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Cleopatra

Updated: Wikipedia source

Cleopatra

Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Koine Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Θεά Φιλοπάτωρ, lit. 'Cleopatra father-loving goddess'; 70/69 BC – 10 or 12 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and the last active Hellenistic pharaoh. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. Her first language was Koine Greek, and she is the only Ptolemaic ruler known to have learned the Egyptian language, among several others. After her death, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the Hellenistic period in the Mediterranean, which had begun during the reign of Alexander (336–323 BC). Born in Alexandria, Cleopatra was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes, who named her his heir before his death in 51 BC. Cleopatra began her reign alongside her brother Ptolemy XIII, but a falling-out between them led to a civil war. Roman statesman Pompey fled to Egypt after losing the 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus against his rival Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, in Caesar's civil war. Pompey had been a political ally of Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy XIII had him ambushed and killed before Caesar arrived and occupied Alexandria. Caesar then attempted to reconcile the rival Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy XIII's forces besieged Cleopatra and Caesar at the palace. Shortly after the siege was lifted by reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII died in the Battle of the Nile. Caesar declared Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIV joint rulers, and maintained a private affair with Cleopatra which produced a son, Caesarion. Cleopatra traveled to Rome as a client queen in 46 and 44 BC, where she stayed at Caesar's villa. After Caesar's assassination, followed shortly afterwards by the sudden death of Ptolemy XIV (possibly murdered on Cleopatra's order), she named Caesarion co-ruler as Ptolemy XV. In the Liberators' civil war of 43–42 BC, Cleopatra sided with the Roman Second Triumvirate formed by Caesar's heir Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. After their meeting at Tarsos in 41 BC, the queen had an affair with Antony which produced three children. Antony became increasingly reliant on Cleopatra for both funding and military aid during his invasions of the Parthian Empire and the Kingdom of Armenia. The Donations of Alexandria declared their children rulers over various territories under Antony's authority. Octavian portrayed this event as an act of treason, forced Antony's allies in the Roman Senate to flee Rome in 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. After defeating Antony and Cleopatra's naval fleet at the 31 BC Battle of Actium, Octavian's forces invaded Egypt in 30 BC and defeated Antony, leading to Antony's suicide. After his death, Cleopatra reportedly killed herself, probably by poisoning, to avoid being publicly displayed by Octavian in Roman triumphal procession. Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient and modern works of art. Roman historiography and Latin poetry produced a generally critical view of the queen that pervaded later Medieval and Renaissance literature. In the visual arts, her ancient depictions include Roman busts, paintings, and sculptures, cameo carvings and glass, Ptolemaic and Roman coinage, and reliefs. In Renaissance and Baroque art, she was the subject of many works including operas, paintings, poetry, sculptures, and theatrical dramas. She has become a pop culture icon of Egyptomania since the Victorian era, and in modern times, Cleopatra has appeared in the applied and fine arts, burlesque satire, Hollywood films, and brand images for commercial products.

Infobox

Reign
51–30 BC (21 years)
Coregency
See list Ptolemy XIII (51–47 BC)Ptolemy XIV (47–44 BC)Ptolemy XV (44–30 BC)
Predecessor
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Successor
Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Horus name
mw- }Royal titulary Horus name Wr(.t)-nb(.t)-nfrw-ꜣḫ(t)-sḥ Wer(et)-neb(et)-neferu-achet-seh The great Lady of perfection, excellent in counsel Wr.t-twt-n-jt=s Weret-tut-en-it-es The great one, sacred image of her father Nomen Qlwjwꜣpꜣdrtꜣ Cleopatra epithet to nomen: Qlwpdrt nṯrt mr(t) jts Cleopatra netjeret mer(et) ites The goddess Cleopatra who is beloved of her father
Consorts
Ptolemy XIII Theos PhilopatorPtolemy XIVMark Antony
Children
CaesarionAlexander HeliosCleopatra Selene IIPtolemy Philadelphus
Father
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Mother
Presumably Cleopatra V Tryphaena[note 2]
Born
Early 69 BC or late 70 BCAlexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom
Died
10 or 12 August 30 BC (aged 39)[note 3]Alexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom
Burial
Unlocated tomb(probably in Egypt)
Dynasty
Ptolemaic dynasty

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Cleopatra Ptolemaic dynastyBorn: 69 BC Died: 30 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded byPtolemy XII
Preceded byPtolemy XII
Cleopatra Ptolemaic dynastyBorn: 69 BC Died: 30 BC
Preceded byPtolemy XII
Cleopatra Ptolemaic dynastyBorn: 69 BC Died: 30 BC
Pharaoh of Egypt 51–30 BC with Ptolemy XIII, Ptolemy XIV and Ptolemy XV
Cleopatra Ptolemaic dynastyBorn: 69 BC Died: 30 BC
Office abolishedEgypt annexed by Roman Republic
Cleopatra Ptolemaic dynastyBorn: 69 BC Died: 30 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded byPtolemy XII
Pharaoh of Egypt 51–30 BC with Ptolemy XIII, Ptolemy XIV and Ptolemy XV
Office abolishedEgypt annexed by Roman Republic

References

  1. The sculpture was made around the time of Cleopatra's visits to Rome in 46–44 BC and was discovered in an Italian villa
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_in_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin
  2. Grant (1972, pp. 3–4, 17), Fletcher (2008, pp. 69, 74, 76), Jones (2006, p. xiii), Preston (2009, p. 22), Schiff (2011,
  3. Cleopatra almost certainly died on the 17th day of the Egyptian month Mesore, which corresponds to 10 August in the olde
  4. The name Cleopatra is pronounced /ˌkliːəˈpætrə/ KLEE-ə-PAT-rə, or sometimes /ˌkliːəˈpɑːtrə/ -⁠PAH-trə in both British an
  5. She was also a diplomat, naval commander, linguist, and medical author; see Roller (2010, p. 1) and Bradford (2000, p. 1
  6. Southern (2009, p. 43) writes about Ptolemy I Soter: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representat
  7. "Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3
  8. Grant (1972, pp. 5–6) notes that the Hellenistic period, beginning with the reign of Alexander the Great, came to an end
  9. Tyldesley (2017) offers an alternative rendering of the title Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator as "Cleopatra the Father-Lov
  10. For a thorough explanation about the foundation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great and its largely Hellenistic Greek n
  11. For further information, see Grant (1972, pp. 20, 256, footnote 42).
  12. For the list of languages spoken by Cleopatra as mentioned by the ancient historian Plutarch, see Jones (2006, pp. 33–34
  13. Grant (1972, p. 3) states that Cleopatra could have been born in either late 70 BC or early 69 BC.
  14. For further information and validation see Schiff (2011, p. 28), Kleiner (2005, p. 22), Bennett (1997, pp. 60–63), Bianc
  15. Due to discrepancies in academic works, in which some consider Cleopatra VI to be either a daughter of Ptolemy XII or hi
  16. Fletcher (2008, p. 87) describes the painting from Herculaneum further: "Cleopatra's hair was maintained by her highly s
  17. For further information and validation, see Grant (1972, pp. 12–13). In 1972, Michael Grant calculated that 6,000 talent
  18. For political background information on the Roman annexation of Cyprus, a move pushed for in the Roman Senate by Publius
  19. For further information, see Grant (1972, pp. 15–16).
  20. Fletcher (2008, pp. 76–77) expresses little doubt about this: "deposed in late summer 58 BC and fearing for his life, Au
  21. For further information, see Grant (1972, p. 16).
  22. For further information on Roman financier Rabirius, as well as the Gabiniani left in Egypt by Gabinius, see Grant (1972
  23. For further information, see Grant (1972, p. 18).
  24. For further information, see Grant (1972, pp. 19–20, 27–29).
  25. Papyri of 51 BC were dated as the "thirtieth year of Auletes which is the first year of Cleopatra". See Grant (1972, pp.
  26. It is disputed whether Cleopatra was deliberately depicted as a male or whether a stele made under her father with his p
  27. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, pp. 88–92) and Jones (2006, pp. 31, 34–35).Fletcher (2008, pp. 85–86) state
  28. Pfrommer & Towne-Markus (2001, p. 34) writes the following about the sibling marriage of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II: "Pto
  29. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, pp. 92–93).
  30. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, pp. 96–97) and Jones (2006, p. 39).
  31. For further information, see Jones (2006, pp. 39–41).
  32. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, p. 98) and Jones (2006, pp. 39–43, 53–55).
  33. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, pp. 98–100) and Jones (2006, pp. 53–55).
  34. For further information, see Burstein (2004, p. 18) and Fletcher (2008, pp. 101–103).
  35. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, p. 113).
  36. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, p. 118).
  37. For further information, see Burstein (2004, p. 76).
  38. For further information, see Burstein (2004, pp. xxi, 19) and Fletcher (2008, pp. 118–120).
  39. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, pp. 119–120).As part of the siege of Alexandria, Burstein (2004, p. 19) sta
  40. For further information and validation, see Anderson (2003, p. 39) and Fletcher (2008, p. 120).
  41. For further information and validation, see Fletcher (2008, p. 121) and Jones (2006, p. xiv).Roller (2010, pp. 64–65) st
  42. For further information and validation, see Anderson (2003, p. 39) and Fletcher (2008, pp. 154, 161–162); for date being
  43. Roller (2010, p. 70) writes the following about Caesar and his parentage of Caesarion: "The matter of parentage became s
  44. For further information and validation, see Jones (2006, pp. xiv, 78).
  45. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, pp. 214–215).
  46. As explained by Burstein (2004, p. 23), Cleopatra, having read Antony's personality, boldly presented herself to him as
  47. For further information about Publius Ventidius Bassus and his victory over Parthian forces at the Battle of Mount Ginda
  48. Ferroukhi (2001a, p. 219) provides a detailed discussion about this bust and its ambiguities, noting that it could repre
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Bust_of_Cleopatra_Selene_II_(Archaeological_Museum_of_Cherchell)
  49. According to Roller (2010, pp. 91–92), these client state rulers installed by Antony included Herod, Amyntas of Galatia,
  50. Bringmann (2007, p. 301) claims that Octavia Minor provided Antony with 1,200 troops, not 2,000 as stated in Roller (201
  51. Roller (2010, p. 100) says that it is unclear if Antony and Cleopatra were ever truly married. Burstein (2004, pp. xxii,
  52. Jones (2006, p. xiv) writes that "Octavian waged a propaganda war against Antony and Cleopatra, stressing Cleopatra's st
  53. Stanley M. Burstein, in Burstein (2004, p. 33) provides the name Quintus Cascellius as the recipient of the tax exemptio
  54. Reece (2017, p. 203) notes that "[t]he fragmentary texts of ancient Greek papyri do not often make their way into the mo
  55. As explained by Jones (2006, p. 147), "politically, Octavian had to walk a fine line as he prepared to engage in open ho
  56. For the translated accounts of both Plutarch and Dio, Jones (2006, pp. 194–195) writes that the implement used to punctu
  57. Roller (2010, p. 149) and Skeat (1953, pp. 99–100) explain the nominal short-lived reign of Caesarion as lasting 18 days
    https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02101.htm
  58. Jones (2006, p. 187), translating Plutarch, quotes Arius Didymus as saying to Octavian that "it is not good to have too
  59. Contrary to regular Roman provinces, Egypt was established by Octavian as territory under his personal control, barring
  60. Walker (2001, p. 312) writes the following about the raised relief on the gilded silver dish: "Conspicuously mounted on
  61. Jones (2006, p. 60) offers speculation that the author of De Bello Alexandrino, written in Latin prose sometime between
  62. Burstein (2004, p. 30) writes that Virgil, in his Aeneid, described the Battle of Actium against Cleopatra "as a clash o
  63. For further information and extracts of Strabo's account of Cleopatra in his Geographica see Jones (2006, pp. 28–30).
  64. As explained by Chauveau (2000, pp. 2–3), this source material from Egypt dated to the reign of Cleopatra includes about
  65. For the description of Cleopatra by Plutarch, who claimed that her beauty was not "completely incomparable" but that she
  66. Fletcher (2008, p. 205) writes the following: "Cleopatra was the only female Ptolemy to issue coins on her own behalf, s
  67. For further information, see Raia & Sebesta (2017).
  68. There is academic disagreement on whether the following portraits are considered "heads" or "busts". For instance, Raia
  69. For further information and validation, see Curtius (1933, pp. 182–192), Walker (2008, p. 348), Raia & Sebesta (2017) an
  70. For further information and validation, see Grout (2017b) and Roller (2010, pp. 174–175).
  71. For further information, see Curtius (1933, pp. 182–192), Walker (2008, p. 348) and Raia & Sebesta (2017).
  72. Blaise Pascal remarked in his Pensées (1670): "Cleopatra's nose: had it been shorter, the whole aspect of the world woul
  73. The observation that the left cheek of the Vatican Cleopatra once had a cupid's hand that was broken off was first sugge
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_in_the_Vatican_Museums,_Museo_Gregoriano_Profano
  74. Curtius (1933, p. 187) wrote that the damaged lump along the hairline and diadem of the Vatican Cleopatra likely contain
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_in_the_Vatican_Museums,_Museo_Gregoriano_Profano
  75. For further information about the painting in the House of Giuseppe II (Joseph II) at Pompeii and the possible identific
  76. In Pratt & Fizel (1949, pp. 14–15), Frances Pratt and Becca Fizel rejected the idea proposed by some scholars in the 19t
  77. Walker & Higgs (2001, pp. 314–315) describe her hair as reddish brown, while Fletcher (2008, p. 87) describes her as a f
  78. Preston (2009, p. 305) comes to a similar conclusion about native Egyptian depictions of Cleopatra: "Apart from certain
  79. For further information on Cleopatra's Macedonian Greek lineage, see Pucci (2011, p. 201), Grant (1972, pp. 3–5), Burste
  80. For further information and validation of the foundation of Hellenistic Egypt by Alexander the Great and Cleopatra's anc
  81. For further information, see Grant (1972, pp. 3–4) and Burstein (2004, p. 11).
  82. For further information, see Fletcher (2008, pp. 69, 74, 76). Contrary to other sources cited here, Dodson & Hilton (200
  83. For the Sogdian ancestry of Apama, wife of Seleucus I Nicator, see Holt (1989, pp. 64–65, footnote 63).
  84. As explained by Burstein (2004, pp. 47–50), the main ethnic groups of Ptolemaic Egypt were Egyptians, Greeks, and Jews,
  85. Grant (1972, p. 5) argues that Cleopatra's grandmother, i.e. the mother of Ptolemy XII, might have been a Syrian (though
  86. Schiff (2011, p. 42) further argues that, considering Cleopatra's ancestry, she was not dark-skinned, though notes Cleop
  87. For further information on the identity of Cleopatra's mother, see Burstein (2004, p. 11), Fletcher (2008, p. 73), Golds
  88. Schiff (2011, pp. 2) concurs with this, concluding that Cleopatra "upheld the family tradition." As noted by Dudley (196
  89. Grant (1972, p. 4) argues that if Cleopatra had been illegitimate, her "numerous Roman enemies would have revealed this
  90. The family tree and short discussions of the individuals can be found in Dodson & Hilton (2004, pp. 268–281). Aidan Dods
  91. Raia & Sebesta (2017).
  92. Sabino & Gross-Diaz (2016).
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  277. Roller (2010), pp. 72–74.
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  283. Tyldesley (2009), p. 144.
  284. Tyldesley (2009), pp. 145-146. "Josephus, consistently anti-Cleopatra and prone to seeping statements, offers no proof i
  285. Roller (2010), pp. 74–75.
  286. Burstein (2004), pp. xxi, 22.
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