartner, 2003, p. 78-79.; Walsh, 2003, p. 109.
  17. Baumgartner, 2003, p. 82.
  18. Baumgartner, 2003, p. 92.
  19. Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492) ."
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  20. The New York Times
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  21. The New York Times
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  22. lanuovabq.it
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  23. Ingravescentem aetatem
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  24. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html
  25. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/27/archives/ottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html
  26. "Crítica de dos Cardenales contra el Papa Paulo VI"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170110090747/http://www.geocities.ws/verdadunica/pablo_6/ochenta.html
  27. Romano Pontifici Eligendo
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  28. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/25/archives/archbishop-of-hanoi-among-20-new-cardinals-installed-by-pope.html
  29. Universi Dominici Gregis
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  30. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/22/world/shaping-a-legacy-pope-installs-44-cardinals.html
  31. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/22/world/pope-confirms-cardinals-as-talk-turns-to-succession.html
  32. Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession
    https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham
  33. La Stampa
    http://www.lastampa.it/2012/01/06/blogs/oltretevere/oltre-quota-7egF574E1GpVwZNsI8CZRL/pagina.html
  34. Reuters
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  35. canon 232 §1
    http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_PO.HTM
  36. "Ad suburbicarias dioeceses"
    https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19610310_ad-suburbicarias.html
  37. "Ad suburbicarias dioeceses"
    https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19610310_ad-suburbicarias.html
  38. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/03/20/82040660.pdf
  39. New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/04/20/443411692.pdf
  40. New Catholic Encyclopedia
  41. A Church of Passion and Hope: The Formation of An Ecclesial Disposition from Ignatius Loyola to Pope Francis and the New Evangelization
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mfxdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT151
  42. New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/01/26/96697707.pdf
  43. The New York Times
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  44. The Church in the Modern Age
    https://books.google.com/books?id=LjLQwToInS4C&pg=PA168
  45. Vatican News
    https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2018-06/cardinals-parolin-sandri-ouellet-filoni-order-bishops.html
  46. "Lettera Apostolica in forma di "Motu proprio" riguardante l'Ufficio del Decano del Collegio Cardinalizio"
    http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/12/21/1025/02090.html
  47. USA Today
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/25/conclave-resigns-cardinal-obrien-history/1947143/
  48. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/28/world/europe/cardinal-theodore-mccarrick-resigns.html
  49. Broderick, 1987, p. 13.
  50. CIC 1983, can. 349
  51. John Paul II, Ap. Const. Universi Dominici gregis in AAS 88 (1996)
  52. The Cardinals: Thirteen Centuries of the Men Behind the Papal Throne
    https://archive.org/details/cardinalsthirtee0000wals
  53. Broderick, J.F. 1987. "The Sacred College of Cardinals: Size and Geographical Composition (1099–1986)." Archivum histori
  54. Broderick, J.F. 1987. "The Sacred College of Cardinals: Size and Geographical Composition (1099–1986)." Archivum histori
  55. Broderick, J.F. 1987. "The Sacred College of Cardinals: Size and Geographical Composition (1099–1986)." Archivum histori
  56. Pope John Paul II
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203911/http://www.vaticanstate.va/NR/rdonlyres/3F574885-EAD5-47E9-A547-C3717005E861/2522/FundamentalLaw1.pdf
  57. "Code of Canon Law, Chapter II: Bishops"
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  58. Universi Dominici gregis, 88–90
  59. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21572724
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