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Circassians

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Circassians

The Circassians, also known as the Cherkess or the Adyghe (Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэхэр, romanized: Adygəxər, IPA: [aːdɘɣəxə́r]), are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group native to Circassia, a region and former country in the North Caucasus. As a consequence of the Circassian genocide, which was perpetrated by the Russian Empire during the 19th-century Russo-Circassian War, most of Circassians were exiled from their homeland and consequently began living in what was then the Ottoman Empire, i.e., modern-day Turkey, Southeastern Europe and the Middle East. In the early 1990s, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimated that there are as many as 3.7 million Circassians in diaspora in over 50 countries. The two Circassian languages—western Adyghe and eastern Kabardian—are natively spoken by the Circassian people. After the Russian Empire's war crimes and forced deportation, Ubykh branch of Circassian fell out of use and went extinct in Turkey with the death of its last speaker, Tevfik Esenç. Circassian paganism is their ethnic religion, which was historically practiced in Circassia since ancient times, but Sunni Islam became the dominant religion among them around the 17th century, following a long period of Islamisation. Circassia has been repeatedly invaded since ancient times; its isolated terrain coupled with the strategic value external societies have placed on the region have greatly shaped the Circassian national identity as a whole. The Circassian flag consists of a green field charged with 12 gold stars and, in the centre, three crossed arrows. The stars represent the 12 Circassian tribes: the Abzakh, the Besleney, the Bzhedugh, the Hatuqway, the Kabardians, the Mamkhegh, the Natukhaj, the Shapsugh, the Chemirgoy, the Ubykh, the Yegeruqway, and the Zhaney. Circassians have played major roles in areas where they settled: in Turkey, those of Circassian origin have had massive influence, being instrumental in the Turkish War of Independence and among the elites of Turkey's intelligence agency. In Jordan, they founded the capital city Amman, and continue to play a major role in the country. In Syria, they served as the volunteer guards of the Allies upon their entry into the country and still occupy high positions. In Libya, they serve in high military positions. In Egypt, they were part of the ruling class. The largest Circassian clan in the country also contributed to Egyptian and Arabic cultural literary, intellectual, and political life starting with the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha in Egypt and continuing to the modern day: the Abaza family. In Israel, Bibras Natcho is the captain of the Israeli national soccer team. In the Soviet Union, historical Circassia was divided into the republics of Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Krasnodar Krai, and southwestern parts of Stavropol Krai. Accordingly, Circassians have been designated as Adygeans in Adygea, Kabardians in Kabardino-Balkaria, Cherkess in Karachay-Cherkessia, and Shapsug in Krasnodar Krai; all four are essentially the same people. Today, approximately 800,000 Circassians remain in historical Circassia, while 4,500,000 live elsewhere, mostly in Turkey.

Infobox

Turkey
2,000,000–3,000,000
Russia Adygea Krasnodar Krai Kabardino-Balkaria Karachay-Cherkessia
751,487
Jordan
100,000–250,000 [dead link]
Syria
80,000–120,000
Egypt
50,000[citation needed]
Germany
40,000
Libya
35,000
Iraq
34,000
United States
25,000
Saudi Arabia
23,000[citation needed]
Iran
5,000–50,000
Israel
4,000–5,000
Uzbekistan
1,257
Ukraine
1,000
Poland
1,000
Netherlands
500
Canada
400
Belarus
116
Turkmenistan
54

Tables

Twelve Circassian (Adyghe) tribes (sub-ethnic groups) · Tribes
Абдзах, Abźax [aːbd͡zaːx]
Абдзах, Abźax [aːbd͡zaːx]
Geographical designation
Adygeans (Adyghe of Adygea)
Main dialect
Adyghe (Western Circassian)
Tribe
Abzakh (Abdzakh or Abadzekh)
Circassian name
Абдзах, Abźax [aːbd͡zaːx]
Notes
Second largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey and the world, largest in Jordan, sixth largest in Russia
Third largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey and the world, largest in Israel
Third largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey and the world, largest in Israel
Geographical designation
Shapsugs (Adyghe of Krasnodar Krai)
Main dialect
Shapsug (Shapsugh)
Tribe
Шэпсыгъ, Шапсыгъ, Şapsıǵ [ʃaːpsəʁ]
Circassian name
Third largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey and the world, largest in Israel
Убых, Wıbıx [wəbəx], Пэху
Убых, Wıbıx [wəbəx], Пэху
Geographical designation
Ubykhians (Adyghe of Krasnodar Krai)
Main dialect
Ubykh (extinct) and Hakuchi Adyghe
Tribe
Ubykh
Circassian name
Убых, Wıbıx [wəbəx], Пэху
Notes
Completely expelled from the Caucasus, found almost exclusively in Turkey where most speak East Adyghe, and some West Adyghe (often Hakuchi sub-dialect) as well as Abaza
Къэбэрдэй, Qeberdey [qabardaj], Къэбэртай, Qebertay [qabartaːj]
Къэбэрдэй, Qeberdey [qabardaj], Къэбэртай, Qebertay [qabartaːj]
Geographical designation
Kabardians (Adyghe of Kabardino-Balkaria)
Main dialect
Kabardian (Eastern Circassian)
Tribe
Kabardians (Kabardinian, Kabardin, Kabarday, Kebertei, or Adyghe of Kabarda)
Circassian name
Къэбэрдэй, Qeberdey [qabardaj], Къэбэртай, Qebertay [qabartaːj]
Notes
Largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey (over 2 millions), Russia (over 500,000), and the world (3–4 million), second or third largest in Jordan and Israel
Geographical designation
Main dialect
Tribe
Circassian name
Notes
Adygeans (Adyghe of Adygea)
Adyghe (Western Circassian)
Abzakh (Abdzakh or Abadzekh)
Абдзах, Abźax [aːbd͡zaːx]
Second largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey and the world, largest in Jordan, sixth largest in Russia
Bzhedug (Bzhedugh or Bzhedukh)
Бжъэдыгъу, Bɀedıǵu [bʐadəʁʷ]
Third largest Adyghe tribe in Russia, lesser in other countries
Hatuqwai (Hatukay or Khatukai)
Хьэтыкъуай, Hatıꝗuay [ħaːtəq͡χʷaːj]
A warlike tribe completely expelled from the Caucasus, found almost exclusively in Turkey, US, Jordan, and Israel
Mamkhegh
Мэмхэгъ, Мамхыгъ, Mamxıǵ [maːmxəʁ]
a large clan, but a small tribe
Natukhai (Notkuadj)
Натыхъуай, Netıx́uay [natəχʷaːj], Наткъуадж, Netıx́uaj [natəχʷaːd͡ʒ]
Completely expelled from the Caucasus after the Caucasian War
Temirgoy (Chemgui or Kemgui)
КIэмгуй, Ç'emguıy [t͡ʃʼamɡʷəj]
Second largest Adyghe tribe in Russia, lesser in other countries
Yegeruqwai (Yegerukay)
Еджэрыкъуай, Yejerquay [jad͡ʒarqʷaːj]
Completely expelled from the Caucasus
Zhaney (Jane or Zhan)
Жанэ, Ƶane [ʒaːna]
Not found after the Caucasian War on a tribal basis
Shapsugs (Adyghe of Krasnodar Krai)
Shapsug (Shapsugh)
Шэпсыгъ, Шапсыгъ, Şapsıǵ [ʃaːpsəʁ]
Third largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey and the world, largest in Israel
Ubykhians (Adyghe of Krasnodar Krai)
Ubykh (extinct) and Hakuchi Adyghe
Ubykh
Убых, Wıbıx [wəbəx], Пэху
Completely expelled from the Caucasus, found almost exclusively in Turkey where most speak East Adyghe, and some West Adyghe (often Hakuchi sub-dialect) as well as Abaza
Kabardians (Adyghe of Kabardino-Balkaria)
Kabardian (Eastern Circassian)
Kabardians (Kabardinian, Kabardin, Kabarday, Kebertei, or Adyghe of Kabarda)
Къэбэрдэй, Qeberdey [qabardaj], Къэбэртай, Qebertay [qabartaːj]
Largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey (over 2 millions), Russia (over 500,000), and the world (3–4 million), second or third largest in Jordan and Israel
Circassians (Cherkess or Adyghe of Karachay-Cherkessia)
Besleney (Beslenei)
Беслъэней, Basłınıy [basɬənəj]
· Tribes › Other Adyghe groups
Adele (Khatuq) (Khetuk or Adali)
Adele (Khatuq) (Khetuk or Adali)
Name
Adele (Khatuq) (Khetuk or Adali)
Circassian name
ХьэтIукъу, Hat'uqu
Notes
Not found after the Caucasian War on a tribal basis, included in the Abzakh and Hatuqwai tribes
Adamey (Adamei or Adamiy)
Adamey (Adamei or Adamiy)
Name
Adamey (Adamei or Adamiy)
Circassian name
Адэмый, Ademıy [aːdaməj]
Notes
Included in the Kabardian tribe
Guaye (Goaye)
Guaye (Goaye)
Name
Guaye (Goaye)
Circassian name
Гъоайе, Ǵuaye
Notes
Not found after the Caucasian War
Hakuchey (Hakuchi)
Hakuchey (Hakuchi)
Name
Hakuchey (Hakuchi)
Circassian name
ХьакӀуцу [ħaːkʷʼɘt͡sʷ]
Notes
Included in the Shapsug tribe
Khegayk (Khegaik)
Khegayk (Khegaik)
Name
Khegayk (Khegaik)
Circassian name
Хэгъуайкъу, Xeǵueyqu
Notes
Not found after the Caucasian War
Chebsin (Čöbein)
Chebsin (Čöbein)
Name
Chebsin (Čöbein)
Circassian name
ЦIопсынэ, C'wapsıne
Notes
Not found after the Caucasian War
Makhosh (Mokhosh)
Makhosh (Mokhosh)
Name
Makhosh (Mokhosh)
Circassian name
Махошъ, Mexuaȿ [maːxʷaʂ]
Notes
A large clan, but not enough to be a separate tribe
Name
Circassian name
Notes
Adele (Khatuq) (Khetuk or Adali)
ХьэтIукъу, Hat'uqu
Not found after the Caucasian War on a tribal basis, included in the Abzakh and Hatuqwai tribes
Adamey (Adamei or Adamiy)
Адэмый, Ademıy [aːdaməj]
Included in the Kabardian tribe
Guaye (Goaye)
Гъоайе, Ǵuaye
Not found after the Caucasian War
Hakuchey (Hakuchi)
ХьакӀуцу [ħaːkʷʼɘt͡sʷ]
Included in the Shapsug tribe
Khegayk (Khegaik)
Хэгъуайкъу, Xeǵueyqu
Not found after the Caucasian War
Chebsin (Čöbein)
ЦIопсынэ, C'wapsıne
Not found after the Caucasian War
Makhosh (Mokhosh)
Махошъ, Mexuaȿ [maːxʷaʂ]
A large clan, but not enough to be a separate tribe

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