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Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

Updated: 12/21/2025, 11:42:56 AM Wikipedia source

In World War II, many governments, organizations and individuals collaborated with the Axis powers, "out of conviction, desperation, or under coercion". Nationalists sometimes welcomed German or Italian troops they believed would liberate their countries from colonization. The Danish, Belgian and Vichy French governments attempted to appease and bargain with the invaders in hopes of mitigating harm to their citizens and economies. Some countries' leaders, such as Henrik Werth of Axis member Hungary, cooperated with Italy and Germany because they wanted to regain territories lost during and after World War I, or which their nationalist citizens simply coveted. Others such as France already had their own burgeoning fascist movements and/or antisemitic sentiment, which the invaders validated and empowered. Individuals such as Hendrik Seyffardt in the Netherlands and Theodoros Pangalos in Greece saw collaboration as a path to personal power in the politics of their country. Others believed that Germany would prevail, and wanted to be on the winning side or feared being on the losing one. Axis military forces recruited many volunteers, sometimes at gunpoint, more often with promises that they later broke, or from among POWs trying to escape appalling and frequently lethal conditions in their detention camps. Other volunteers willingly enlisted because they shared Nazi or fascist ideologies.

Tables

· Soviet Union › Eastern Legions
Cossacks
Cossacks
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Cossacks
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
70,000
Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens and other ethnic groups of Central Asia
Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens and other ethnic groups of Central Asia
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens and other ethnic groups of Central Asia
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
~70,000
Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Azerbaijanis
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
<40,000
North Caucasians
North Caucasians
Ethnic groups from the USSR
North Caucasians
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
<30,000
Georgians
Georgians
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Georgians
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
25,000
Armenians
Armenians
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Armenians
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
20,000
Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Crimean Tatars
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
10,000
Volga Tatars
Volga Tatars
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Volga Tatars
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
2,500
Kalmyks
Kalmyks
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Kalmyks
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
7,000
Total
Total
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Total
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
280,000
Ethnic groups from the USSR
Estimates of their people serving in the Wehrmacht
Cossacks
70,000
Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens and other ethnic groups of Central Asia
~70,000
Azerbaijanis
<40,000
North Caucasians
<30,000
Georgians
25,000
Armenians
20,000
Crimean Tatars
10,000
Volga Tatars
2,500
Kalmyks
7,000
Total
280,000
Eastern Legion Battalions formed by Kommando der Ostlegionen in Polen[251] · Soviet Union › Eastern Legions
Turkestan
Turkestan
Legion
Turkestan
No. of battalions formed
15
Armenian
Armenian
Legion
Armenian
No. of battalions formed
9
Georgian
Georgian
Legion
Georgian
No. of battalions formed
8
Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani
Legion
Azerbaijani
No. of battalions formed
8
Idel-Ural (Volga Finns and Tartars)
Idel-Ural (Volga Finns and Tartars)
Legion
Idel-Ural (Volga Finns and Tartars)
No. of battalions formed
7
North Caucasian
North Caucasian
Legion
North Caucasian
No. of battalions formed
7
Total
Total
Legion
Total
No. of battalions formed
54
Legion
No. of battalions formed
Turkestan
15
Armenian
9
Georgian
8
Azerbaijani
8
Idel-Ural (Volga Finns and Tartars)
7
North Caucasian
7
Total
54

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  187. Marci Shore
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  193. Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
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  194. Revisited: Romania's Iași pogrom, one of the worst massacres of Jews during World War II, Nadia Bletry, Thierry Trelluye
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  195. Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and Radicalization, Rochester studies in Central Europe, IS
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  197. Tito: A Biography
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  199. Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance
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  210. Tomasevich 1975, pp. 223–225
  211. MacDonald 2002, pp. 140–142
  212. Pavlowitch 2007, pp. 65–67
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  218. Tomasevich 1975, p. 246
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  220. Tomasevich 2002, p. 192.
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  222. Ethnic Germans and National Socialism in Yugoslavia in World War II
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  228. The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs
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  230. Kosovo: In the Heart of the Powder Keg
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  258. Dallin, Alexander. German Rule in Russia: 1941–1945. Octagon Books: 1990.
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  280. Perkins 1986, p. 180.
  281. Mollo 1981, p. 144.
  282. Playfair 2004, pp. 200, 206.
  283. Long 1953, pp. 333–334, 36.
  284. Sutherland & Canwell (2011), p. 43.
  285. Shores & Ehrengardt (1987), p. 30.
  286. "The Hajj Amin's opportunistic wartime residence and propaganda activities in Nazi Germany certainly was not the proudes
  287. Felton 2014, pp. 145, 152, 154.
  288. Weale 2012, p. 407.
  289. Hamilton 2020, pp. 349, 386.
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  291. The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945
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  292. For Europe : the French volunteers of the Waffen-SS
  293. The fall of Berlin, 1945
  294. Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, Volume 22, September 1946 Archived 21 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
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  295. The New York Times
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  296. The Daily Telegraph
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  297. New Statesman
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  298. Timeline
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  299. HuffPost
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  300. Gizmodo
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  301. San Francisco Chronicle
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  302. The Guardian
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  303. Tablet Magazine
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  304. Stone & Kuznick 2013, p. 82.
  305. Waking to Danger: Americans and Nazi Germany, 1933–1941
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