Classes of United States senators
Updated: 11/6/2025, 2:10:48 AM Wikipedia source
The 100 seats in the United States Senate are divided into three classes for the purpose of determining which seats will be up for election in any two-year cycle, with only one class being up for election at a time. With senators being elected to fixed terms of six years, the classes allow about a third of the seats to be up for election in any presidential or midterm election year instead of having all 100 be up for election at the same time every six years. The seats are also divided in such a way that any given state's two senators are in different classes so that each seat's term ends in different years. Class 1 and class 2 consist of 33 seats each, while class 3 consists of 34 seats. Elections for class 1 seats took place in 2024, and elections for classes 2 and 3 will take place in 2026 and 2028, respectively. The three classes were established by Article I, Section 3, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The actual division was originally performed by the Senate of the 1st Congress in May 1789 by lot. Whenever a new state subsequently joined the union, its two Senate seats were assigned to two different classes by a random draw, while keeping the three classes as close to the same number as possible. The classes only apply to the regular fixed-term elections of the Senate. A special election to fill a vacancy, usually either due to the incumbent resigning or dying while in office, may happen in any given year regardless of the seat's class. A senator's description as junior or senior senator is also not related to their class. Rather, a state's senior United States senator is the one with the greater seniority in the Senate, which is mostly based on length of service.
Tables
· Election cycle years
Class 1
Class 1
Class
Class 1
Most recentelection year
2024
Next scheduledelection year
2030
Class 2
Class 2
Class
Class 2
Most recentelection year
2020
Next scheduledelection year
2026
Class 3
Class 3
Class
Class 3
Most recentelection year
2022
Next scheduledelection year
2028
| Class | Most recentelection year | Next scheduledelection year |
| Class 1 | 2024 | 2030 |
| Class 2 | 2020 | 2026 |
| Class 3 | 2022 | 2028 |
Basic rotation of U [1]) · Election cycle years › Comparison with other United States general elections
Type
Type
Year
Type
2024
Presidential
2025
Off-year
2026
Midterm
2027
Off-year
2028
Presidential
President
President
Year
President
2024
Yes
2025
No
2026
Yes
Senate
Senate
Year
Senate
2024
Class I (33 seats)
2025
No
2026
Class II (33 seats)
2027
No
2028
Class III (34 seats)
House
House
Year
House
2024
All 435 seats
2025
No
2026
All 435 seats
2027
No
2028
All 435 seats
Gubernatorial
Gubernatorial
Year
Gubernatorial
2024
11 states, 2 territories DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR
2025
2 states NJ, VA
2026
36 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IA, KS, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VT, WI, WY, DC (Mayor), GU, MP, VI
2027
3 states KY, LA, MS
2028
11 states, 2 territories DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR
Lieutenant gubernatorial
Lieutenant gubernatorial
Year
Lieutenant gubernatorial
2024
5 states, 1 territory DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS
2025
1 state VA
2026
10 states AL, AR, CA, GA, ID, NV, OK, RI, TX, VT
2027
2 states LA, MS
2028
5 states, 1 territory DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS
Secretary of state
Secretary of state
Year
Secretary of state
2024
7 states MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV
2025
None
2026
26 states AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, ND, OH, RI, SC, TX, VT, WI, WY
2027
3 statesKY, LA, MS
2028
7 states MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV
Attorney general
Attorney general
Year
Attorney general
2024
10 states IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
2025
1 state VA
2026
30 states, DC, & 2 territories AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IA, KS, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, NY, ND, OH, OK, RI, SC, SD, TX, VT, WI, DC, GU, MP
2027
3 states KY, LA, MS
2028
10 states IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
State treasurer
State treasurer
Year
State treasurer
2024
9 states MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
2025
None
2026
23 states AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL (CFO), ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, NE, NV, NM, OH, OK, RI, SC, VT, WI, WY
2027
3 states KY, LA, MS
2028
9 states MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
State comptroller/controller
State comptroller/controller
Year
State comptroller/controller
2024
None
2025
None
2026
7 states CA, CT, IL, MD, NV, NY, SC
2027
None
2028
None
State auditor
State auditor
Year
State auditor
2024
9 states MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU
2025
None
2026
15 states AL, AR, DE, IN, IA, MA, MN, MO, NE, NM, OH, OK, SD, VT, WY
2027
2 states KY, MS
2028
9 states MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU
Superintendent of public instruction
Superintendent of public instruction
Year
Superintendent of public instruction
2024
4 states MT, NC, ND, WA
2025
1 state WI
2026
7 states AZ, CA, GA, ID, OK,SC, WY
2027
None
2028
4 states MT, NC, ND, WA
Agriculture commissioner
Agriculture commissioner
Year
Agriculture commissioner
2024
2 states NC, WV
2025
None
2026
6 statesAL, FL, GA, IA, ND, SC
2027
3 statesKY, LA, MS
2028
2 states NC, WV
Insurance commissioner
Insurance commissioner
Year
Insurance commissioner
2024
3 states NC, ND, WA,
2025
None
2026
5 statesDE, CA GA, KS, OK,
2027
2 statesLA, MS
2028
3 states NC, ND, WA,
Other commissioners & elected officials
Other commissioners & elected officials
Year
Other commissioners & elected officials
2024
1 state NC (Labor)
2025
None
2026
9 statesAZ (Mine Inspector), AR (Land), GA (Land), NM (Land), ND (Tax), OK (Labor), OR (Labor), SD (Land), TX (Land)
2027
None
2028
1 state NC (Labor)
State legislatures
State legislatures
Year
State legislatures
2024
44 states, DC, & 5 territories AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
2025
2 states VA, NJ
2026
46 states, DC, & 4 territories AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, VI
2027
4 states LA, MS, NJ, VA
2028
44 states, DC, & 5 territories AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
State boards of education
State boards of education
Year
State boards of education
2024
8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
2025
None
2026
8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
2027
None
2028
8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
Other state, local, and tribal offices
Other state, local, and tribal offices
Year
Other state, local, and tribal offices
2024
Varies
| Year | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 |
| Type | Presidential | Off-year | Midterm | Off-year | Presidential |
| President | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| Senate | Class I (33 seats) | No | Class II (33 seats) | No | Class III (34 seats) |
| House | All 435 seats | No | All 435 seats | No | All 435 seats |
| Gubernatorial | 11 states, 2 territories DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR | 2 states NJ, VA | 36 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IA, KS, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VT, WI, WY, DC (Mayor), GU, MP, VI | 3 states KY, LA, MS | 11 states, 2 territories DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR |
| Lieutenant gubernatorial | 5 states, 1 territory DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS | 1 state VA | 10 states AL, AR, CA, GA, ID, NV, OK, RI, TX, VT | 2 states LA, MS | 5 states, 1 territory DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS |
| Secretary of state | 7 states MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV | None | 26 states AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, ND, OH, RI, SC, TX, VT, WI, WY | 3 statesKY, LA, MS | 7 states MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV |
| Attorney general | 10 states IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV | 1 state VA | 30 states, DC, & 2 territories AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IA, KS, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, NY, ND, OH, OK, RI, SC, SD, TX, VT, WI, DC, GU, MP | 3 states KY, LA, MS | 10 states IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV |
| State treasurer | 9 states MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV | None | 23 states AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL (CFO), ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, NE, NV, NM, OH, OK, RI, SC, VT, WI, WY | 3 states KY, LA, MS | 9 states MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV |
| State comptroller/controller | None | None | 7 states CA, CT, IL, MD, NV, NY, SC | None | None |
| State auditor | 9 states MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU | None | 15 states AL, AR, DE, IN, IA, MA, MN, MO, NE, NM, OH, OK, SD, VT, WY | 2 states KY, MS | 9 states MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU |
| Superintendent of public instruction | 4 states MT, NC, ND, WA | 1 state WI | 7 states AZ, CA, GA, ID, OK,SC, WY | None | 4 states MT, NC, ND, WA |
| Agriculture commissioner | 2 states NC, WV | None | 6 statesAL, FL, GA, IA, ND, SC | 3 statesKY, LA, MS | 2 states NC, WV |
| Insurance commissioner | 3 states NC, ND, WA, | None | 5 statesDE, CA GA, KS, OK, | 2 statesLA, MS | 3 states NC, ND, WA, |
| Other commissioners & elected officials | 1 state NC (Labor) | None | 9 statesAZ (Mine Inspector), AR (Land), GA (Land), NM (Land), ND (Tax), OK (Labor), OR (Labor), SD (Land), TX (Land) | None | 1 state NC (Labor) |
| State legislatures | 44 states, DC, & 5 territories AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI | 2 states VA, NJ | 46 states, DC, & 4 territories AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, VI | 4 states LA, MS, NJ, VA | 44 states, DC, & 5 territories AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI |
| State boards of education | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI | None | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI | None | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI |
| Other state, local, and tribal offices | Varies | ||||
Democratic
Democratic
Col 1
Democratic
Class 1
17
Class 2
13
Class 3
15
Total
45
Republican
Republican
Col 1
Republican
Class 1
14
Class 2
20
Class 3
19
Total
53 + VP
Independent
Independent
Col 1
Independent
Class 1
2 (caucus with Democrats)
Class 2
0
Class 3
0
Total
2
Last election
Last election
Col 1
Last election
Class 1
2024
Class 2
2020
Class 3
2022
Next election
Next election
Col 1
Next election
Class 1
2030
Class 2
2026
Class 3
2028
Total
Total
Col 1
Total
Class 1
33
Class 2
33
Class 3
34
Total
100
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Total | |
| Democratic | 17 | 13 | 15 | 45 |
| Republican | 14 | 20 | 19 | 53 + VP |
| Independent | 2 (caucus with Democrats) | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Last election | 2024 | 2020 | 2022 | |
| Next election | 2030 | 2026 | 2028 | |
| Total | 33 | 33 | 34 | 100 |
Alabama
Alabama
State
Alabama
Class 1
—
Class 2
Tommy Tuberville (R)
Class 3
Katie Britt (R)
Cook PVI
R+15
Alaska
Alaska
State
Alaska
Class 1
—
Class 2
Dan Sullivan (R)
Class 3
Lisa Murkowski (R)
Cook PVI
R+6
Arizona
Arizona
State
Arizona
Class 1
Ruben Gallego (D)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Mark Kelly (D)
Cook PVI
R+2
Arkansas
Arkansas
State
Arkansas
Class 1
—
Class 2
Tom Cotton (R)
Class 3
John Boozman (R)
Cook PVI
R+15
California
California
State
California
Class 1
Adam Schiff (D)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Alex Padilla (D)
Cook PVI
D+12
Colorado
Colorado
State
Colorado
Class 1
—
Class 2
John Hickenlooper (D)
Class 3
Michael Bennet (D)
Cook PVI
D+6
Connecticut
Connecticut
State
Connecticut
Class 1
Chris Murphy (D)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Richard Blumenthal (D)
Cook PVI
D+8
Delaware
Delaware
State
Delaware
Class 1
Lisa Blunt Rochester (D)
Class 2
Chris Coons (D)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
D+8
Florida
Florida
State
Florida
Class 1
Rick Scott (R)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Ashley Moody (R)
Cook PVI
R+5
Georgia
Georgia
State
Georgia
Class 1
—
Class 2
Jon Ossoff (D)
Class 3
Raphael Warnock (D)
Cook PVI
R+1
Hawaii
Hawaii
State
Hawaii
Class 1
Mazie Hirono (D)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Brian Schatz (D)
Cook PVI
D+13
Idaho
Idaho
State
Idaho
Class 1
—
Class 2
Jim Risch (R)
Class 3
Mike Crapo (R)
Cook PVI
R+18
Illinois
Illinois
State
Illinois
Class 1
—
Class 2
Dick Durbin (D)
Class 3
Tammy Duckworth (D)
Cook PVI
D+6
Indiana
Indiana
State
Indiana
Class 1
Jim Banks (R)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Todd Young (R)
Cook PVI
R+9
Iowa
Iowa
State
Iowa
Class 1
—
Class 2
Joni Ernst (R)
Class 3
Chuck Grassley (R)
Cook PVI
R+6
Kansas
Kansas
State
Kansas
Class 1
—
Class 2
Roger Marshall (R)
Class 3
Jerry Moran (R)
Cook PVI
R+8
Kentucky
Kentucky
State
Kentucky
Class 1
—
Class 2
Mitch McConnell (R)
Class 3
Rand Paul (R)
Cook PVI
R+15
Louisiana
Louisiana
State
Louisiana
Class 1
—
Class 2
Bill Cassidy (R)
Class 3
John Kennedy (R)
Cook PVI
R+11
Maine
Maine
State
Maine
Class 1
Angus King (I)
Class 2
Susan Collins (R)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
D+4
Maryland
Maryland
State
Maryland
Class 1
Angela Alsobrooks (D)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Chris Van Hollen (D)
Cook PVI
D+15
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
State
Massachusetts
Class 1
Elizabeth Warren (D)
Class 2
Ed Markey (D)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
D+14
Michigan
Michigan
State
Michigan
Class 1
Elissa Slotkin (D)
Class 2
Gary Peters (D)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
EVEN
Minnesota
Minnesota
State
Minnesota
Class 1
Amy Klobuchar (D)
Class 2
Tina Smith (D)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
D+3
Mississippi
Mississippi
State
Mississippi
Class 1
Roger Wicker (R)
Class 2
Cindy Hyde-Smith (R)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
R+11
Missouri
Missouri
State
Missouri
Class 1
Josh Hawley (R)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Eric Schmitt (R)
Cook PVI
R+9
Montana
Montana
State
Montana
Class 1
Tim Sheehy (R)
Class 2
Steve Daines (R)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
R+10
Nebraska
Nebraska
State
Nebraska
Class 1
Deb Fischer (R)
Class 2
Pete Ricketts (R)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
R+10
Nevada
Nevada
State
Nevada
Class 1
Jacky Rosen (D)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Catherine Cortez Masto (D)
Cook PVI
R+1
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
State
New Hampshire
Class 1
—
Class 2
Jeanne Shaheen (D)
Class 3
Maggie Hassan (D)
Cook PVI
D+2
New Jersey
New Jersey
State
New Jersey
Class 1
Andy Kim (D)
Class 2
Cory Booker (D)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
D+4
New Mexico
New Mexico
State
New Mexico
Class 1
Martin Heinrich (D)
Class 2
Ben Ray Luján (D)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
D+4
New York
New York
State
New York
Class 1
Kirsten Gillibrand (D)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Chuck Schumer (D)
Cook PVI
D+8
North Carolina
North Carolina
State
North Carolina
Class 1
—
Class 2
Thom Tillis (R)
Class 3
Ted Budd (R)
Cook PVI
R+2
North Dakota
North Dakota
State
North Dakota
Class 1
Kevin Cramer (R)
Class 2
—
Class 3
John Hoeven (R)
Cook PVI
R+18
Ohio
Ohio
State
Ohio
Class 1
Bernie Moreno (R)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Jon Husted (R)
Cook PVI
R+5
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
State
Oklahoma
Class 1
—
Class 2
Markwayne Mullin (R)
Class 3
James Lankford (R)
Cook PVI
R+17
Oregon
Oregon
State
Oregon
Class 1
—
Class 2
Jeff Merkley (D)
Class 3
Ron Wyden (D)
Cook PVI
D+8
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
State
Pennsylvania
Class 1
Dave McCormick (R)
Class 2
—
Class 3
John Fetterman (D)
Cook PVI
R+1
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
State
Rhode Island
Class 1
Sheldon Whitehouse (D)
Class 2
Jack Reed (D)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
D+8
South Carolina
South Carolina
State
South Carolina
Class 1
—
Class 2
Lindsey Graham (R)
Class 3
Tim Scott (R)
Cook PVI
R+8
South Dakota
South Dakota
State
South Dakota
Class 1
—
Class 2
Mike Rounds (R)
Class 3
John Thune (R)
Cook PVI
R+15
Tennessee
Tennessee
State
Tennessee
Class 1
Marsha Blackburn (R)
Class 2
Bill Hagerty (R)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
R+14
Texas
Texas
State
Texas
Class 1
Ted Cruz (R)
Class 2
John Cornyn (R)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
R+6
Utah
Utah
State
Utah
Class 1
John Curtis (R)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Mike Lee (R)
Cook PVI
R+11
Vermont
Vermont
State
Vermont
Class 1
Bernie Sanders (I)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Peter Welch (D)
Cook PVI
D+17
Virginia
Virginia
State
Virginia
Class 1
Tim Kaine (D)
Class 2
Mark Warner (D)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
D+4
Washington
Washington
State
Washington
Class 1
Maria Cantwell (D)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Patty Murray (D)
Cook PVI
D+10
West Virginia
West Virginia
State
West Virginia
Class 1
Jim Justice (R)
Class 2
Shelley Moore Capito (R)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
R+21
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
State
Wisconsin
Class 1
Tammy Baldwin (D)
Class 2
—
Class 3
Ron Johnson (R)
Cook PVI
R+1
Wyoming
Wyoming
State
Wyoming
Class 1
John Barrasso (R)
Class 2
Cynthia Lummis (R)
Class 3
—
Cook PVI
R+23
| State | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Cook PVI |
| Alabama | — | Tommy Tuberville (R) | Katie Britt (R) | R+15 |
| Alaska | — | Dan Sullivan (R) | Lisa Murkowski (R) | R+6 |
| Arizona | Ruben Gallego (D) | — | Mark Kelly (D) | R+2 |
| Arkansas | — | Tom Cotton (R) | John Boozman (R) | R+15 |
| California | Adam Schiff (D) | — | Alex Padilla (D) | D+12 |
| Colorado | — | John Hickenlooper (D) | Michael Bennet (D) | D+6 |
| Connecticut | Chris Murphy (D) | — | Richard Blumenthal (D) | D+8 |
| Delaware | Lisa Blunt Rochester (D) | Chris Coons (D) | — | D+8 |
| Florida | Rick Scott (R) | — | Ashley Moody (R) | R+5 |
| Georgia | — | Jon Ossoff (D) | Raphael Warnock (D) | R+1 |
| Hawaii | Mazie Hirono (D) | — | Brian Schatz (D) | D+13 |
| Idaho | — | Jim Risch (R) | Mike Crapo (R) | R+18 |
| Illinois | — | Dick Durbin (D) | Tammy Duckworth (D) | D+6 |
| Indiana | Jim Banks (R) | — | Todd Young (R) | R+9 |
| Iowa | — | Joni Ernst (R) | Chuck Grassley (R) | R+6 |
| Kansas | — | Roger Marshall (R) | Jerry Moran (R) | R+8 |
| Kentucky | — | Mitch McConnell (R) | Rand Paul (R) | R+15 |
| Louisiana | — | Bill Cassidy (R) | John Kennedy (R) | R+11 |
| Maine | Angus King (I) | Susan Collins (R) | — | D+4 |
| Maryland | Angela Alsobrooks (D) | — | Chris Van Hollen (D) | D+15 |
| Massachusetts | Elizabeth Warren (D) | Ed Markey (D) | — | D+14 |
| Michigan | Elissa Slotkin (D) | Gary Peters (D) | — | EVEN |
| Minnesota | Amy Klobuchar (D) | Tina Smith (D) | — | D+3 |
| Mississippi | Roger Wicker (R) | Cindy Hyde-Smith (R) | — | R+11 |
| Missouri | Josh Hawley (R) | — | Eric Schmitt (R) | R+9 |
| Montana | Tim Sheehy (R) | Steve Daines (R) | — | R+10 |
| Nebraska | Deb Fischer (R) | Pete Ricketts (R) | — | R+10 |
| Nevada | Jacky Rosen (D) | — | Catherine Cortez Masto (D) | R+1 |
| New Hampshire | — | Jeanne Shaheen (D) | Maggie Hassan (D) | D+2 |
| New Jersey | Andy Kim (D) | Cory Booker (D) | — | D+4 |
| New Mexico | Martin Heinrich (D) | Ben Ray Luján (D) | — | D+4 |
| New York | Kirsten Gillibrand (D) | — | Chuck Schumer (D) | D+8 |
| North Carolina | — | Thom Tillis (R) | Ted Budd (R) | R+2 |
| North Dakota | Kevin Cramer (R) | — | John Hoeven (R) | R+18 |
| Ohio | Bernie Moreno (R) | — | Jon Husted (R) | R+5 |
| Oklahoma | — | Markwayne Mullin (R) | James Lankford (R) | R+17 |
| Oregon | — | Jeff Merkley (D) | Ron Wyden (D) | D+8 |
| Pennsylvania | Dave McCormick (R) | — | John Fetterman (D) | R+1 |
| Rhode Island | Sheldon Whitehouse (D) | Jack Reed (D) | — | D+8 |
| South Carolina | — | Lindsey Graham (R) | Tim Scott (R) | R+8 |
| South Dakota | — | Mike Rounds (R) | John Thune (R) | R+15 |
| Tennessee | Marsha Blackburn (R) | Bill Hagerty (R) | — | R+14 |
| Texas | Ted Cruz (R) | John Cornyn (R) | — | R+6 |
| Utah | John Curtis (R) | — | Mike Lee (R) | R+11 |
| Vermont | Bernie Sanders (I) | — | Peter Welch (D) | D+17 |
| Virginia | Tim Kaine (D) | Mark Warner (D) | — | D+4 |
| Washington | Maria Cantwell (D) | — | Patty Murray (D) | D+10 |
| West Virginia | Jim Justice (R) | Shelley Moore Capito (R) | — | R+21 |
| Wisconsin | Tammy Baldwin (D) | — | Ron Johnson (R) | R+1 |
References
- "The Senate and the United States Constitution"https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Constitution_Senate.htm
- "Frequently Asked Questions about a New Congress"https://www.senate.gov/general/common/generic/NewCongress_faq.htm
- ABC 10https://www.abc10.com/article/news/nation-world/the-us-senate-is-divided-into-classes-what-that-means/103-605093800
- Senate Historyhttps://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/senators-receive-class-assignments.htm
- "Annals of Congress"http://www.constitution.org/ac/01-1s.htm
- Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 1789–1793http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj00143%29%29
- Poughkeepsie Journalhttps://www.newspapers.com/image/114420016/
- The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/30/archives/gop-wins-governorship-in-hawaiis-first-state-vote-g-o-p-wins-race.html
- The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/25/archives/congress-hails-3-new-members-from-50th-state-galleries-of-both.html
- Sabato's Crystal Ballhttp://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/senate-class-population-imbalance/
- Cook Political Reporthttps://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2023-partisan-voting-index/118-district-map-and-list