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Cnut

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Cnut

Cnut ( kə-NYOOT; Old Norse: Knútr; c. 990 – 12 November 1035), also known as Canute and with the epithet the Great, was King of England from 1016, King of Denmark from 1018, and King of Norway from 1028 until his death in 1035. The three kingdoms united under Cnut's rule are referred to together as the North Sea Empire by historians. As a Danish prince, Cnut won the throne of England in 1016 in the wake of centuries of Viking activity in northwestern Europe. His later accession to the Danish throne in 1018 brought the crowns of England and Denmark together. Cnut sought to keep this power base by uniting Danes and English under cultural bonds of wealth and custom. After a decade of conflict with opponents in Scandinavia, Cnut claimed the crown of Norway in Trondheim in 1028. In 1031, Malcolm II of Scotland also submitted to him, though Anglo-Norse influence over Scotland was weak and ultimately did not last by the time of Cnut's death. Dominion of England lent the Danes an important link to the maritime zone between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, where Cnut, like his father before him, had a strong interest and wielded much influence among the Norse–Gaels. Cnut's possession of England's dioceses and the continental Diocese of Denmark – with a claim laid upon it by the Holy Roman Empire's Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen – was a source of great prestige and leverage among the magnates of Christendom (gaining notable concessions such as one on the price of the pallium of his bishops, though they still had to travel to obtain the pallium, as well as on the tolls his people had to pay on the way to Rome). After his 1026 victory against Norway and Sweden, and on his way back from Rome where he attended the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor, Cnut deemed himself "King of all England and Denmark and the Norwegians and of some of the Swedes" in a letter written for the benefit of his subjects. Medieval historian Norman Cantor called him "the most effective king in Anglo-Saxon history". He is popularly invoked in the context of the legend of King Canute and the tide.

Infobox

Reign
1028–1035
Coronation
1017 in London
Predecessor
Saint Olaf
Successor
Magnus the Good
Co-king
Svein Knutsson
Born
c. 990Kingdom of Denmark
Died
12 November 1035 (aged around 45)Shaftesbury, Dorset, England
Burial
mw- Old Minster, Winchester, EnglandBones now in Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, England
Spouses
Ælfgifu of NorthamptonEmma of Normandy
Issue
Svein KnutssonHarold HarefootHarthacnutGunhilda, Queen of the Germans
House
Knýtlinga
Father
Swein Forkbeard
Mother
Świętosława or Gunhild of Wenden

Tables

· External links
Preceded byEdmund Ironsideas King of the English
Preceded byEdmund Ironsideas King of the English
Regnal titles
Preceded byEdmund Ironsideas King of the English
Regnal titles
King of England 1016–1035
Regnal titles
Succeeded byHarold Harefoot
Preceded byHarald II
Preceded byHarald II
Regnal titles
Preceded byHarald II
Regnal titles
King of Denmark 1018–1035
Regnal titles
Succeeded byHarthacnut
Preceded bySaint Olaf
Preceded bySaint Olaf
Regnal titles
Preceded bySaint Olaf
Regnal titles
King of Norway 1028–1035with Hákon Eiríksson (1028–1029)Sveinn Alfífuson (1030–1035)
Regnal titles
Succeeded byMagnus the Good
Regnal titles
Preceded byEdmund Ironsideas King of the English
King of England 1016–1035
Succeeded byHarold Harefoot
Preceded byHarald II
King of Denmark 1018–1035
Succeeded byHarthacnut
Preceded bySaint Olaf
King of Norway 1028–1035with Hákon Eiríksson (1028–1029)Sveinn Alfífuson (1030–1035)
Succeeded byMagnus the Good

References

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  2. Britain's Royal Families
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  52. Lawson 2004, p. 162.
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  54. Thietmar, Chronicon, vii. 7, pp. 502–03
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  56. The Portable Antiquities Scheme
    https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/414218
  57. Graham-Campbell et al. 2016, p. 3.
  58. Coke & Hargrave 1853, p. 20.
  59. Richards 2010, pp. 137–156.
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  61. Jones, Vikings, p.373
  62. Bartlett 2016, p. 44.
  63. Lawson 2004, pp. 65–66.
  64. Lawson 2004, pp. 124–125.
  65. Trow, Cnut, p. 193.
  66. Lawson 2004, p. 125.
  67. Trow, Cnut, p. 189.
  68. Lawson 2004, p. 104.
  69. Trow, Cnut, p. 191.
  70. Lawson 2004, pp. 95–98.
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  72. Hagerman 1996, p. 135.
  73. Sawyer 1991, p. 23.
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  77. Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, pp. 196–197.
  78. McGettigan 2013, pp. 61–63.
  79. Ní Mhaonaigh 2018, pp. 131–156.
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  81. Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 227.
  82. Hudson, Knutr, pp. 323–325.
  83. Hudson, Knutr, pp. 330–331.
  84. Townend 2012, p. 660.
  85. Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, pp. 197–198.
  86. Lawson 2004, p. 102.
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  88. Lausavisur, ed. Johnson Al, pp. 269–70
  89. Lawson 2004, pp. 31–32.
  90. Keynes 2009.
  91. Adam of Bremen, Gesta Daenorum, scholium 37, p. 112.
  92. Lawson 2004, p. 121.
  93. Olsen 1992.
  94. Trow, Cnut, p.129
  95. Lawson 2004, p. 86.
  96. Lawson 2004, p. 87.
  97. Lawson 2004, pp. 139–147.
  98. Lawson 2004, p. 141.
  99. Lawson 2004, p. 142.
  100. Lawson, Cnut, p.126
  101. Lawson 2004, p. 143.
  102. Trow, Cnut, p. 128.
  103. Lawson 2004, p. 147.
  104. Lawson 2004, p. 146.
  105. Lawson 2004, p. 144.
  106. Lawson 2004, p. 145.
  107. Trow, Cnut, p. 186
  108. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
  109. Lawson 2004, pp. 98, 104–105.
  110. Lawson 2004, p. 195.
  111. "Photo of a sign posted in Winchester Cathedral marking Cnut's mortuary chest, posted at the astoft.co.uk web site, retrieved 2009-07-25"
    http://www.astoft.co.uk/Dscn0764-405.jpg
  112. Stafford 2004.
  113. The official website of The British Monarchy
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090824022435/http://www.royal.gov.uk/pdf/wessex.pdf
  114. Lawson 2004, p. 126.
  115. Frank 1999:116.
  116. Frank 1999:120.
  117. Frank 1999:121.
  118. Greenway 1996, pp. 367–69; Bolton 2017, pp. 214–16.
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