Civic Platform
Updated: 12/11/2025, 10:37:34 AM Wikipedia source
The Civic Platform (Polish: Platforma Obywatelska, PO) was a centre-right liberal conservative political party in Poland. The party's most prominent leader was Donald Tusk, party chairman between 2003–2014 and 2021–2025. It was formed in 2001 by splinter factions from the Solidarity Electoral Action, the Freedom Union and the Conservative People's Party, and it later placed second in the 2001 Polish parliamentary election. It remained at the opposition until the 2007 Polish parliamentary opposition, when it overtook Law and Justice, won 209 seats, and Tusk was elected as Prime Minister of Poland. Following the Smolensk air disaster in 2010, Bronisław Komorowski served as acting president of Poland and later won the 2010 Polish presidential election. Tusk continued to serve as prime minister and leader of Civic Platform until he resigned in 2014 to assume the post of the president of the European Council. The party was defeated in the 2015 Polish parliamentary and presidential elections. It placed second in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election, and its 2020 Polish presidential election candidate, Rafał Trzaskowski, won 49% of the popular vote in the second round and lost the election to Andrzej Duda. Initially positioned as a Christian democratic party with strong economically liberal tendencies, it soon adopted liberal conservatism throughout the 2000s. During its time in power, it was aligned with more pragmatic and centrist views, and was characterized as a catch-all party. In the 2010s, the Civic Platform adopted more socially liberal policies, aligned itself with conservative liberalism and economic neoliberalism, and it has since been positioned in the centre-right. It has also strongly advocated for Poland's membership in the European Union and NATO. It was a member of the European People's Party. The party headed an electoral alliance Civic Coalition, which was founded in 2018. Since its creation, it had shown strong electoral performances in Warsaw, the west, and the north of Poland. Since the 2000s, the Civic Platform had established itself as one of the dominant political parties in Poland. On 25 October 2025, the party merged into a new party called Civic Coalition, bearing the same name as the PO-led electoral coalition from 2018.
Infobox
Abbreviation
PO
Chairman
Maciej Płażyński (first)Donald Tusk (last)
Founders
mw- Donald TuskAndrzej OlechowskiMaciej Płażyński
Founded
24 January 2001;24 years ago (2001-01-24)
Dissolved
25 October 2025;47 days ago (2025-10-25)
Split from
Solidarity Electoral ActionFreedom UnionConservative People's Party
Merged into
Civic Coalition (party)
Headquarters
ul. Wiejska 12A, 00-490 Warsaw
Membership (2023)
24,497
Ideology
Liberal conservatismChristian democracyPro-Europeanism
Political position
Centre-right
National affiliation
Civic CoalitionSenate 2001 (2001)Senate Pact 2023 (2023)
European affiliation
European People's Party
European Parliament group
European People's Party Group
Colours
mw- Orange Blue
Membership (2025)
25,000
Tables
· Organization › Party leaders
1
2001
2001–2003
1
No.
1
Chairman
Maciej Płażyński
Tenure
18 October 2001 – 1 June 2003
2
2003
2003–2014
2
No.
2
Chairman
Donald Tusk
Tenure
1 June 2003 – 8 November 2014
3
2014
2014–2016
3
No.
3
Chairman
Ewa Kopacz
Tenure
8 November 2014 – 26 January 2016
4
2016
2016–2020
4
No.
4
Chairman
Grzegorz Schetyna
Tenure
26 January 2016 – 29 January 2020
5
2020
2020–2021
5
No.
5
Chairman
Borys Budka
Tenure
29 January 2020 – 3 Jul 2021
6
2021
2021–2025
6
No.
6
Chairman
Donald Tusk
Tenure
3 Jul 2021 – 25 October 2025
| No. | Image | Chairman | Tenure |
| 1 | | Maciej Płażyński | 18 October 2001 – 1 June 2003 |
| 2 | | Donald Tusk | 1 June 2003 – 8 November 2014 |
| 3 | | Ewa Kopacz | 8 November 2014 – 26 January 2016 |
| 4 | | Grzegorz Schetyna | 26 January 2016 – 29 January 2020 |
| 5 | | Borys Budka | 29 January 2020 – 3 Jul 2021 |
| 6 | | Donald Tusk | 3 Jul 2021 – 25 October 2025 |
· Election results › Presidential
# of overall votes
# of overall votes
Election year
# of overall votes
Candidate
% of overall vote
1st round
# of overall votes
1st round
% of overall vote
2005
2005
Election year
2005
Candidate
Donald Tusk
1st round
5,429,666
1st round
36.3 (#1)
2nd round
7,022,319
2nd round
46.0 (#2)
2010
2010
Election year
2010
Candidate
Bronisław Komorowski
1st round
6,981,319
1st round
41.5 (#1)
2nd round
8,933,887
2nd round
53.0 (#1)
2015
2015
Election year
2015
Candidate
Supported Bronisław Komorowski
1st round
5,031,060
1st round
33.8 (#2)
2nd round
8,112,311
2nd round
48.5 (#2)
2020
2020
Election year
2020
Candidate
Rafał Trzaskowski
1st round
5,917,340
1st round
30.5 (#2)
2nd round
10,018,263
2nd round
48.9 (#2)
2025
2025
Election year
2025
Candidate
Rafał Trzaskowski
1st round
6,147,797
1st round
31.4 (#1)
2nd round
10,237,286
2nd round
49.1 (#2)
| Election year | Candidate | 1st round | 2nd round | ||
| # of overall votes | % of overall vote | # of overall votes | % of overall vote | ||
| 2005 | Donald Tusk | 5,429,666 | 36.3 (#1) | 7,022,319 | 46.0 (#2) |
| 2010 | Bronisław Komorowski | 6,981,319 | 41.5 (#1) | 8,933,887 | 53.0 (#1) |
| 2015 | Supported Bronisław Komorowski | 5,031,060 | 33.8 (#2) | 8,112,311 | 48.5 (#2) |
| 2020 | Rafał Trzaskowski | 5,917,340 | 30.5 (#2) | 10,018,263 | 48.9 (#2) |
| 2025 | Rafał Trzaskowski | 6,147,797 | 31.4 (#1) | 10,237,286 | 49.1 (#2) |
· Election results › Sejm
2001
2001
Election
2001
Leader
Maciej Płażyński
Votes
1,651,099
%
12.7 (#2)
Seats
65 / 460
Government
SLD-UP-PSL (2001-2003)
SLD-UP (2003-2005)
SLD-UP (2003-2005)
Election
SLD-UP (2003-2005)
SLD-UP-SDPL (2004-2005)
SLD-UP-SDPL (2004-2005)
Election
SLD-UP-SDPL (2004-2005)
2005
2005
Election
2005
Leader
Donald Tusk
Votes
2,849,259
%
24.1 (#2)
Seats
133 / 460
+/–
68
Government
PiS Minority (2005)
PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007)
PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007)
Election
PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007)
2007
2007
Election
2007
Leader
6,701,010
Votes
41.5 (#1)
%
209 / 460
Seats
76
+/–
PO–PSL
2011
2011
Election
2011
Leader
5,629,773
Votes
39.2 (#1)
%
207 / 460
Seats
2
+/–
PO–PSL
2015
2015
Election
2015
Leader
Ewa Kopacz
Votes
3,661,474
%
24.1 (#2)
Seats
138 / 460
+/–
69
Government
PiS
2019
2019
Election
2019
Leader
Grzegorz Schetyna
Votes
5,060,355
%
27.4 (#2)
Seats
102 / 460
+/–
36
Government
PiS
As part of Civic Coalition, which won 134 seats in total.
As part of Civic Coalition, which won 134 seats in total.
Election
As part of Civic Coalition, which won 134 seats in total.
2023
2023
Election
2023
Leader
Donald Tusk
Votes
6,629,402
%
30.7 (#2)
Seats
127 / 460
+/–
25
Government
KO-PL2050-KP-NL
As part of Civic Coalition, which won 157 seats in total.
As part of Civic Coalition, which won 157 seats in total.
Election
As part of Civic Coalition, which won 157 seats in total.
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
| 2001 | Maciej Płażyński | 1,651,099 | 12.7 (#2) | 65 / 460 | SLD-UP-PSL (2001-2003) | |
| SLD-UP (2003-2005) | ||||||
| SLD-UP-SDPL (2004-2005) | ||||||
| 2005 | Donald Tusk | 2,849,259 | 24.1 (#2) | 133 / 460 | 68 | PiS Minority (2005) |
| PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007) | ||||||
| 2007 | 6,701,010 | 41.5 (#1) | 209 / 460 | 76 | PO–PSL | |
| 2011 | 5,629,773 | 39.2 (#1) | 207 / 460 | 2 | PO–PSL | |
| 2015 | Ewa Kopacz | 3,661,474 | 24.1 (#2) | 138 / 460 | 69 | PiS |
| 2019 | Grzegorz Schetyna | 5,060,355 | 27.4 (#2) | 102 / 460 | 36 | PiS |
| As part of Civic Coalition, which won 134 seats in total. | ||||||
| 2023 | Donald Tusk | 6,629,402 | 30.7 (#2) | 127 / 460 | 25 | KO-PL2050-KP-NL |
| As part of Civic Coalition, which won 157 seats in total. | ||||||
· Election results › Senate
2001
2001
Election
2001
Vtes
6,582,224
%
24.34 (#2)
Seats
2 / 100
Majority
SLD–UP
As part of the Senate 2001 coalition, which won 15 seats.
As part of the Senate 2001 coalition, which won 15 seats.
Election
As part of the Senate 2001 coalition, which won 15 seats.
2005
2005
Election
2005
Vtes
4,090,497
%
16.94 (#2)
Seats
34 / 100
+/–
32
Majority
No majority - PiS largest (2005)
PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007)
PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007)
Election
PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007)
2007
2007
Election
2007
Vtes
12,734,742
%
39.14 (#1)
Seats
60 / 100
+/–
26
Majority
PO
2011
2011
Election
2011
Vtes
5,173,300
%
35.60 (#1)
Seats
63 / 100
+/–
3
Majority
PO–PSL
2015
2015
Election
2015
Vtes
4,323,789
%
28.85 (#2)
Seats
34 / 100
+/–
29
Majority
PiS
2019
2019
Election
2019
Vtes
6,490,306
%
35.66 (#2)
Seats
41 / 100
+/–
7
Majority
KO–KP–SLD
As part of the Civic Coalition, which won 43 seats.
As part of the Civic Coalition, which won 43 seats.
Election
As part of the Civic Coalition, which won 43 seats.
2023
2023
Election
2023
Vtes
6,187,295
%
28.91 (#2)
Seats
41 / 100
+/–
0
Majority
KO–PL2050–KP–NL–LR
As part of the Senate Pact 2023, which won 66 seats.
As part of the Senate Pact 2023, which won 66 seats.
Election
As part of the Senate Pact 2023, which won 66 seats.
| Election | Vtes | % | Seats | +/– | Majority |
| 2001 | 6,582,224 | 24.34 (#2) | 2 / 100 | SLD–UP | |
| As part of the Senate 2001 coalition, which won 15 seats. | |||||
| 2005 | 4,090,497 | 16.94 (#2) | 34 / 100 | 32 | No majority - PiS largest (2005) |
| PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007) | |||||
| 2007 | 12,734,742 | 39.14 (#1) | 60 / 100 | 26 | PO |
| 2011 | 5,173,300 | 35.60 (#1) | 63 / 100 | 3 | PO–PSL |
| 2015 | 4,323,789 | 28.85 (#2) | 34 / 100 | 29 | PiS |
| 2019 | 6,490,306 | 35.66 (#2) | 41 / 100 | 7 | KO–KP–SLD |
| As part of the Civic Coalition, which won 43 seats. | |||||
| 2023 | 6,187,295 | 28.91 (#2) | 41 / 100 | 0 | KO–PL2050–KP–NL–LR |
| As part of the Senate Pact 2023, which won 66 seats. | |||||
· Election results › European Parliament
2004
2004
Election
2004
Leader
Jerzy Buzek
votes
1,467,775
%
24.1 (#1)
Seats
15 / 54
+/–
New
EP Group
EPP-ED
2009
2009
Election
2009
Leader
Danuta Hübner
votes
3,271,852
%
44.4 (#1)
Seats
25 / 50
+/–
10
EP Group
EPP
2014
2014
Election
2014
Leader
2,271,215
votes
32.1 (#1)
%
19 / 51
Seats
6
+/–
EPP
2019
2019
Election
2019
Leader
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
votes
5,249,935
%
27.89 (#2)
Seats
14 / 51
+/–
5
EP Group
EPP
As part of the European Coalition, that won 22 seats in total.
As part of the European Coalition, that won 22 seats in total.
Election
As part of the European Coalition, that won 22 seats in total.
2024
2024
Election
2024
Leader
Marcin Kierwiński
votes
4,359,443
%
37.04 (#1)
Seats
18 / 51
+/–
4
EP Group
EPP
As part of the Civic Coalition, that won 21 seats in total.
As part of the Civic Coalition, that won 21 seats in total.
Election
As part of the Civic Coalition, that won 21 seats in total.
| Election | Leader | votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
| 2004 | Jerzy Buzek | 1,467,775 | 24.1 (#1) | 15 / 54 | New | EPP-ED |
| 2009 | Danuta Hübner | 3,271,852 | 44.4 (#1) | 25 / 50 | 10 | EPP |
| 2014 | 2,271,215 | 32.1 (#1) | 19 / 51 | 6 | EPP | |
| 2019 | Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz | 5,249,935 | 27.89 (#2) | 14 / 51 | 5 | EPP |
| As part of the European Coalition, that won 22 seats in total. | ||||||
| 2024 | Marcin Kierwiński | 4,359,443 | 37.04 (#1) | 18 / 51 | 4 | EPP |
| As part of the Civic Coalition, that won 21 seats in total. | ||||||
· Election results › Regional assemblies
2002
2002
Election year
2002
% ofvote
12.1 (#4)
# ofoverall seats won
79 / 561
In coalition with Law and Justice (POPiS).
In coalition with Law and Justice (POPiS).
Election year
In coalition with Law and Justice (POPiS).
2006
2006
Election year
2006
% ofvote
27.2 (#1)
# ofoverall seats won
186 / 561
2010
2010
Election year
2010
% ofvote
30.9 (#1)
# ofoverall seats won
222 / 561
+/–
36
2014
2014
Election year
2014
% ofvote
26.3 (#2)
# ofoverall seats won
179 / 555
+/–
43
2018
2018
Election year
2018
% ofvote
27.1 (#2)
# ofoverall seats won
194 / 552
+/–
15
As the Civic Coalition.
As the Civic Coalition.
Election year
As the Civic Coalition.
2024
2024
Election year
2024
% ofvote
30.6 (#2)
# ofoverall seats won
210 / 552
+/–
16
As the Civic Coalition.
As the Civic Coalition.
Election year
As the Civic Coalition.
| Election year | % ofvote | # ofoverall seats won | +/– |
| 2002 | 12.1 (#4) | 79 / 561 | |
| In coalition with Law and Justice (POPiS). | |||
| 2006 | 27.2 (#1) | 186 / 561 | |
| 2010 | 30.9 (#1) | 222 / 561 | 36 |
| 2014 | 26.3 (#2) | 179 / 555 | 43 |
| 2018 | 27.1 (#2) | 194 / 552 | 15 |
| As the Civic Coalition. | |||
| 2024 | 30.6 (#2) | 210 / 552 | 16 |
| As the Civic Coalition. | |||
· Election results › Voivodeship Marshals
Elżbieta Polak
Elżbieta Polak
Name
Elżbieta Polak
Voivodeship
Lubusz Voivodeship
Date Vocation
29 November 2010
Marek Woźniak
Marek Woźniak
Name
Marek Woźniak
Voivodeship
Greater Poland Voivodeship
Date Vocation
10 October 2005
Piotr Całbecki
Piotr Całbecki
Name
Piotr Całbecki
Voivodeship
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Date Vocation
24 January 2006
Olgierd Geblewicz
Olgierd Geblewicz
Name
Olgierd Geblewicz
Voivodeship
West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Date Vocation
7 December 2010
Mieczysław Struk
Mieczysław Struk
Name
Mieczysław Struk
Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship
Date Vocation
22 February 2010
Andrzej Buła
Andrzej Buła
Name
Andrzej Buła
Voivodeship
Opole Voivodeship
Date Vocation
12 November 2013
| Name | Image | Voivodeship | Date Vocation |
| Elżbieta Polak | | Lubusz Voivodeship | 29 November 2010 |
| Marek Woźniak | | Greater Poland Voivodeship | 10 October 2005 |
| Piotr Całbecki | | Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship | 24 January 2006 |
| Olgierd Geblewicz | | West Pomeranian Voivodeship | 7 December 2010 |
| Mieczysław Struk | | Pomeranian Voivodeship | 22 February 2010 |
| Andrzej Buła | | Opole Voivodeship | 12 November 2013 |
References
- The party was officially the Civic Platform of the Republic of Poland (Platforma Obywatelska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej).
- Krytyka Politycznahttps://krytykapolityczna.pl/kraj/wojcik-kiedy-wahadlo-wychyli-sie-w-lewa-strone/
- Political Preferenceshttps://doi.org/10.31261%2Fpolpre.2022.2.45-59
- Electoral Studieshttps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2006.03.001
- "BBC News (2007-10-22): Massive win for Polish opposition"https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7054912.stm
- Der Standardhttps://www.derstandard.at/story/2084941/wahlkampf-attacken-im-konservativen-lager
- "ząd podwyższa akcyzę i zamraża płace"http://forsal.pl/artykuly/736318,rzad-podwyzsza-akcyze-i-zamraza-place.html
- "Rząd zaciska pasa: zamraża pensje, podnosi akcyzę na papierosy i paliwa"http://wyborcza.biz/biznes/1,101562,10692214,Rzad_zaciska_pasa__zamraza_pensje__podnosi_akcyze.html
- "Dziś dowiemy się, dlaczego rząd zabierze nam ulgi"http://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Dzis-dowiemy-sie-dlaczego-rzad-zabierze-nam-ulgi-2578419.html
- "Zmiany w odliczaniu VAT od samochodów. Sprawdź ile i kiedy możesz odliczyć"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025848/http://mamstartup.pl/poradnik/5299/zmiany-w-odliczaniu-vat-od-samochodow-sprawdz-ile-i-kiedy-mozesz-odliczyc
- "Głosowanie nad przyjęciem w całości projektu ustawy o zmianie niektórych ustaw związanych z realizacją ustawy budżetowej, w brzmieniu proponowanym przez Komisję Finansów Publicznych, wraz z przyjętymi poprawkami"http://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm7.nsf/agent.xsp?symbol=glosowania&nrkadencji=7&nrposiedzenia=3&nrglosowania=25
- Warsaw Business Journal Archived 20 December 2010 at the Wayback Machinehttp://www.wbj.pl/blog/The_business_of_politics/post-254-civic-platform-almighty.htm
- "Elections 2011 - Election results"http://wybory2011.pkw.gov.pl/wsw/en/000000.html
- "Pkw | Pkw"https://archive.today/20140824100453/http://pe2014.pkw.gov.pl/pl/
- TVN24.plhttps://www.tvn24.pl/r/490976
- Gloswielkopolski.plhttps://gloswielkopolski.pl/oficjalne-wyniki-wyborow-2015-bronislaw-komorowski-wzial-poznan-i-wielkopolske-infografika/ar/3857949#wybory-prezydenckie-2015
- Onet Wiadomościhttp://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/wybory-parlamentarne-2015-pkw-podala-ostateczne-wyniki/zqe59j
- www.fakt.plhttps://www.fakt.pl/wydarzenia/polityka/wybory-samorzadowe-2018-relacja-na-zywo-i-wyniki-wyborow/dm4sj65
- TVN24.plhttps://www.tvn24.pl/r/939086
- Politicohttps://www.politico.eu/article/poland-tusk-million-hearts-civic-coalition-warsaw/
- wiadomosci.onet.plhttps://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/partie-donalda-tuska-czeka-rewolucja-bedzie-nowa-nazwa-i-logo/r6m81jk
- Interiahttps://wydarzenia.interia.pl/kraj/news-koniec-platformy-obywatelskiej-tusk-przedstawil-nowe-ugrupow,nId,22435328
- Gazeta Wyborczahttps://wyborcza.pl/7,75398,32351254,sobota-koniec-platformy-obywatelskiej.html
- Polsathttps://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2025-10-25/koniec-platformy-obywatelskiej-premier-oglasza-rzecz-nielatwa/
- Polsathttps://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2025-10-25/koniec-platformy-obywatelskiej-premier-oglasza-rzecz-nielatwa/
- Polskie Radio 24https://polskieradio24.pl/artykul/3598428,platforma-obywatelska-znika-ze-sceny-politycznej-nowa-formula-wedlug-tuska
- European Journal of Political Researchhttps://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1475-6765.70014
- Differentiation and Dominance in Europe's Poly-Criseshttps://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003291190
- Frontiers in Political Sciencehttps://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpos.2022.1040616
- Poland: Background and U.S. Relationshttps://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R45784/R45784.5.pdf
- IZA DP Discussion Paper Serieshttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep72445.pdf?acceptTC=true&coverpage=false&addFooter=false
- The Green State of the Nation(s): Polandhttps://thinkeuropa.dk/files/media/document/The_Green_State-of-the_Nation%28s%29_POLAND.pdf
- Telewizja Polskahttps://tvpworld.com/77852344/polish-parties-running-in-the-european-parliamentary-elections
- Populist Parties and Democratic Resilience: A Cross-National Analysis of Populist Parties' Impact on Democratic Pluralism in Europehttps://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003271321
- Polish Political Science Yearbookhttps://doi.org/10.15804%2Fppsy2016015
- Frontiers in Political Sciencehttps://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpos.2022.1040616
- Party Politicshttps://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068808090253
- Polish Political Science Yearbookhttps://doi.org/10.15804%2Fppsy2012019
- "Tusk VS Kaczynski, explaining the conflict"https://politicalcritique.org/cee/poland/2017/tusk-vs-kaczynski-explaining-the-conflict/
- European Politics and Societyhttp://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/63809/1/Polish%20parliamentary%20election%202015%20EPS%20revised.pdf
- Some sources have described PO as having shifted from the centre-right to the centre.
- European Politics and Societyhttp://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/63809/1/Polish%20parliamentary%20election%202015%20EPS%20revised.pdf
- CHR Michelsen Institutehttps://www.cmi.no/publications/6861-the-perfect-enemy-from-migrants-to-sexual-minorities
- Bright Bluehttps://www.brightblue.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Right-road.pdf
- Die Welthttps://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/plus692017dfb524e0ce7f1c3742/fabian-kueble-dieser-afd-mann-veraergert-den-polnischen-ministerpraesidenten.html
- Deutsche Wellehttps://www.dw.com/de/polen-oppositionschef-jaroslaw-kaczynski-erkl%C3%A4rt-eu-und-deutschland-zum-gegner/a-74511332
- Slovenský národopis: Slovak Ethnologyhttps://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/01051655SN_2024_4_40.pdf
- Party Politicshttps://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068808090253
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- "Wahlkampf Attacken im konservativen Lager"https://www.derstandard.at/story/2084941/wahlkampf-attacken-im-konservativen-lager
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- Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introductionhttps://books.google.com/books?id=g73UtvxJsFcC&pg=PA457
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- Politics in Europehttps://books.google.com/books?id=KmAXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA636
- Political Critiquehttps://politicalcritique.org/cee/poland/2017/tusk-vs-kaczynski-explaining-the-conflict/
- Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politicshttps://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA549
- A Comparative Introduction to Political Science: Contention and Cooperationhttps://books.google.com/books?id=S8ICDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Civic&pg=PA207
- European Politicshttps://books.google.com/books?id=dAcqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA257
- Polandinhttps://polandin.com/38964630/explainer-whatever-happened-to-polish-liberal-conservatives
- Raport z badania : trójkąt ideologicznyhttps://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939904795
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- "The Civic Platform in Poland - the first decade 2001-2011"https://www.sdu.dk/-/media/files/om_sdu/institutter/statskundskab/skriftserie/sri+civic+platform_hjemmeside.pdf
- Social Europehttps://socialeurope.eu/what-are-the-prospects-for-polands-opposition
- 20 Years Since the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Transitions, State Break-Up and Democratic Politics in Central Europe and Germanyhttps://books.google.com/books?id=L3LsDJWq7DAC&pg=PA280
- Onet Wiadomościhttps://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/platforma-obywatelska-przedstawia-nowe-stanowisko-w-spawie-aborcji/n1qs8m8
- PolskieRadio24.plhttps://polskieradio24.pl/art3_867160
- "Poland coal phase out pledged for 2040 by opposition government"https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/poland-coal-phase-2040-opposition/
- Third World Quarterlyhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/41507174
- Weaponizing The Past: Collective Memory and Jews, Poles, and Communists in Twenty-First-Century Polandhttps://doi.org/10.3167%2F9781805390503
- The Irish Timeshttps://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/poland-s-government-1.510232
- Konrad Adenauer Foundationhttps://www.kas.de/pl/web/polen/laenderberichte/detail/-/content/zur-lage-der-buergerplattform-po-in-polen
- The Role of Social Partners in Managing Europes Great Recession: Crisis Corporatism or Corporatism in Crisis?
- Politicohttps://www.politico.eu/article/polish-nurses-set-strike-over-low-pay-2/
- Poland Daily 24https://polanddaily24.com/we-know-who-the-deregulation-experts-are-this-initiative-may-not-be-as-apolitical-as-promised/business-innovation/51979
- Notes from Polandhttps://notesfrompoland.com/2025/04/04/polands-sejm-approves-bill-to-cut-health-contributions-for-business-owners/
- "Polish presidential hopefuls rally supporters ahead of election"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/05/26/world/politics/polish-president-rally-supporters/
- Cross-Border Talkshttps://www.crossbordertalks.eu/2025/05/28/failing-government-rising-far-right/
- Political Science Publicationshttps://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Riish%C3%B8j
- "Polish politicians attack migrants for electoral gain"https://www.politico.eu/article/polish-politicians-donald-tusk-attack-migrants-for-electoral-gain/
- The Washington Posthttps://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/06/06/poland-protests-eu-hungary-spat-show-right-and-wrong-way-to-fight-for-democracy/90103ce0-0421-11ee-b74a-5bdd335d4fa2_story.html
- Polish Sociological Reviewhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/41478893
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- "Program Partii Platforma Obywatelska"https://ideologia.pl/program-partii-platforma-obywatelska/
- "Partie i kandydaci"http://www.badaniawyborcze.pl/index.php/wybory/partie-kandydaci
- talk.tvhttps://talk.tv/top-stories/49270/donald-tusk-immigration-civilisational-threat
- Studia Politologicznehttp://www.studiapolitologiczne.pl/pdf-123030-51191?filename=Voter_s%20portrait%20AD.pdf
- Przegląd Politologicznyhttps://doi.org/10.14746%2Fpp.2020.25.2.14
- Religia i Religijność a Poziom Frekwencji Wyborczejhttps://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/15310/1/Religia%20i%20religinosc%20a%20frekwencja%20wyborcza.pdf
- Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensishttps://search.worldcat.org/issn/2353-9747
- Przegląd Politologicznyhttps://doi.org/10.14746%2Fpp.2020.25.2.14
- New Left Review
- Acta Politica Polonicahttps://doi.org/10.18276%2Fap.2016.35-05
- Political Science Publicationshttps://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Riish%C3%B8j
- Komunikat z Badańhttps://search.worldcat.org/issn/2353-5822
- "Śląscy autonomiści dołączają do Koalicji Obywatelskiej"https://katowice.wyborcza.pl/katowice/7,35063,25070575,slascy-autonomisci-dolaczaja-do-koalicji-obywatelskiej.html?disableRedirects=true
- "Ruch Autonomii Śląska na listach Koalicji Obywatelskiej"https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/slask/wybory-parlamentarne-2019-ruch-autonomii-slaska-na-listach-koalicji-obywatelskiej/5b75y0t
- autonomia.plhttps://autonomia.pl/2019/08/08/slaskie-porozumienie-wyborcze-nawiazuje-wspolprace-z-koalicja-obywatelska-slaski-wyborca-musi-miec-pewnosc-ze-glos-na-regionalistow-nie-bedzie-glosem-zmarnowanym/
- ""Zemsta za Tuska i brak poparcia PiS". Jak i dlaczego Kaszubi jednoczą się przeciw PiS, który chce ich "rozbioru""https://natemat.pl/156931,zemsta-za-tuska-i-niepopieranie-pis-jak-i-dlaczego-kaszubi-jednocza-sie-przeciw-pis-ktory-zaatakowal-ich-wspolnote
- Pomeraniahttps://bibliotekacyfrowa.eu/Content/2911/Image001.pdf
- "Tusk: Śląski będzie językiem regionalnym, też na poziomie ustawowym"https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Tusk-Slaski-bedzie-jezykiem-regionalnym-tez-na-poziomie-ustawowym-8507823.html
- "Tusk: język śląski będzie uznany za język regionalny"https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C1550466%2Ctusk-jezyk-slaski-bedzie-uznany-za-jezyk-regionalny.html