Topzle Topzle

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Updated: Wikipedia source

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub. L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools and public accommodations, and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history". Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its enumerated power to regulate interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause of Article I, Section 8, its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the 14th Amendment, and its duty to protect voting rights under the 15th Amendment. The legislation was proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but it was opposed by filibuster in the Senate. After Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward. The United States House of Representatives passed the bill on February 10, 1964, and after a 72-day filibuster, it passed the United States Senate on June 19, 1964. The final vote was 290–130 in the House of Representatives and 73–27 in the Senate. After the House agreed to a subsequent Senate amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Johnson at the White House on July 2, 1964.

Infobox

Long title
An Act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.
Enacted by
the 88th United States Congress
Effective
July 2, 1964
Public law
88-352
Statutes at Large
78 Stat. 241
Acts amended
mw- Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960
Titles amended
Title 42: Public Health and Welfare

Tables

George Aiken
George Aiken
Senator
George Aiken
Party
R
State
Vermont
Vote
Yea
Gordon Allott
Gordon Allott
Senator
Gordon Allott
Party
R
State
Colorado
Vote
Yea
Clinton Anderson
Clinton Anderson
Senator
Clinton Anderson
Party
D
State
New Mexico
Vote
Yea
Bob Bartlett
Bob Bartlett
Senator
Bob Bartlett
Party
D
State
Alaska
Vote
Yea
Birch Bayh
Birch Bayh
Senator
Birch Bayh
Party
D
State
Indiana
Vote
Yea
J. Glenn Beall
J. Glenn Beall
Senator
J. Glenn Beall
Party
R
State
Maryland
Vote
Yea
Wallace F. Bennett
Wallace F. Bennett
Senator
Wallace F. Bennett
Party
R
State
Utah
Vote
Yea
Alan Bible
Alan Bible
Senator
Alan Bible
Party
D
State
Nevada
Vote
Yea
J. Caleb Boggs
J. Caleb Boggs
Senator
J. Caleb Boggs
Party
R
State
Delaware
Vote
Yea
Daniel Brewster
Daniel Brewster
Senator
Daniel Brewster
Party
D
State
Maryland
Vote
Yea
Quentin Burdick
Quentin Burdick
Senator
Quentin Burdick
Party
D
State
North Dakota
Vote
Yea
Harry F. Byrd
Harry F. Byrd
Senator
Harry F. Byrd
Party
D
State
Virginia
Vote
Nay
Robert Byrd
Robert Byrd
Senator
Robert Byrd
Party
D
State
West Virginia
Vote
Nay
Howard Cannon
Howard Cannon
Senator
Howard Cannon
Party
D
State
Nevada
Vote
Yea
Frank Carlson
Frank Carlson
Senator
Frank Carlson
Party
R
State
Kansas
Vote
Yea
Clifford P. Case
Clifford P. Case
Senator
Clifford P. Case
Party
R
State
New Jersey
Vote
Yea
Frank Church
Frank Church
Senator
Frank Church
Party
D
State
Idaho
Vote
Yea
Joseph S. Clark Jr.
Joseph S. Clark Jr.
Senator
Joseph S. Clark Jr.
Party
D
State
Pennsylvania
Vote
Yea
John Sherman Cooper
John Sherman Cooper
Senator
John Sherman Cooper
Party
R
State
Kentucky
Vote
Yea
Norris Cotton
Norris Cotton
Senator
Norris Cotton
Party
R
State
New Hampshire
Vote
Nay
Carl Curtis
Carl Curtis
Senator
Carl Curtis
Party
R
State
Nebraska
Vote
Yea
Everett Dirksen
Everett Dirksen
Senator
Everett Dirksen
Party
R
State
Illinois
Vote
Yea
Thomas J. Dodd
Thomas J. Dodd
Senator
Thomas J. Dodd
Party
D
State
Connecticut
Vote
Yea
Peter H. Dominick
Peter H. Dominick
Senator
Peter H. Dominick
Party
R
State
Colorado
Vote
Yea
Paul Douglas
Paul Douglas
Senator
Paul Douglas
Party
D
State
Illinois
Vote
Yea
James Eastland
James Eastland
Senator
James Eastland
Party
D
State
Mississippi
Vote
Nay
J. Howard Edmondson
J. Howard Edmondson
Senator
J. Howard Edmondson
Party
D
State
Oklahoma
Vote
Yea
Allen J. Ellender
Allen J. Ellender
Senator
Allen J. Ellender
Party
D
State
Louisiana
Vote
Nay
Clair Engle
Clair Engle
Senator
Clair Engle
Party
D
State
California
Vote
Yea
Sam Ervin
Sam Ervin
Senator
Sam Ervin
Party
D
State
North Carolina
Vote
Nay
Hiram Fong
Hiram Fong
Senator
Hiram Fong
Party
R
State
Hawaii
Vote
Yea
J. William Fulbright
J. William Fulbright
Senator
J. William Fulbright
Party
D
State
Arkansas
Vote
Nay
Barry Goldwater
Barry Goldwater
Senator
Barry Goldwater
Party
R
State
Arizona
Vote
Nay
Albert Gore Sr.
Albert Gore Sr.
Senator
Albert Gore Sr.
Party
D
State
Tennessee
Vote
Nay
Ernest Gruening
Ernest Gruening
Senator
Ernest Gruening
Party
D
State
Alaska
Vote
Yea
Philip Hart
Philip Hart
Senator
Philip Hart
Party
D
State
Michigan
Vote
Yea
Vance Hartke
Vance Hartke
Senator
Vance Hartke
Party
D
State
Indiana
Vote
Yea
Carl Hayden
Carl Hayden
Senator
Carl Hayden
Party
D
State
Arizona
Vote
Yea
Bourke B. Hickenlooper
Bourke B. Hickenlooper
Senator
Bourke B. Hickenlooper
Party
R
State
Iowa
Vote
Nay
J. Lister Hill
J. Lister Hill
Senator
J. Lister Hill
Party
D
State
Alabama
Vote
Nay
Spessard Holland
Spessard Holland
Senator
Spessard Holland
Party
D
State
Florida
Vote
Nay
Roman Hruska
Roman Hruska
Senator
Roman Hruska
Party
R
State
Nebraska
Vote
Yea
Hubert Humphrey
Hubert Humphrey
Senator
Hubert Humphrey
Party
D
State
Minnesota
Vote
Yea
Daniel Inouye
Daniel Inouye
Senator
Daniel Inouye
Party
D
State
Hawaii
Vote
Yea
Henry M. Jackson
Henry M. Jackson
Senator
Henry M. Jackson
Party
D
State
Washington
Vote
Yea
Jacob Javits
Jacob Javits
Senator
Jacob Javits
Party
R
State
New York
Vote
Yea
Olin D. Johnston
Olin D. Johnston
Senator
Olin D. Johnston
Party
D
State
South Carolina
Vote
Nay
Leonard B. Jordan
Leonard B. Jordan
Senator
Leonard B. Jordan
Party
R
State
Idaho
Vote
Yea
B. Everett Jordan
B. Everett Jordan
Senator
B. Everett Jordan
Party
D
State
North Carolina
Vote
Nay
Kenneth Keating
Kenneth Keating
Senator
Kenneth Keating
Party
R
State
New York
Vote
Yea
Ted Kennedy
Ted Kennedy
Senator
Ted Kennedy
Party
D
State
Massachusetts
Vote
Yea
Thomas Kuchel
Thomas Kuchel
Senator
Thomas Kuchel
Party
R
State
California
Vote
Yea
Frank Lausche
Frank Lausche
Senator
Frank Lausche
Party
D
State
Ohio
Vote
Yea
Russell B. Long
Russell B. Long
Senator
Russell B. Long
Party
D
State
Louisiana
Vote
Nay
Edward V. Long
Edward V. Long
Senator
Edward V. Long
Party
D
State
Missouri
Vote
Yea
Warren Magnuson
Warren Magnuson
Senator
Warren Magnuson
Party
D
State
Washington
Vote
Yea
Mike Mansfield
Mike Mansfield
Senator
Mike Mansfield
Party
D
State
Montana
Vote
Yea
Eugene McCarthy
Eugene McCarthy
Senator
Eugene McCarthy
Party
D
State
Minnesota
Vote
Yea
John L. McClellan
John L. McClellan
Senator
John L. McClellan
Party
D
State
Arkansas
Vote
Nay
Gale W. McGee
Gale W. McGee
Senator
Gale W. McGee
Party
D
State
Wyoming
Vote
Yea
George McGovern
George McGovern
Senator
George McGovern
Party
D
State
South Dakota
Vote
Yea
Thomas J. McIntyre
Thomas J. McIntyre
Senator
Thomas J. McIntyre
Party
D
State
New Hampshire
Vote
Yea
Patrick V. McNamara
Patrick V. McNamara
Senator
Patrick V. McNamara
Party
D
State
Michigan
Vote
Yea
Edwin L. Mechem
Edwin L. Mechem
Senator
Edwin L. Mechem
Party
R
State
New Mexico
Vote
Nay
Lee Metcalf
Lee Metcalf
Senator
Lee Metcalf
Party
D
State
Montana
Vote
Yea
Jack Miller
Jack Miller
Senator
Jack Miller
Party
R
State
Iowa
Vote
Yea
Mike Monroney
Mike Monroney
Senator
Mike Monroney
Party
D
State
Oklahoma
Vote
Yea
Wayne Morse
Wayne Morse
Senator
Wayne Morse
Party
D
State
Oregon
Vote
Yea
Thruston Ballard Morton
Thruston Ballard Morton
Senator
Thruston Ballard Morton
Party
R
State
Kentucky
Vote
Yea
Frank Moss
Frank Moss
Senator
Frank Moss
Party
D
State
Utah
Vote
Yea
Karl Mundt
Karl Mundt
Senator
Karl Mundt
Party
R
State
South Dakota
Vote
Yea
Edmund Muskie
Edmund Muskie
Senator
Edmund Muskie
Party
D
State
Maine
Vote
Yea
Gaylord Nelson
Gaylord Nelson
Senator
Gaylord Nelson
Party
D
State
Wisconsin
Vote
Yea
Maurine Neuberger
Maurine Neuberger
Senator
Maurine Neuberger
Party
D
State
Oregon
Vote
Yea
John Pastore
John Pastore
Senator
John Pastore
Party
D
State
Rhode Island
Vote
Yea
James B. Pearson
James B. Pearson
Senator
James B. Pearson
Party
R
State
Kansas
Vote
Yea
Claiborne Pell
Claiborne Pell
Senator
Claiborne Pell
Party
D
State
Rhode Island
Vote
Yea
Winston L. Prouty
Winston L. Prouty
Senator
Winston L. Prouty
Party
R
State
Vermont
Vote
Yea
William Proxmire
William Proxmire
Senator
William Proxmire
Party
D
State
Wisconsin
Vote
Yea
Jennings Randolph
Jennings Randolph
Senator
Jennings Randolph
Party
D
State
West Virginia
Vote
Yea
Abraham Ribicoff
Abraham Ribicoff
Senator
Abraham Ribicoff
Party
D
State
Connecticut
Vote
Yea
A. Willis Robertson
A. Willis Robertson
Senator
A. Willis Robertson
Party
D
State
Virginia
Vote
Nay
Richard Russell Jr.
Richard Russell Jr.
Senator
Richard Russell Jr.
Party
D
State
Georgia
Vote
Nay
Leverett Saltonstall
Leverett Saltonstall
Senator
Leverett Saltonstall
Party
R
State
Massachusetts
Vote
Yea
Hugh Scott
Hugh Scott
Senator
Hugh Scott
Party
R
State
Pennsylvania
Vote
Yea
Milward Simpson
Milward Simpson
Senator
Milward Simpson
Party
R
State
Wyoming
Vote
Nay
George Smathers
George Smathers
Senator
George Smathers
Party
D
State
Florida
Vote
Nay
Margaret Chase Smith
Margaret Chase Smith
Senator
Margaret Chase Smith
Party
R
State
Maine
Vote
Yea
John Sparkman
John Sparkman
Senator
John Sparkman
Party
D
State
Alabama
Vote
Nay
John C. Stennis
John C. Stennis
Senator
John C. Stennis
Party
D
State
Mississippi
Vote
Nay
Stuart Symington
Stuart Symington
Senator
Stuart Symington
Party
D
State
Missouri
Vote
Yea
Herman Talmadge
Herman Talmadge
Senator
Herman Talmadge
Party
D
State
Georgia
Vote
Nay
Strom Thurmond
Strom Thurmond
Senator
Strom Thurmond
Party
D
State
South Carolina
Vote
Nay
John Tower
John Tower
Senator
John Tower
Party
R
State
Texas
Vote
Nay
Herbert S. Walters
Herbert S. Walters
Senator
Herbert S. Walters
Party
D
State
Tennessee
Vote
Nay
John J. Williams
John J. Williams
Senator
John J. Williams
Party
R
State
Delaware
Vote
Yea
Harrison A. Williams
Harrison A. Williams
Senator
Harrison A. Williams
Party
D
State
New Jersey
Vote
Yea
Ralph Yarborough
Ralph Yarborough
Senator
Ralph Yarborough
Party
D
State
Texas
Vote
Yea
Milton Young
Milton Young
Senator
Milton Young
Party
R
State
North Dakota
Vote
Yea
Stephen M. Young
Stephen M. Young
Senator
Stephen M. Young
Party
D
State
Ohio
Vote
Yea
Senator
Party
State
Vote
George Aiken
R
Vermont
Yea
Gordon Allott
R
Colorado
Yea
Clinton Anderson
D
New Mexico
Yea
Bob Bartlett
D
Alaska
Yea
Birch Bayh
D
Indiana
Yea
J. Glenn Beall
R
Maryland
Yea
Wallace F. Bennett
R
Utah
Yea
Alan Bible
D
Nevada
Yea
J. Caleb Boggs
R
Delaware
Yea
Daniel Brewster
D
Maryland
Yea
Quentin Burdick
D
North Dakota
Yea
Harry F. Byrd
D
Virginia
Nay
Robert Byrd
D
West Virginia
Nay
Howard Cannon
D
Nevada
Yea
Frank Carlson
R
Kansas
Yea
Clifford P. Case
R
New Jersey
Yea
Frank Church
D
Idaho
Yea
Joseph S. Clark Jr.
D
Pennsylvania
Yea
John Sherman Cooper
R
Kentucky
Yea
Norris Cotton
R
New Hampshire
Nay
Carl Curtis
R
Nebraska
Yea
Everett Dirksen
R
Illinois
Yea
Thomas J. Dodd
D
Connecticut
Yea
Peter H. Dominick
R
Colorado
Yea
Paul Douglas
D
Illinois
Yea
James Eastland
D
Mississippi
Nay
J. Howard Edmondson
D
Oklahoma
Yea
Allen J. Ellender
D
Louisiana
Nay
Clair Engle
D
California
Yea
Sam Ervin
D
North Carolina
Nay
Hiram Fong
R
Hawaii
Yea
J. William Fulbright
D
Arkansas
Nay
Barry Goldwater
R
Arizona
Nay
Albert Gore Sr.
D
Tennessee
Nay
Ernest Gruening
D
Alaska
Yea
Philip Hart
D
Michigan
Yea
Vance Hartke
D
Indiana
Yea
Carl Hayden
D
Arizona
Yea
Bourke B. Hickenlooper
R
Iowa
Nay
J. Lister Hill
D
Alabama
Nay
Spessard Holland
D
Florida
Nay
Roman Hruska
R
Nebraska
Yea
Hubert Humphrey
D
Minnesota
Yea
Daniel Inouye
D
Hawaii
Yea
Henry M. Jackson
D
Washington
Yea
Jacob Javits
R
New York
Yea
Olin D. Johnston
D
South Carolina
Nay
Leonard B. Jordan
R
Idaho
Yea
B. Everett Jordan
D
North Carolina
Nay

References

  1. Three Supreme Court rulings in June 2020 interpreted that employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation o
  2. GovTrack.us
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128
  3. GovTrack.us
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409
  4. GovTrack.us
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182
  5. "Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)" Archived April 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
    https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97&page=transcript
  6. www.senate.gov
    https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilRightsAct1964.htm
  7. GovTrack.us
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409
  8. U.S. Reports
    https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep109003/
  9. www.gilderlehrman.org
    https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/fdr-racial-discrimination-1942
  10. National Archives
    https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2014/05/19/executive-orders-9980-and-9981-ending-segregation-in-the-armed-forces-and-the-federal-workforce/
  11. networks.h-net.org
    https://networks.h-net.org/node/16794/reviews/17020/gillman-klarman-jim-crow-civil-rights-supreme-court-and-struggle-racial
  12. National Endowment for the Humanities
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171210064143/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2000/marchapril/feature/racism-redemption
  13. The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
    https://archive.org/details/presidencyofdwig0000pach
  14. Law and Contemporary Problems
    https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/bmpp-013-008#?image_identifier=BMPP-013-008-p0003
  15. James A. Miller, "An inside look at Eisenhower's civil rights record" Archived January 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine T
    http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29228077_1_civil-rights-nichols-truman-s-executive-order
  16. The Journal of American History
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/3659611
  17. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181214123155/http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/civil-rights-movement
  18. Miller Center
    https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/the-civil-rights-act-of-1964
  19. www.nps.gov
    https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-kennedys-and-civil-rights.htm
  20. PBS
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170326001217/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_104.html
  21. "Radio and television address on civil rights"
    http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-045-005.aspx
  22. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HYhqH6xo8EYC&q=reuther+foresees+another+civil+war&pg=PA129
  23. "Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan.–Jun.: Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200521120444/https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h
  24. Loevy, Robert D. (1997), The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation, State Unive
  25. Golway, Terry and Krantz, Les (2010), JFK: Day by Day, Running Press, p. 284. ISBN 978-0-7624-3742-9
  26. "History of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund – The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170629031854/http://civilrights.org/history-leadership-conference-civil-human-rights-leadership-conference-education-fund/
  27. Library of Congress
    https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html
  28. Reeves, Richard (1993), President Kennedy: Profile of Power, pp. 628–631
  29. UPI
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200429132839/https://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1963/Transition-to-Johnson
  30. Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare
    https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame/page/2
  31. "A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act"
    https://www.dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964
  32. Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America
    https://archive.org/details/dredscottsreveng0000napo/page/188/mode/1up?q=%22we+will+resist%22
  33. Los Angeles Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160224154315/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story,amp.html
  34. 1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill Archived May 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine United Press International
    http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/
  35. Civil Rights Act – Battle in the Senate Archived December 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ~ Civil Rights Movement Archi
    http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64s
  36. Civil Rights Filibuster Ended Archived December 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine – United States Senate
    https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_Rights_Filibuster_Ended.htm
  37. New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/11/archives/packed-senate-galleries-tense-10minute-vote-makes-history.html
  38. GOVTRACK.US
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128#google_vignette
  39. GOVTRACK.US
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409
  40. GOVTRACKER.US
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182
  41. Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President
  42. Govtrack
    https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409
  43. Closing The Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231788483
  44. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/28/republicans-party-of-civil-rights
  45. Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Showing Amendments
    https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6037151
  46. Freeman, Jo. "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy," Law and Inequality: A J
    http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm
  47. Rosenberg, Rosalind (2008), Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century, pp. 187–188
  48. Gittinger, Ted and Fisher, Allen, LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Part 2 Archived August 31, 2017, at the Wa
    https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/civil-rights-act-2.html
  49. How We Got Here: The '70s
    https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/245
  50. "The American Presidency Project"
    http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25835
  51. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
  52. Gold, Michael Evan. A Tale of Two Amendments: The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the
    https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cbpubs
  53. Olson, Lynne (2001), Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement, p. 360
  54. Rosenberg, Rosalind (2008), Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century, p. 187 notes that Smith had been wor
  55. Law and Inequality
    http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm
  56. Harrison, Cynthia (1989), On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968, p. 179
  57. Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986).
    https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/477/57/
  58. How We Got Here: The '70s
    https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum
  59. Kotz, Nick (2005), Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America, p.
  60. Branch, Taylor (1998), Pillar of Fire, p. 187.
  61. National Journal
    http://www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/cs_20090523_2195.php
  62. The Nation
    http://www.thenation.com/article/conservatism-phoenix#axzz2crNUSaxp
  63. "U.S. Senate: Civil Rights Filibuster Ended"
    https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/filibusters-cloture/civil-rights-filibuster-ended.htm
  64. Law and History Review
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0738248000000055
  65. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/1964-civil-rights-battles/100744/
  66. Race, Riots, and Roller Coasters: The Struggle over Segregated Recreation in America
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AJbiA_sBjzYC&q=cambridge
  67. Annual Review of Sociology
    https://cepa.stanford.edu/content/60-years-after-brown-trends-and-consequences-school-segregation
  68. Arkansas Online
    https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/jun/15/justices-rule-lgbt-people-protected-job-discrimina/
  69. USA Today
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201007113245/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/15/supreme-court-denies-job-protection-lgbt-workers/4456749002/
  70. "Civil Rights Movement History 1964 July–Dec. Here: Sections "Civil Rights Act of 1964 Signed into Law (July)" and "Effects of the Civil Rights Act""
    https://archive.today/20201215092815/https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm
  71. "Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan–June. Here: Sections "Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)" and "Civil Rights Bill – Battle in the Senate (March–June)""
    https://archive.today/20201215093343/https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm
  72. CongressLink
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141206191323/http://www.congresslink.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64text.htm
  73. "Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title II"
    http://users.wfu.edu/zulick/341/civilrightsact1964.html
  74. whitehouse.gov
    https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-combating-anti-semitism/
  75. The American Presidency Project
    https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-14281-restoring-equality-opportunity-and-meritocracy
  76. "Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101021141154/http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21
  77. Parr v. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Company, 791 F.2d 888 (11th Cir. 1986).
  78. "Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111208062408/http://finduslaw.com/age_discrimination_in_employment_act_of_1967_adea_29_u_s_code_chapter_14
  79. Justia
    https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/990/458/434309/
  80. "H.R. 7152–16"
    https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/civil-rights-act/images/act-06.jpg
  81. Fields, C. K., & Cheeseman, H. R., Contemporary Employment Law (New York: Wolters Kluwer, 2017), p. 197 Archived March 3
    https://books.google.com/books?id=zd0uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197
  82. U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration. (1999) "Chapter 2: Laws and Regulations with Implicatio
    http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/psych304-3.2.1.pdf
  83. Macy v. Holder Archived December 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, EEOC Appeal No. 0120120821 (April 20, 2012)
    http://www.eeoc.gov/decisions/0120120821%20Macy%20v%20DOJ%20ATF.txt
  84. Quinones, Sam
    https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-apr-25-la-me-transgender-20120425-story.html
  85. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-employment-transexual-idUSKCN0HO29Z20140929
  86. "What You Should Know about EEOC and the Enforcement Protections for LGBT Workers"
    http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/wysk/enforcement_protections_lgbt_workers.cfm
  87. Feldblum, Chai [@chaifeldblum]
    https://x.com/chaifeldblum/status/530426616821088256
  88. BuzzFeed News
    https://www.buzzfeed.com/chrisgeidner/justice-department-announces-reversal-on-litigating-transgen
  89. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/27/nyregion/justice-department-gays-workplace.html
  90. BuzzFeed News
    https://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/jeff-sessions-just-reversed-a-policy-that-protects
  91. The National Law Review
    https://www.natlawreview.com/article/us-attorney-general-jefferson-sessions-issues-new-guidance-transgender-employees
  92. Milestones In The History of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: 1972 Archived November 12, 2018, at the Wayback Ma
    http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/milestones/1972.html
  93. LII / Legal Information Institute
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/equal_employment_opportunity_commission
  94. How We Got Here: The '70s
    https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum
  95. Sexual Harassment and the Law: the Mechelle Vinson Case
    https://archive.org/details/sexualharassment0000coch
  96. "Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White | Oyez"
    https://www.oyez.org/cases/2005/05-259
  97. Justia Law
    https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/548/53/
  98. US EEOC
    https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964
  99. Burlington N. & S. F. R. Co. v. White (Syllabus)
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/05-259.ZS.html
  100. Justia Law
    https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/590/17-1618/
  101. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/us/gay-transgender-workers-supreme-court.html
  102. NBC News
    https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rules-existing-civil-rights-law-protects-gay-lesbian-n1231018
  103. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2019/04/22/716010002/supreme-court-will-hear-cases-on-lgbtq-discrimination-protections-for-employees
  104. "Supreme Court clashes over meaning of 'sex' in LGBT discrimination cases"
    https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/08/supreme-court-clashes-over-meaning-of-sex-in-lgbt-discrimination-cases.html
  105. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-lgbt/u-s-high-court-turns-away-dispute-over-gay-worker-protections-idUSKBN1E51OT
  106. Human Rights
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0046-8185
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.